IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

284 forthcoming articles as of Nov 16   2009           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



1    W. Zhou, T.G. Habetler, R.G. Harley, "Bearing Fault Detection via Stator Current Noise Cancellation and Statistical Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: 1This paper proposes a new approach to detect in situ bearing faults via stator current monitoring. For in situ bearing faults, the characteristic bearing faults frequencies may not exist, especially at an early stage. In addition, bearing fault signatures are usually subtle, compared to the dominant components in the sampled stator current. Therefore, in this research, a noise cancellation technique is used to suppress those dominant components which are not related to a potential bearing fault. The remaining components, i.e. the noise-cancelled stator current, are then closely related to the health condition of the bearing. Further more, it is observed that under the presence of a bearing fault, the noise-cancelled stator current displays significant amount of degrees of uncontrolled variation in its magnitude. The uncontrolled variation is detected by observing the samples falling outside the three-sigma limits on the Shewharts control charts. Therefore, it is possible to detect in situ bearing faults by detecting the variation in the magnitude of the noise cancelled stator current, as verified by on-line experiments performed in this research.

2    Z. Sun, J. Wang, D. Howe, G. Jewell, "Analytical Prediction of Short-Circuit Current in Fault-Tolerant Permanent Magnet Machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes an analytical technique that can be utilized to predict the short-circuit current in a fault-tolerant permanent magnet machine under partial turn short-circuit fault conditions. It has been shown that the current in partially short-circuited turns is dependent on their relative position in the slot where the phase winding is accommodated and the slot-leakage flux associated with these turns has a significant influence on the short-circuit current when a remedial action is applied. An analytical model which quantifies the variation of slot- leakage flux as a function of the relative position of partially short-circuited turns has been developed. Both finite element analysis and experiment results demonstrates effectiveness of the proposed technique for predicting the short-circuit current.

3    J.-C. Hsieh, J.-L. Lin, "Novel Single-Stage Self-Oscillating Dimmable Electronic Ballast With High Power Factor Correction," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel self-oscillating electronic ballast with dimming capability and high power factor correction (PFC) is proposed in this paper. The single-stage electronic ballast integrates a buck-boost power factor correction stage with a half-bridge LCC series-parallel resonant inverter. The buck-boost semistage operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) inherently has high power factor correction. The inverter is dimmable in self-oscillation mode, which is achieved using pulse-width modulation (PWM) and variable-frequency controls. The dimming circuit is simple and low-cost. The self-sustained oscillation of the dimmable electronic ballast for fluorescent lamps was verified using the dual-input describing function (DIDF) method. A prototype of a 10 W dimmable electronic ballast was implemented to verify the theoretical analysis.

4    M. Vasallo, J. Andujar, C. Garcia, J. Brey, "A Methodology for Sizing Back-Up Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Power Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Hybridization of fuel cells and batteries combines advantages of both power sources. This paper proposes the use of fuel cell/battery hybrid power systems as back-up power systems, and develops a methodology for sizing both fuel cell and battery bank, according to a minimum lifecycle cost criterion, from any defined hourly load profile and any defined back-up time. For this purpose, an existing power system sizing computer tool has been used, but its initial capabilities have been extended. The developed methodology allows decisions to be taken before any investment is made. As practical application, the methodology is used for the sizing of a back-up power system for a telecommunications system.

5    F Calabrese, G Celentano, "Embedded Multi-Valued Control for Ceramic Manufacturing," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The paper presents the realization of a prototypal embedded system which implements a new control law characterized by a fixed and quantized control set. This effort is motivated by the observation that many industrial plants with high parametric uncertainties, both for constructive simplicity and/or in order to minimize the operation cost, are usually commanded with signals that can only assume a finite number of values. This paper proposes a new multi-valued control algorithm which is robust with respect to disturbances and plants uncertain parameters and consents the plants output to practically track a given reference trajectory, with preassigned maximum values of the tracking error and its first derivative. Moreover, the paper deals with the digital realization of this new multi-valued control law and the key issues associated with its microprocessor implementation. The efficiency of the methodology and of the design procedure utilized for the realization of the embedded system are shown through a very interesting application: a temperature control system for a ceramic kiln.

