Prabhakar Clement, Ph.D., P.E.
Professor and Arthur H. Feagin Chair of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
212 Harbert Engineering Center
Auburn University
Auburn, AL 36849-5337

Phone (+1)  334-844-6268   :   Fax (+1) 334 -844-6290   :   Email: My last name@auburn.edu

Birth Place: Madras, India
Marital Status: Married

• Ph.D. (Civil Engineering),Civil Engineering), Auburn University, USA.  Dissertation title: Numerical modeling of variably-saturated groundwater flow with a seepage-face boundary, Advisors: Professors Fred Molz and William Wise, December, 1993.
• M.Tech. (Environmental Sciences and Engineering), Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India, 1987
• M.Sc. (Physics), American College,  Madurai University, India, June 1985
• B.Sc. (Physics), Loyola, Madras University, June 1983

• P.E. (Professional Engineer), Registered Civil Engineer in the State of Washington, USA.
• CHMM, Certified Hazardous Materials Manager, Institute of Hazardous Materials Management, Rockville, Maryland (Initial certification date, June 1992).

Dr. Prabhakar Clement received his PhD in Civil Engineering, specializing in environmental engineering and groundwater hydrology areas, from Auburn University, Alabama, USA in 1993.  He then received his professional engineering (Civil Engineering) registration from the State of Washington in 1997.  After completing his Ph.D., Clement worked as a senior research engineer at the Batelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington from March 1994 to December 1999.  Later, from January 2000 to July 2002 he worked as a senior lecturer at the Center for Water Research, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. 

• Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, August 2007-  
• Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, August 2002- July 2007
  
• Senior Lecturer, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia, Jan 2000 - July 2002.
• Senior Research Engineer, Battelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA, April 1994 - December 1999.
• Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, USA, May 1991- March 1994.
• Graduate Teaching and Lab Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering and Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, USA, September 1989 - April 1991.
• Research Engineer, Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bombay, India, June 1988 - July 1989.
• Project Engineer, AIC Watson Consultants Limited (member of the Montgomery-Watson group) Bombay, India, March 1987 - May 1988.
• Graduate Assistant, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India, January 1986 - January 1987.

Research Award: Auburn Alumni Engineering Council Research Award for Excellence, Senior Award, 2006.  This award represents the highest faculty honor for research accomplishments within the College of Engineering at Auburn University.

Teaching award: Outstanding Civil Engineering Faculty Member, 2006.

Nominated for the 2005 ASCE Huber Prize.

Advisor of a PhD dissertation that was awarded distinction (only the top 5% of PhD research receive this recognition at The University of Western Australia). 2003.

Federal Laboratory Consortium (FLC) seal of achievement.  The FLC national awards committee recognized the technology transfer efforts related to the development of the RT3D computer tool. May 1999.

Outstanding performance award in recognition for the support of the RT3D development project, Battelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 1999

Semifinalist of the Discover Magazine Award,1999.  Invited by the awards committee as a nominee for the technological innovation work related to RT3D.

National Academy of Sciences and Engineering’s National Research Council's Research Associate Award   Sponsored by the USEPA Lab, Georgia, December 1993.

Research Fellowship Award, Oakridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Tennessee, Feb 1994.

Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, December 1993.

Academic Excellence Award, Auburn University, May 1991

Associate Editor, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, (2006- )

Associate Editor, Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE) (2005- todate)

Associate Editor: Vadose Zone Journal, Soil Science Society of America (SSSA)  (2005-2007)

1. Kanel, S.R., R. R. Goswami, T. P. Clement, M. O. Barnett, and D. Zhao, Two dimensional transport characteristics of surface stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles in porous media, Environmental Science & Technology, accepted, 2008.
   
2. Srinivasan, V. and T.P. Clement, Analytical Solutions for Sequentially Coupled One-Dimensional Reactive Transport Problems – Part I: Mathematical Derivations, Advances in Water Resources, v. 31(2), P. 203-218, 2008.  [Click to download]
3. Srinivasan, V. and T.P. Clement, Analytical Solutions for Sequentially Coupled One-Dimensional Reactive Transport Problems – Part II: Special Cases, Implementation and Testing, Advances in Water Resources, v. 31(2), P. 219-232, 2008.  [Click to download]
4. Zech, W.C., J.L. Halverson, and T.P. Clement, Evaluating the effectiveness of silt fence installations to control sediment discharge from highway construction sites, ASCE Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, accepted, 2008.
5. Xu, Y., D. Zhao and T.P. Clement, Modeling elution histories of copper and lead from a contaminated soil treated by Poly(amidoamine) dentrimers, ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering Division, in press, 2008.
6. Radu, T., Kumar, A., T.P. Clement, G. Jeppu, M.O. Barnett, Development of a Scalable Model for Predicting Arsenic Transport Coupled with Oxidation and Adsorption Reactions, In press, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v.95, pages 30–41, 2008.  [Click to download]
   
7. Goswami, R.R. and T.P Clement, Laboratory-scale investigation of saltwater intrusion dynamics, Water Resources Research, Vol. 43, W04418, doi:10.1029/2006WR005151, 2007.  [Click to download]
   
8. Zech, W.C., J.L. Halverson, and T.P. Clement, Development of a silt fence tieback design methodology for highway construction installations, Journal of Transportation Research Record, in press, 2007.
9. Lee, K.K., and T.P. Clement, Remediation of groundwater and soil environments: an emerging field of research in Korea, Guest Editorial Article, Geosciences Journal, vol. 11 (2), p. 93-94, 2007. [Click to download]
10. Truex, M.J., C.D. Johnson, J.R. Spencer, and T.P. Clement, A reactive transport approach to evaluating and implementing natural attenuation at a chlorinated solvent contaminated DNAPL site, Remediation - Journal of Environmental Cleanup Costs, Technologies & Techniques, v. 17(4), p.23-40, 2007.  [Click to download]
    
