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Space Mission Design Lecture 12
Homework
2 due (Individual system research reports)
What's happening in space:
Elektron: The ISS crew configured the Elektron venting through the BMP (Russian trace contaminant removal system)
vacuum valve. The crew could not initially reach the link upstream of ABK-4
valve, so the made the connection upstream of the ABK-5 valve. The Elektron
was successfully activated and operated in 32 amp mode for approximately 1
hr and 30 min. During this period it was moded to 64 amp mode for two
2-minute data takes. The crew deactivated Elektron in preparation for BMP
regeneration scheduled starting tomorrow. The crew also completed additional
water flushes, cleaning out additional residue from the lines. Elektron will
be reactivated in this same configuration on Thursday, September 30th.
Food Audit: The crew completed a detailed on orbit food audit at the request
of MCC-Houston on September 30th. The crew requested that this information
be shared and discussed in both Houston and Moscow as the Commander and the
Flight Engineer jointly completed this audit.
Command and Control(C&C) Multiplexer Demultiplexer (MDM) Transition: Ground
teams analyzed the data dumped from C&C2 following the power cycle on
September 24th. As the data looked nominal, the Sequential Shunt Unit Solar
Array Efficiency Test data that was locked in the Zone of Exclusion Recorder
was downlinked nominally. Ground teams will continue to assess all the data
gathered during data dumps over the weekend. Ground teams are developing
plans to bring it back up to operational and complete a stress test on it
prior to placing it back in a primary operational state. The P6 battery
reconditioning activity will be deferred to a future increment, as this is
dependant on C&C 2 being configured as the primary MDM on power channel 2B.
Spacecraft Systems -
ECLSS subsystem drawings (PowerPoint)
Environmental Control and Life Support Systems
ECLSS
Objectives
Understand what environmental control is required for spacecraft
Know what sub-systems make up an ECLSS
Know the function of spacecraft ECLSS
ECLSS
Systems required for humans to live safely and be healthy and comfortable on a spacecraft
Must function well
Reliable
Maintainable
Operable (autonomous)
Redundancy
Water Supply
Stored Water
Reclamation of condensate or urine
Student Presentation to cover ISS Water Recovery
Food Supply
Bring it
High mass
Packaging
Grow it
Initial high mass
Support systems (Light, water, processing)
High crew workload (Psych support?)
High risk
Sanitary Hygiene
Waste management system
Trash management
Cleaning supplies
Disinfectants/fungicides
Toiletries
Towels
Waste Management
Student presentations to cover ISS and Shuttle waste management
Fire Detection and Suppression
Smoke detectors
Fire extinguishers
CO2
Halon
Water
Emergency Breathing Apparatus
For contaminated atmosphere/smoke
Oxygen Supply Systems
Technology options to provide O2
Physico-chemical
Storage
Electrolysis
Chemical release
Bioregenerative
Plants
Algae
Shuttle O2 Storage
Stores liquid oxygen
Used for breathing and electrical power production
Cryogenic
Thermally insulated, double walled vacuum annulus tanks
-176 °C
High pressure - 5 MPa
Heaters maintain pressure
Up to 5 spherical tanks (+4 more for EDO- OV105)
Tank volume = 320 liters
Tank mass = 98 kg
O2 mass = 354 kg / tank
Inconel 718 inner and 2219 Aluminum outer shells
Regulates at PPO2 = 20.3 to 23.8 kPa
Soyuz and Shinzou O2 Storage
Store gaseous oxygen
High pressure tanks
4 external, V = 20 liters (0.02 m3 ) at 22 MPa
1 internal, V = 12 liters
Provide total of 20,360 liters O2 at 1 Atm for breathing
ISS O2 Storage
Stores gaseous oxygen
On US Airlock
High pressure cylindrical tanks
2 external, V = 428 liters at 18.6 MPa
Provide total of 15,664 liters O2 at 1 Atm
In Service Module
High pressure portable tanks
1 internal, V = 20 liters at 31 MPa
Provide total of 640 liters O2 at 1 Atm
Electrolysis
• Uses electrical power to split H2O
Electrical power (input)
2 H2O ? 2 H2 + O2
Used on MIR
In use on ISS - Russian “Elektron”
Student presentation to cover Elektron
Chemical Release
ISS Solid oxygen generator
Back up O2 production
Burn Potassium Perchlorate candle
Heat (output)
KClO4 ? KCL + 2 O2
Exothermic chemical reaction at 400-500 °C
Packaged in a cassette (~ 30 cm length x 8 cm dia)
Produces 600 liters O2
Biological O2 Production
Algae
Easy to grow
Low TRL
Higher Plants
Complex care
T, RH, CO2, water
Lighting
Toxic organic gas control
Ventilation
Nutrients
6-10 m2/person
Atmospheric Purification
CO2 Removal
Harmful impurities / trace contaminates removal
Carbon Dioxide Removal
Technology options
Removal systems
Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly – CDRA
Vozdukh
Lithium Hydroxide
Regenerative system
Sabatier
Biological
The primary means of CO2 removal system on board the ISS:
Vozdukh
Operation principal:
Use of regenerable chemical adsorbers to separate and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere of the ISS
System Components
Preliminary Drying Unit
Atmosphere Scrubbing Unit
Gas-Liquid Heat Exchanger Assembly
Automation Unit
Control Panel
Air Flow Rate Sensor
2 Filter Assemblies with filters
Emergency Vacuum Valves
Modes of Operation
Semi-automatic
In this mode, the Vozdukh is controlled by the onboard computer system and the automatic control unit
The crew can select submodes which automatically control air flow, cycle time, and carbon dioxide absorbtion rate
Autonomous
5 modes of autonomous operation
Selected by the crew
Vozdukh Control Panel
Sabatier Reactor
CO2 regeneration system
Reaction discovered in 19th century by French chemist and Nobel Prize winner Paul Sabatier
CO2 + 4H2 => CH4 + 2H2O
Exothermic reaction that occurs spontaneously at temperatures above 150°C while a catalyst is present
Sabatier CO2 Regeneration
Uses CO2 taken from CO2 removal system
Combines with hydrogen
Methane can be used or vented overboard
Water can be stored and used by the crew or electrolysized to generate O2 and H2
H2 can then be used again in the Sabatier process
Sabatier Reactor
Hollow cylinder
H2 and CO2 enter in the mixing chamber
Reactants flow over ruthenium catalyst
Heaters around the chamber raise the temperature so the reaction will begin
Possible Applications
As a part of the Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly (CDRA) on the ISS to use removed CO2 and generate water or O2
On the Martian surface as an in-situ propellant plant producing methane and oxygen
Sabatier Functional flow diagram
Biological CO2 removal system
Algae
Easy to grow
Low TRL
Higher Plants
Complex care
T, RH, CO2, water
Lighting
Toxic organic gas control
Ventilation
Nutrients
6-10 m2/person
Atmospheric Purification
Technology options
Absorption
Regeneration
Filters
Biological
Combinations
Student presentation to cover TCCS
Pressure Monitoring and regulation
Absolute pressure monitors
Pressure change monitors
Air flow monitors
Regulators
Positive and negative pressure relief valves
Gas Analysis
U.S. Major Constituents Analyzer
Measures N2, O2, H2O, CO2, H2, CH4
Mass spectrometer
Student presentation to cover Russian Atmospheric Monitoring and Gas Analysis
Temp and Humidity Control
Air conditioner
Humidity condenser
Air circulation
Temp and Humidity Control
On ISS:
Air conditioner
Humidity condenser
Air circulation
Student presentation to cover Shuttle cooling systems
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