11. Phillippi, J.M., M. J. McIndoe, M. O. Barnett, T.P. Clement and E. E. Roden, Theoretical analysis of solid-to-solution ratio effects on the adsorption and transport of strongly interacting solutes--  uranium (VI) and carbonate system, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 71:329-335, DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2006.0159, 2007
12. Lim, MS, I.N. Yeo, T.P. Clement, Y. Roh, K.K. Lee, Mathematical model for predicting microbial reduction and transport of arsenic in groundwater systems, Water Research, Vol. 41 (10), P. 2079-2088, 2007.  [Click to download]
    
13. Srinivasan, V., T.P. Clement, and K.K. Lee, Domenico model – Is it valid? Ground Water, v45(2), p. 136-146, 2007.  [Click to download]
    
14. Ilangasekare, T., S W. Tyler, T. P. Clement, K.G. Villholth,  A.P.G.R.L. Perera,  J. Obeysekera, A., Gunatilaka,  C.R. Panabokke,  D. W. Hyndman, K. J. Cunningham, J. J. Kaluarachchi, W W-G. Yeh, M Van Genuchten, and K. Jensen,  Impacts of the 2004 Tsunami on Groundwater Resources in Sri Lanka, Water Resources Research, doi:10.1029/2006WR004876, v.42 (5), p.1-9, 2006. [Click to download]
15. Jones, N.L.,  T.P. Clement, C.M. Hansen, A three-dimensional analytical modeling tool for solving reactive transport problems, Ground Water, vol. 44 (4), p 613-617, 2006.
16. Lee, M., K.K. Lee, T.P. Clement, and D. Hamilton, Nitrogen transformation and transport Modeling in groundwater aquifers, Ecological Modeling, vol. 192, p. 143-159, 2006.
    
17. Simpson, M..J.,  K.L. Landman, and T.P. Clement, Assessment of a non-traditional operator split algorithm for simulation of reactive transport, Mathematics and Computer Simulations Journal, 70 (1): 44-60, 2005.
    
18. Westbrook S.J., J.L. Rayner, G.B. Davis, T.P. Clement, P.L. Bjerg, and S.J. Fisher, Interaction between shallow groundwater, saline surface water and contaminant discharge at a seasonally- and tidally-forced estuarine boundary,, Journal of Hydrology. vol (302) p. 255-269, 2005. [click to download]
    
19. Clement, T.P., Y.C. Kim, T.R. Gautam, and K.K. Lee, Experimental and numerical investigation of NAPL dissolution processes in a laboratory scale aquifer model, accepted for publication, Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation Journal, vol 24(4), p. 88-96, 2004.  [click to download]
20. Quezada, C.R., T.P. Clement, K.K. Lee, Generalized solution to multi-dimensional, multi-species transport equations coupled with a first-order reaction network involving distinct retardation factors,  Advances in Water Resources Journal, vol 27, p. 507-520, 2004. [Click to download]
21. Clement, T.P., T.R. Gautam, K.K. Lee, M.J. Truex, G.B. Davis, Modeling Coupled NAPL-dissolution and rate-limited sorption reactions in biologically active porous media, Bioremediation Journal, 8(1-2): p.47-64, 2004. [Click to download]
22. Shane, W., T. P. Clement, and C.J. Otto, An investigation of the hydrogeology of the Augustus River catchment, Western Australia, Hydrogeology Journal, 12:209-223, DOI 10.1007/s10040-003-0298-9, 2004.
23. *Simpson, M.J., and T.P. Clement, Improving the worthiness of the Henry problem as a benchmark for density-dependent groundwater flow models, Water Resources Research, vol 40 (1), W01504, doi:10.1029/2003WR002199, 2004. [Click to download]
24. Hipsey, M.R., M. Sivapalan, M. and T.P. Clement, A numerical and field investigation of surface heat fluxes from small wind-sheltered waterbodies in semi-arid Western Australia, Journal of Environmental Fluid Mechanics, vol 4, p. 79-106, 2004. [Click to download]
25. Simpson, M.J., and T.P. Clement, Comparison of finite difference and finite element solutions to the variably saturated flow equation, v.270, p.49-64, Journal of Hydrology, 2003. [Click to download]
26. *Simpson, M.J., and T.P. Clement, Worthiness of the Henry and Elder problems for validating density-dependent flow models, Advances in Water Resources Journal, vol (26) p. 17-31, 2003. [Click to download]
27. Simpson, M.J., T.P. Clement, and F.E. Yeomans, An analytical method for computing groundwater residences times near a pumping well, Ground Water Journal, vol 41 (3), p. 351-354, 2003. [Click to download]
28. Simpson, M.J., T.P. Clement, and T.A. Gallop, Laboratory and numerical investigation of flow and transport near a seepageface boundary, Ground Water Journal, vol 41 (5), p.690-700, 2003.[Click to download]
29. *Clement, T.P., M.J. Truex, and P. Lee, A Case Study for demonstrating the application of U.S. EPA's monitored natural attenuation screening protocol at a hazardous waste site, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, vol 59 (nos.1-2), p.133-162, 2002. [Click to download]
30. T. R. Ginn, K. E. Nelson, T. D. Scheibe, E. M. Murphy, and T. P. Clement, Processes in Microbial Transport in the Natural Subsurface, Advances in Water Resources Journal, vol(25), p. 1017-1042, 2002. [Click to download]
31. *Clement, T.P., A generalized analytical method for solving multi-species transport equations coupled with a first-order reaction network, submitted to Water Resources Research, vol 37, p. 157-163, 2001. [Click to download]
32. *Clement, T.P., C.D., Johnson, Y. Sun, G.M. Klecka, C. Bartlett, Natural attenuation of chlorinated solvent compounds: Model development and field-scale application, vol.42, p.113-140, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2000. [Click to download]  [Citations = 11]
33. Clement, T.P., B.M. Peyton, T.R. Ginn, and R.S. Skeen, Modeling bacterial transport and accumulation processes in saturated porous media: a review, Book Chapter in Advances in Nuclear Science and Technology, Edited by J. Lewins and M. Becker, Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, pages 59-78, 1999.
34. *Lu, G., T.P. Clement, C. Zheng, and T.H. Wiedemeier, Natural attenuation of BTEX compounds: Model development and field-scale application, Ground Water, vol.37(5), p.707-717, 1999. [Click to download]  [Citations = 13]
35. *Sun, Y., J.N. Petersen, T.P. Clement, and R.S. Skeen, Development of analytical solutions for multi-species transport with serial and parallel reactions, Water Resources Research, Vol. 35, No. 1, p. 185-190, 1999. [Citations = 10]
36. Sun, Y., J.N. Petersen, T.P. Clement, A new analytical solution for multiple species reactive transport in multiple dimensions, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, (35)4, pp. 429-440, 1999.
37. Sun, Y., J.N. Petersen, Bear, J., T.P. Clement, B.S. Hooker, Modeling microbial transport and biodegradation in a dual-porosity system, Transport in Porous Media Journal, vol.35(1), p. 49-65, 1999.
38. Sun, Y., and T. P. Clement, A generalized decomposition method for solving coupled multi-species reactive transport problems, Transport in Porous Media Journal, 37/3 (December), pp. 327-346, 1999. [Click to download]
39. *Clement, T.P., Y. Sun., B.S. Hooker, J.N. Petersen, Modeling Multi-species Reactive Transport in Groundwater Aquifers, Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation Journal, vol 18(2), spring issue, p. 79-92, 1998. [Click to download] [citations = 31]
40. Sun, Y., J.N. Petersen, T.P. Clement, B.S. Hooker, Effect of reaction kinetics on predicted concentration profiles during subsurface bioremediation, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 31, p 359-372, 1998.
41. Franzen, M.F.L., J.M. Petersen, T.P. Clement, B.S. Hooker, and R.S. Skeen, Pulsing as a strategy to achieve large biologically active zones during in situ carbon tetrachloride remediation, Computational Geosciences, vol. 1 (no. 3-4), 217-288, 1997.
42. Clement, T.P., M.J. Truex, and B.S. Hooker, A steady-state, two-well testing method for determining hydraulic properties of confined and unconfined aquifers, 35(4), 698-703, Ground Water, 1997.
43. *Clement, T.P., B.S.  Hooker, and R.S.  Skeen, Macroscopic models for predicting changes in saturated porous media properties cause by microbial growth, Ground Water, 34(5), 934-942, 1996. [Click to download] [citations = 25]
44. *Clement, T.P., P.M. Peyton, R.S. Skeen, B.S.  Hooker, J.M. Petersen, and D. Jennings, Microbial growth and transport in porous media under denitrification conditions: Experiment and simulations results, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 24, 269-285, 1997. [Click to download] [citations = 17]
45. Clement, T.P., W. R. Wise, F.J. Molz, and M. Wen, A Comparison of modeling approaches for steady-state unconfined flow, Journal of Hydrology, 181, 189-209, 1996. [Click to download]
46. *Clement, T.P., B.S.  Hooker, and R.S.  Skeen, Numerical modeling of biologically reactive transport from a nutrient injection well, ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering, 122(9), 833-839, 1996.  [citations = 11]
47. ^Wise, W.R. and T.P. Clement, Discussion of  "Maximum water-table drawdown at a fully penetrating pumping well", Ground Water, v. 33 (3), p. 499-502, 1995.
48. *Clement,T.P., W.R.Wise and F.J. Molz, A physically based, two-dimensional, finite-difference algorithm for variably-saturated flow, Journal of Hydrology, v. 161, p. 71-90, 1994. [Click to download] [citations = 16]
49. *Wise, W.R., T.P. Clement, and F.J. Molz, Variably-saturated modeling of transient drainage: Sensitivity to soil parameters, Journal of Hydrology, v. 161, p. 91-108, 1994. [citataions =10]
50. ^Clement, T. P., Discussion of  "The groundwater pollution of the Madras urban aquifer", Ground Water,  p. 1029-1030, 1993. Click to download

1. Ginn, T.R., T. Camesano, T.D. Scheibe, K.E. Nelson, T.P. Clement, B.D. Wood, Microbial Transport in the Subsurface, Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences, in press, 2004.
2. Taylor SW and T.P. Clement, Remediation of contaminated groundwater systems, Submitted for publication
   ASCE Manuals and Report on Engineering Practice, American Society of Civil Engineers, Ground Water Management Manual - Fourth Edition.
   
3. Peyton, B.M., T.P Clement, and J.P. Connolly, Modeling of natural remediation: Contaminant fate and transport, Natural Remediation of Environmental Contaminants, Book Chapter-5, pages, 79-120, edited by Swindoll et. al., Society for Environmental and Toxicology and Chemistry, ISBN-1-880611-33-3, 2000.
4. Clement, T.P., B.M. Peyton, T.R. Ginn, and R.S. Skeen, Modeling bacterial transport and accumulation processes in saturated porous media: a review, Book Chapter in Advances in Nuclear Science and Technology, Edited by J. Lewins and M. Becker, Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York, pages 59-78, 1999.

1. Hogan, M.B., R. R. Goswami, K. G. Villholth, T. H. Illangasekare, and T. P. Clement, Understanding the Flow and Mixing Dynamics of Saline Water Discharged into Coastal Freshwater Aquifers, Proceeding of the SWIM/SWICA joint meeting held in Sardinia, Italy, September 25th-29th, 2006.
2. Clement, T.P., R.R. Goswami, M. Hogan, Understanding the dynamics of freshwater and saltwater mixing processes in unconfined aquifers – laboratory scale model results, Proceedings of the international conference on MODFLOW and More 2006 Managing Ground Water Systems, Golden Colorado, May 2006, p. 16-17.
3. Johnson, C.D., M.J. Truex, and T.P. Clement, New features in RT3D for modeling MNA at chlorinated solvent sites, Proceedings of the international conference on MODFLOW and More 2006 Managing Ground Water Systems, Golden Colorado, May 2006, p. 185-189.
4. Rolle, M., V. Zolla, R. Seti, A. D. Molfetta, and T.P. Clement, Modeling TEAPs and computing redox zonation in contaminated aquifers, Proceedings of the international conference on MODFLOW and More 2006 Managing Ground Water Systems, Golden Colorado, May 2006, p. 215-219.
5. Hogan, M.B., R.R. Goswami, T.H. Illangasekare, and T.P. Clement, Understanding saltwater transport in tsunami-impacted coastal aquifers, accepted, Hydrological sciences for Managing Water Resources in the Asian Developing World meeting in Guangzhou, China, 8 - 10 June 2006.
6. Brakefield L., V. Srinivasan, C.R. Quezada, and T.P. Clement, Analytical models for predicting reactive transport at chlorinated solvent contaminated sites, accepted, Hydrological sciences for Managing Water Resources in the Asian Developing World meeting in Guangzhou, China, 8 - 10 June 2006.
7. Rolle, M., V. Zolla, R., Sethi, A. Di Molfetta, and T.P. Clement, Modeling TEAPs and computing redox zonation in contaminated aquifers, In press, Proceeding of the MODFLOW 2006 conference, May 22-24th, Golden, Colorado, 2006.
8. Clement, T.P, K.K. Lee, and V. Srinivasan, Analytical Tools for Modeling Natural Attenuation Processes at Chlorinated Solvent Contaminated Sites, ASCE Environmental and Water Resources Conference, Alaska, May 2005.
9. Rolle, M, A. Di Molfetta, R. Sethi, T. P. Clement. Modeling of redox zonation down-gradient of landfill sites, ASCE Environmental and Water Resources Conference, Alaska, May 2005.
10. Méndez-Sánchez, N., T.P. Clement, and C.R. Lange, An assessment of microcosm tests used for evaluating chlorinated solvent bioremediation model parameters, Accepted, Proceeding of the MODFLOW and more 2003: Understanding through modeling, Sept 17-19th 2003, Golden, Colorado.
11. Quezada, C.R., C.M. Hansen, T.P. Clement, N.L. Jones, K.K. Lee, ART3D- An analytical model for predicting 3-dimensional reactive transport, Accepted, Proceeding of the MODFLOW and more 2003: Understanding through modeling, Sept 17-19th 2003, Golden, Colorado.
12. Lee, M., K.K. Lee, T.P. Clement, and D.P. Hamilton, Nitrogen transformation and transport model in saturated soils: Model formulation and field application, Accepted, Proceeding of the MODFLOW and more 2003: Understanding through modeling, Sept 17-19th 2003, Golden, Colorado.
13. Gautam, T.R. and T.P. Clement, Modeling of multiple rate-limited reactive transport processes in saturated porous media, Computational Methods in Water Resources, June 23rd –28th, 2002 in Delft, The Netherlands.
14. Gautam T.R., Y.C. Kim, T. P. Clement, and K.K. Lee, Modeling biodegradation coupled with NAPL dissolution processes using the RT3D code, will be presented at the Third International Conference on Water Resources and Environment Research (ICWRER), 22nd – 25th of July 2002 in Dresden, Germany.
15. Hiller, B.T., Dogramaci, S., Clement, T.P. and Wills, R. Solutes, stable isotopes and radiocarbon isotopes as tracers of groundwater flow, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Processing of the International Groundwater Conference on Balancing the Groundwater Budget, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, May 12-17, 2002.
16. Wilkes, S.M., Clement, T.P., and C.J. Otto, The hydrogeology of a bauxite refinery in the upper Augustus river catchment, Western Australia, Processing of the International Groundwater Conference on Balancing the Groundwater Budget, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, May 12-17, 2002.
17. Truex, M.J., C.D. Johnson, J.R. Spencer, and T.P Clement, Evaluating Natural Attenuation Of Chlorinated Solvents At A Complex Site, Proceedings of the Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 20-23, 2002.
18. Spencer, J.R., C.D. Johnson, and T.P. Clement, Modeling biological transformation of chlorinated ethanes and ethenes in support of natural attenuation, Proceedings of the Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA, May 20-23, 2002.
19. M.J. Simpson and T. P. Clement, 2001, Implication of Dupuit-Forchheimer approximations on solute transport, Proceedings of the 2nd Australia-New Zealand Conference on Environmental Geotechnics, GeoEnvironment 2001, Newcastle, 28-30 November, editors Smith, D., S. Fityus, and M. Allman, p. 215-220.
20. M.J. Simpson and T. P. Clement, 2001, Density dependent groundwater flow modeling: An evaluation of common benchmark problems, Modeling in Hydrogeology, editors L. Elango and R. Jayakumar, UNESCO Workshop, Anna University, India, December 3rd - 7th, 2001, Allied Publishers, p.157-168.
21. Clement, T. P., and T.  R.  Gautam, 2001, Modeling and design of bioremediation systems, Proceedings of the 2nd Australia-New Zealand Conference on Environmental Geotechnics, GeoEnvironment 2001, Newcastle, 28-30 November, editors Smith, D., S. Fityus, and M. Allman, p. 255-265 (Invited Paper).
22. Clement T.P., Review of methods for modeling the fate and transport hydrocarbon plumes using RT3D, Modeling in Hydrogeology, editors L. Elango and R. Jayakumar, UNESCO Workshop, Anna University, India, December 3rd - 7th, 2001, Allied Publishers, p.239-257 (Invited Paper).
23. Clement, T.P., and M.J. Truex, Natural Attenuation Assessment of Mixed Chlorinated Ethene and Ethane Plumes at a Hazardous Waste Site in Louisiana, USA, p.355-362, volume 2, 2000 Contaminated Site Remediation Conference Proceedings, edited by C.D. Johnson, Melbourne, 4-8, December, 2000.
24. Westbrook, S.J., G.B. Davis, J.L. Rayner, S.J. Fisher, and T.P. Clement, Initial site characterization of a dissolved hydrocarbon groundwater plume discharging to a surfacewater environment, p.189-196, volume 1, 2000 Contaminated Site Remediation Conference Proceedings, edited by C.D. Johnson, Melbourne, 4-8, December, 2000.
25. Clement, T.P., C.D., Johnson, Y. Sun, G.M. Klecka, C. Bartlett, Modeling natural attenuation of chlorinated solvent plumes at the Dover Air Force Base site, In Press, Proceedings of the Fifth international in situ and on-site bioremediation symposium, San Diego, California, vol, 5(1), pages 29-34, 1999.
26. Aziz, C.E., C.J. Newell, J.R. Gonzales, P.E., Hass, T.P. Clement, and Y. Sun, BIOCHLOR natural attenuation model for chlorinated solvent sites, Proceedings of the Fifth international in situ and on-site bioremediation symposium, San Diego, California, vol, 5(1), pages 83-88, 1999.
27. Clement, T.P., Y. Sun, and C. Zheng, RT3D- A Modflow-family reactive transport simulator, MODFLOW 98 conference proceedings, October 4-8, Golden, Colorado, vol 1., p.397-403, 1998.
28. Davis, R.J., N.L. Jones, and T.P. Clement, Efficient tools for building multi-component transport models, Accepted for publication, MODFLOW 98 conference proceedings, October 4-8, Golden, Colorado, vol. 1., p.195-202, 1998.
29. Johnson, C.D., R.S. Skeen, D.P. Leigh, T.P. Clement, and Y. Sun, Modeling natural attenuation of chlorinated ethenes at a Navy site using the RT3D code, Proceedings of WESTEC 98 conference, sponsored by Water Environmental Federation 71st annual conference, WEFTEC '98,Orlando, Florida, October 3-7th, vol.3-part-I: Remediation of Soil & Groundwater, p. 225-247, 1998.
30. Newell, C.J. C.E. Aziz,A. P. Smith J.R. Gonzales, P.E. Haas, T. P. Clement, and Y. Sun, 1998.  The Air Force Biochlor Natural Attenuation Model and Database for Chlorinated Solvent Sites, Proceedings of the Third Tri-Service Environmental Technology Workshop, San Diego, California, August 18-20.
31. Clement, T.P., Y. Sun, B.S. Hooker, and J.N. Petersen, Modeling natural attenuation of contaminants in saturated groundwater aquifers, Proceeding of the In-Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation, Natural Attenuation Session, The Fourth International Symposium, New Orleans, Louisiana, vol. 1., 37-42, 1997.
32. Clement, T.P., B.S.  Hooker, and R.S.  Skeen, Modeling of In-situ biological processes in Contaminated Aquifers, Accepted for publication in the proceedings of the Annual meeting of Air & Waste management association, San Antonio, Texas, 1997.
33. Clement, T.P., B.S.  Hooker, and R.S.  Skeen, Modeling biologically reactive transport in porous media, Proceedings of the international conference on mathematics and computations,reactor physics, and environmental analyses, Portland, Oregon, April-May 1995, Vol. 1., p. 192-201, 1995.

1. Gautam, T.R. and T.P. Clement, Modeling of multiple rate-limited reactive transport processes in saturated porous media, Computational Methods in Water Resources Conference, June 23rd –28th, 2002 in Delft, The Netherlands.
2. Gautam T.R., Y.C. Kim, T. P. Clement, and K.K. Lee, Modeling biodegradation coupled with NAPL dissolution processes using the RT3D code, will be presented at the Third International Conference on Water Resources and Environment Research (ICWRER), 22nd – 25th of July 2002 in Dresden, Germany.
3. M.J. Simpson and T. P. Clement, 2001, Implication of Dupuit-Forchheimer approximations on solute transport, Australia-New Zealand Conference on Environmental Geotechnics, GeoEnvironment 2001, Newcastle, 28-30 November.
4. M.J. Simpson and T. P. Clement, 2001, Density dependent groundwater flow modeling: An evaluation of common benchmark problems, UNESCO Workshop, Anna University, India, December 3rd - 7th, 2001.
5. Clement, T. P., and T.  R.  Gautam, 2001, Modeling and design of bioremediation systems, Proceedings of the 2nd Australia-New Zealand Conference on Environmental Geotechnics, GeoEnvironment 2001, Newcastle, 28-30 November (invited presentation).
6. Clement T.P., Review of methods for modeling the fate and transport hydrocarbon plumes using RT3D, UNESCO Workshop, Anna University, India, December 3rd - 7th, 2001.
7. Clement, T.P., and M.J. Truex, Natural Attenuation Assessment of Mixed Chlorinated Ethene and Ethane Plumes at a Hazardous Waste Site in Louisiana, USA, 2000 Contaminated Site Remediation Conference, Melbourne, 4-8 December, Australia.
8. Westbrook, S.J., G.B. Davis, J.L. Rayner, S.J. Fisher, and T.P. Clement, Initial site characterization of a dissolved hydrocarbon groundwater plume discharging to a surfacewater environment, 2000 Contaminated Site Remediation Conference, Melbourne, 4-8, December, Australia. Poster Presentation.
9. Sun, Y., T.P. Clement, J.N. Petersen, R.S. Skeen, Effects of bioremediation on pump and treat design, poster presentation, Presented at the First International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, California, May, 1998.
10. Clement, T.P., RT3D- A computer tool for simulating reactive transport and natural attenuation processes in saturated porous media, Invited Speaker at the International Business Communications Environmental Monitoring Tools conference, Scottsdale, Arizona, December, 1997.
11. Hooker, B. S., M. J. Truex, T. P. Clement, and D. R. Newcomer, Preliminary Validation of Intrinsic Remediation of Carbon Tetrachloride at the Hanford Site., poster presentation, presented at the Intrinsic Remediation Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, April 1996.
12.  Clement, T.P., and B.S.  Hooker, Macroscopic models for predicting changes in the physical properties of porous media caused by biological growth, poster presentation, presented at the In-Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation, The Third International Symposium, San Diego, California, April, 1995.
13. Franzen,M.E.,  J.N. Petersen, T.P. Clement, R.S. Skeen, and B.S. Hooker, Determining nutrient addition strategies to minimize the time needed to complete In Situ bioremediation,  Presented at the In-Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation, The Third International Symposium, San Diego, California, April, 1995.
14. Clement T.P., B.S.  Hooker, R.S.  Skeen, Development of soil column (Cartesian) and Near-well (Radial) simulation design tools for in situ bioremediation, poster presentation, presented at the 1994 Annual meeting of American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChe), San Francisco, November, 13-18, 1994.
15. Clement, T. P., William R. Wise, Fred J. Molz, and Menghong Wen, Numerical Modeling of Seepage Faces:  Saturated vs. Variably?Saturated Formulations.  Presented at the 1993 Spring Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, Baltimore, Maryland, May 24?28, 1993, EOS Transactions AGU, 74(16), Spring Meeting Supplement, p. 153, 1993.

1. ART3D - A public-domain reactive transport model for predicting three-dimensional, multi-species contaminant transport in heterogeneous porous media.  This work is currently funded by the Frontier project, Seoul National University, Korea.  The code is based on a modfied analytical solution previouly published in Clement (2001).
2. BIOCHLOR - A screening tool currently under development for the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence (AFCEE) and EPA.  This software was developed through a joint effort between Groundwater Services Inc., and Battelle. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/ada/csmos/models/biochlor.html
3. RT3D - A public-domain reactive transport model for predicting three-dimensional, multi-species contaminant transport in heterogeneous porous media.  This work was jointly funded by DOE and private industries.  The code is based on MT3D MODFLOW models, and it is supported by several industry-standard GUI's including GMS, VisualModflow, and GW-vistas.  The source code, PC executables, and user documents are presently available at: http://bioprocess.pnl.gov/rt3d.htm.
4. 1DCART - A one-dimensional model for analyzing biologically mediated reactive transport in porous media columns.  This work was funded by DOE.  The code is useful for analyzing lab-scale experimental data.
5. RADMOD - A radial flow model for analyzing biological growth and nutrient consumption near an injection well. This work was funded by DOE.  The code is useful for designing field-scale bioremediation pilot tests.
6. VSAT - A two-dimensional model for predicting variably-saturated (saturated-unsaturated) flow near groundwater-surface-water boundaries.  Funded by EPA.  The code is useful for analyzing variably-saturated flow and seepage-faces boundaries observed near wetlands and beaches.
7. STREAM-I -  One dimensional model for analyzing water quality in rivers.  Funded by the Department of Environment, Govt. of India.  STREAM is a pc-based interactive software for surface water-quality modeling and waste-load allocation.
8. STREAM-II - A two-dimensional model for analyzing river water-quality in mixing zone.  Funded by the Department of Environment, Govt. of India.  STREAM-II is a pc-based interactive software for modeling river water-quality within a mixing zone.  Current versions of STREAM software are used in Indo-French environmental software/ training programs.
9. AIRMOD - A Gaussian-plume equation based model for predicting urban air quality.  Supported by the Bombay Municipal Air Pollution Control Board.

1. Truex, M.J., and T.P. Clement, Initial screening assessment of natural attenuation potential at the Broolawn site, Battelle Project Report, 1999.
2. Carol, E.A., C.J. Newell, J.R. Gonzales, P. Haas, T.P. Clement, Y. Sun, BIOCHLOR - Natural attenuation decision support system v1.0, User's Manual, Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence Report, 1998.
3. Clement, T.P, RT3D - A modular computer code for simulating reactive multi-species transport in 3-Dimensional groundwater aquifers, Battelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Research Report, PNNL-SA-28967, September, 1997.  Available at: http://bioprocess.pnl.gov/rt3d.htm.
4. Clement, T.P., and N.L. Jones, RT3D tutorials for GMS2.1 Users, Battelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Research Report, draft version, PNNL-SA-11805, December 1997.  Available at: http://bioprocess.pnl.gov/rt3d.htm.
5. Clement, T.P., Numerical modeling of variably-saturated groundwater flow problems with seepage-face boundaries, Ph.D. Dissertation, submitted to Auburn University, Alabama, USA.  Research advisors: Prof. Fred Molz and Dr. William R. Wise.
6. Wise, William, T. P. Clement, Fred Molz and Menghong Wen, Simulation of microbial degradation of crude oil components in different freshwater, estuarine, and marine shore environments, Beach hydraulics problem interim report, Submitted to EPA, Athens, Georgia, Sept. 1992.
7. Modak, P.M., R.K. Gelda, T. P. Clement, S. Venkateswaralu and Gopakumar, STREAM-I, Water quality modeling software and user manual, Distributed by CESE, IIT, Bombay, India, August 1989.
8. Modak P.M., T. P. Clement, Gelda R.K, and S. Venkateswaralu, Guidelines for conducting water quality monitoring surveys, Report submitted to Ganga Project Directorate, Ministry of Environment, New Delhi, India, May 1989.
9. Modak, P.M., R.S. Patil and T. P. Clement, Air pollution dispersion modeling for BPCL(R), Research report submitted to Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, Bombay, India, May 1989.
10. Modak, P.M., R.K. Gelda, S. Venkateswaralu and T. P. Clement, Macro-scale DO-BOD modeling on river Ganga, Report submitted to Ganga Project Directorate, Ministry of Environment, New Delhi, India, April 1989.
11. Arceivala, S.J., T.P., Clement, and  B. Deshpande, Environmental impact assessment of Herdilla petrochemical project, Prepared by Associated Industrial Consultants, Bombay; submitted to the Bombay Municipal Pollution Control Board, January, 1988.
12. Clement, T.P., Computer mapping of air quality, M.Tech. Thesis, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India.  Research advisor: Dr. Prasad M. Modak.

• CURRENT STUDENTS
• 2007- Present Jagdish Torlapati is a masters candidate and is working on a hydrology problem.  Jagdish received his undergraduate BE Civil Engineering degree from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
• 2007-Present, Shyam Sundar Ayalur is a masters candiate is working on mixing in porous media flow.  Shyam received his BS in Chemical Engineering from Venkateshwara College, Madras, India.
  
• 2006-Present, Justin McDonald is a masters candidate at Auburn University; he is working on work related to highway erosion control.  Justin received his BS degree in Civil Engineering from Auburn University.
• 2006- Present, Linzy Brakefield is a masters candidate at Auburn University; she is work on analytical groundwater modeling.  Linzy has masters and undergraduate degrees in pure mathematics.
• 2004-Present, Gautham Jeppu is a masters candidate at Auburn University; he is working on the use of nano-particles to treat DANPL contamination.  Gautham received his BS degree in Chemical Engineering from Karnataka Regional Engineering College.
  
• 2004-Present, Venkataraman Srinivasan is a masters candidate at Auburn University; he is working on analytical solutions to reactive transport problems.  Vijay received his BS degree in Civil Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India.
  
• 2003-Present, Brian Burton is a masters candidate at Auburn University; he is developing an optimization modeling using Genetic Algorithms to evaluate cost-effective solutions for urban sewer networks.  Brian received his BS degree in Civil Engineering from Georgia Tech, Georgia.
  
• 2003-Present, Massimo Rolle is a PhD candidate at Turin University and is now working with Dr. Clement as an exchange student; he is developing a site model using the RT3D reactive transport code.  Mr Rolle received his undergraduate and masters degrees from Turin University, Italy.
  
• 2003- Present, Mr. Vijay Loganathan is a PhD candidate at Auburn University; he is conducting laboratory studies to understand the fate and transport processes of organic waste products in porous media.  Vijay received his BS degree in Civil Engineering from Anna University, Madras, India.
  
• 2003- Present, Mr. Rohit Goswami is a PhD candidate at Auburn University; he is conducting laboratory and numerical investigation of saltwater flow in groundwater systems.  Rohit received his BS degree in Civil Engineering from Punjab Engineering College, India.
  
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• PAST STUDENTS
• 2004-2007, Matthew Hogan received his masters degree; he worked on laboratory experiments related to saltwater flow in aquifers.  He is currently a consultant in the Washginton DC area.  Matt received his BS degree in Civil Engineering from Virginia Tech., Virginia.
• 2004-2007, Venkataraman Srinivasan received hismasters degreee from Auburn University. He working analytical models for contaminant transport.  He received his BS degree in Civil Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India.  He is currently purusing in his PhD degree at the Univ of Illinois, Urbana.
• 2005-2007, Che-An Kuo received his MCE degree from Auburn.  He worked on laboratory-scale visualization of GW transport.  Mr Kuo completed his undergraduate degree in Mechanical University in Taiwan.
  
• 2003- 2006,  Mr. Anjani Kumar received his MS from Auburn University; his theis focussed on reactive transport modeling of metals.  Mr Kumar received his undergraduate degree from IIT-Roorkie, India, and masters degree from IISc-Bangalore, India.
• 2004-2005 Mr Jarid Halverson, MS Civil Engineering from Auburn University.  He worked on the thesis titled “Use of small scale erosion control model in the design of silt fence tiebacks.”  Jarid graduated as a distinguished cadet with BS degree in Civil Engineering from United States Military Academy in West Point, New York. Jarid graduate in May 2006 and joined a private consulting firm in Columbus, Georgia.
• 2002- 2004 Mr. Cristhian Quezada received MS Civil Engineering from Auburn University; his thesis title is “Development of analytical solution to multi-species reactive transport problems.” Cristhian received his BS in Civil Engineering from the University of Chile.  He completed his masters degree in Spring 2004 and accepted research associate position at Virginia Tech.
• 2002-2004, Mr. John Phillipi developed a numerical model for predicting equilibrium speciation and sorption isotherms of Uranium-Carbonate system under various solid-solution ratio conditions.  Mr. Phillipi received in BS in Civil Engineering from Auburn University and completed his master’s degree in Spring 2004.
• Dr. Matthew Simpson (Jan 2000- August 2003) worked as a PhD candidate under my guidance.  He received his undergraduate degree in environmental engineering from University of New Castle, New Castle, Australia. Mat published 5 journal papers and 5 conference papers in the area of groundwater-surfacewater interactions. He completed received his PhD 2003 and is currently employed as a research associate at the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
• Dr. Tirtha Gautam (Feb 2001-April 2003) worked as a post-doctoral fellow in a bioremediation design tool development project jointly funded by the Australian Research Council and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.  Dr. Guatam received his PhD degree from the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok and later work as a research scientist at the National University of Singapore, Singapore.  He currently working as a research engineer with the Queensland Department of Natural Resources.
  
• Mr. Sean Westbrook was a masters candidate and he is evaluating the feasibility of BTEX natural attenuation at a fuel spill site.  He currently a project engineer with a consulting company in Perth, Australia.
• Mr. Shane Wilkes (since Jan 2001-Dec 2003) was a masters candidate and worked on a site characterization project at a mine site.  He is currently with Golder Associates in Perth, Australia.
• Mr. Thomas Gallop, first-class honours thesis (Nov 2000 – Oct 2001). Thesis title: Laboratory investigation of seepage-face boundaries.  Tom secured 1st rank in the 2001 graduating class, and is currently employed as an environmental consultant.
  
• Ms. Katina Thomas, first class honours thesis (Nov 2000 – Oct 2001). Thesis title “Bioremediation of acid mine drainage under sulfate reducing conditions.  Katina secured 3rd rank in the 2001 graduating class, and she is currently employed as a Project Planning Engineering with the Water Corporation in Perth, Australia.
• Mr. Bradley Hiller, first-class honours thesis (Nov 2000 – Oct 2001).  Thesis title: Dissolved solute, stable isotopes and radiocarbon isotopes as tracers of groundwater flow, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia.  Brad received best honours thesis award for 2001 and is now working as Environmental Engineering at the Water Corporation in Perth, Australia.
• Ms. Ruth Bax, first class honours thesis (Nov 2000 – Oct 2001). Thesis title “Protocol for implementing artificial aquifer recharge for drinking water supply with a case study on the Albany region”.  She is currently pursuing her PhD degree at the Centre for Water Research, University of Western Australia.
• Ms. Natalee Steeres, 2nd class honours thesis (Nov 2000 – Oct 2001). Thesis title: Laboratory and numerical investigation of contaminant transport in a model aquifer.
• Ms. Sabika Abid, Honors project (Jan 2000 – Oct 2000). Thesis title “Modeling couple PCE-TCA reactive transport at a hazardous waste,.
• Dr. Yunwei Sun, Post-doctoral Research advisor (Nov 1997 - Oct 1998) and co-advisor (since Jan 1996).  Dr. Sun received his Ph.D from the Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, in 1995, under the supervision of Prof. Jacob Bear. Dr. Sun closely assisted the Battelle’s RT3D team to develop a proto-type version of the RT3D code, and also developed an analytical formulation for solving sequential reactive transport problems. He is presently working as a research engineer at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
• Dr. Guoping Lu, I served as a research co-advisor of Guoping, who was a Ph.D. student of Prof. Chunmiao Zheng, Department of Geology, University of Alabama, 1997-2001.  He is currently working at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
• Ms. Marley Franzen, I served as research co-advisor of Marley, who was a student of Prof. James Petersen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Washington State University, 1995-1996.
  

• Member of the technical committee of MODFLOW and More 2006 conference: Managing Ground Water Systems, May 21-24, 2006 - The Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO USA
• Groundwater flow and reactive transport modeling short course: Seoul National University, Korea, Jan 23rd to 27th 2006.
• Member of the NSF panel for assessing the tsunami impacts on Sri Lankan groundwater systems, workshops at the University of Peradeniya and at NSF-Sri Lanka, Colombo, September 19th to 26th 2005.
• Invited opening speaker at the International Symposium on Soil & Groundwater Environment, organized by the Korean Society of Soil & Groundwater Environment, October 27-28th Seoul, Korea, 2005.
• Reactive Transport Modeling Short course: University of Hawaii, June 13st to 17th 2005.
• Reactive Transport Modeling of Natural Attenuation, course instructors: Dr. Mark Widdowson (Virginia Tech.) and Dr. T.P. Clement, June 1st 2002, Disney's Coronado Springs Resort complex, Orlando, Florida.
  
• Bioremediation System Design Using Visual MODFLOW and RT3D, course instructors: Dr. T.P. Clement, Mr. C.D. Johnson (Battelle), and H. McCreadie (Waterloo Hydrogeologic, Inc.), June 6th 2003, Disney's Coronado Springs Resort complex, Orlando, Florida.
• Member of the technical committee of MODFLOW and More 2003 conference: Understanding through Modeling - September 16-19, 2003  - Golden, Colorado, USA
• Lead instructor of the National Ground Water Association (NGWA) sponsored short course: "Computer Modeling of Natural Attenuation and Bioremediation Systems”, several instructors including Dr. Chunmiao Zheng, Dr. Norman Jones, and Mr. Todd Wiedemeier have participated in this course. The first course was held in Baltimore, Maryland, June 16-19, and sixty-three participants from six different countries attended the course.  Second course was held in Las Vegas, Nevada, December 1-4th 1998, and twenty-one participants attended the course.   Third course was held in Atlanta, Georgia, June 22- 25th1999 and thirty participants attended the course.  Fourth course was held in Salt Lake City, Utah, December 1999 and forty participants (including representatives from Japan and Australia, and Finland) attended this course.  Fourth course was held in San Francisco, California, December 2000 and twenty participants attended this course.  Fifth course was held in Seoul, Korea, February 2001 and twenty-five participants attended this course.  Sixth course was held in Orlando, Florida, March 2002.
• Member of the organizing committee of the “2000 Contaminated Site Remediation Conference”, Melbourne, Australia, December 4-8, 2000.
• Advanced Ph.D. course on “Transport and Biodegradation in Heterogeneous Groundwater Aquifers”.  Lyngby, August 7 - 12, 2000, Denmark Technical University; Course instructors:  Philipe Baveye Cornell University, Albert Valocchi, University of Illinois, and Prabhakar Clement, University of Western Australia, Peter Engesgaard, Denmark Technical University.
  
• Organized and conducted a reactive-groundwater modeling short course on using the RT3D computer code for modeling natural-attenuation/ subsurface bioremediation processes (held at the Washington State University during December 1996).  A similar course was also completed at the U.S EPA Robert S. Kerr Lab at Ada, Oklahoma, during July 1997.  Also presented RT3D code details and ran tutorial sessions at other Visual Modflow and GMS training courses (September 97 Visual Modflow course at Boston, 60 participants; October 97 GMS short course at Park City, Utah, about 50 participants).
  
• Member of the organizing committee of the “Workshop on Subsurface Reactive Transport Modeling”, October 29 - November 1, 1997, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Richland, Washington.
• Organized and conducted river-water-quality modeling training programs (Two short courses with about 25 participants) at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bombay, 1988-89.
  

Teaching at The University of Western Australia
Course Title: Numerical Modeling of Subsurface Flow and Transport Processes
Course Level: Post-graduate
Topics Covered:  Numerical solution to coupled differential equations, finite-difference solution to groundwater flow and transport equations, solution to unsaturated flow equations, practical application of MODFLOW, MODPATH, MT3DMS, and RT3D codes to field problems, and introduction to GIS and GMS.

Course Title: Environmental Engineering Design
Course Level: 2nd year undergraduate
Topics Covered:  Introduction to engineering and environmental engineering design principles, environmental impact assessment, computer applications in design and data collection and research.  Discussions based on one or two case-studies will be a part of this course.  This year the discussions will be based on the groundwater problem in Woburn, Massachusetts, discussed in the novel "Civil Action" by Jonathan Harr.   Also, the students will be expected to develop a river management plan based on a simple DO-BOD analysis using the Streeter-Phelps water quality model.

Course Title: Environmental Mechanics
Course Level: 3rd year undergraduate
Topics Covered:  Basic groundwater course that covers the fundamentals of saturated and unsaturated groundwater flow equations, contaminant transport mechanisms, and well flow equations.

Course Title: Subsurface Hydrology Design
Course Level: 4th year undergraduate
Topics Covered:  Applied course that focuses on the development of site characterization methods including pump and slug test procedures, introduction to groundwater remediation methods, application of commercial groundwater codes for simple design problems.  This course will emphasize on field-scale design issues such as conceptual modeling, development of boundary conditions, and grid design.