6    J Pyrhonen, J Nerg, P Kurronen, U Lauber, "High-Speed, High-Output, Solid-Rotor Induction Motor Technology for Gas Compression," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper investigates the suitability of solid-rotor induction motor technology for a natural gas compression application with a high power output. To this end, a new solid-rotor design for an 8 MW, 6.6 kV, 12000 min-1 motor without any copper parts in the rotor was developed and the motor performance was tested. In the paper, solid rotor material selection, rotor slitting, and the end effects of the purely solid rotor are discussed. A frequency- dependent end effect correction factor is introduced, and a method for the rotor end leakage correction is presented. The performance of the proposed end effect correction factor is verified by comparing the calculated torque and power factor with the measured values.

7    F. Gao, B. Blunier, A. Miraoui, A. Moudni, "A Multiphysic Dynamic 1D Model of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack for Real Time Simulation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents cell layer scale, multi-domain, dynamic 1D proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack model using VHDL-AMS modeling language. The model covers three main fuel cell energy domains: electrical, fluidic and thermal. The performance and advantages of the VHDL-AMS language are shown in the first part. Then, by means of the top-down modeling approach, an electrical domain model, a fluidic domain model and a thermal domain model of the PEMFC stack are addressed in three separate parts. Simulation results are then compared with a Ballard 1.2 kW NEXA fuel cell system, and show a great agreement with experimentatal data. This complex multi-domain VHDL-AMS stack model, containing more than 25 000 state variable and only few empirical coefficients (4 parameters identified on the polarization curve), can be used for fuel cell system components design but also for real time applications. Real time simulation is a key issue in many application such as system control and Hardware-In-the-Loop applications. Moreover, this fuel cell stack model is suitable and can be parametrised for all kinds of PEMFC including watercooled and metal bipolar plates stacks: only the cooling fluid and materials properties have to be changed.

8    S. Sridharan, M. Mishra, "DC Capacitor Voltage Equalization in Neutral Clamped Inverters for DSTATCOM Application," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multilevel neutral point clamped inverter systems are increasingly used in load compensation applications. But, the most significant problem associated with these compensators is the capacitor voltage imbalances and drift due to dc components in the zero sequence current, resulting in degradation of tracking performance of the voltage source inverter. This paper proposes a carrier based PWM control for an inverter-chopper circuit in order to regulate the capacitor voltages to their reference values. To demonstrate the simplicity and effectiveness of the above control scheme, a three-phase four-wire, three-level neutral point clamped compensator system is taken as an example. Detailed simulation has been carried out in PSCAD 4.2.1. Experiments are conducted to validate the proposed control scheme.

9    O. Cheng, W. Abdulla, Z. Salcic, "Hardware-Software Co-Design of Automatic Speech Recognition System for Embedded Real-Time Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: We present a hardware-software co-processing speech recognizer for real-time embedded applications. The system consists of a standard microprocessor and a hardware accelerator for Gaussian mixture model (GMM) emission probability calculation implemented on an FPGA. The GMM accelerator is optimized for timing performance by exploiting data parallelism. In order to avoid large memory requirement, the accelerator adopts a double buffering scheme for accessing the acoustic parameters with no assumption made on the access pattern of these parameters. Experiments on widely used benchmark data show that the real-time factor of the proposed system is 0.62, which is about 3 times faster than the pure softwarebased baseline system, while the word accuracy rate is preserved at 93.33%. As a part of the recognizer, a new adaptive beam pruning algorithm is also proposed and implemented, which further reduces the average real-time factor to 0.54 with the word accuracy rate of 93.16%. The proposed speech recognizer is suitable for integration in various types of voice (speech)- controlled applications.

10    C. Liu, K. Chau, X. Zhang, "An Efficient Wind-Photovoltaic Hybrid Generation System Using Doubly-Excited Permanent-Magnet Brushless Machine," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: With ever increasing concerns on energy issues, the development of renewable energy sources is becoming more and more attractive. This paper first reviews both the wind power and photovoltaic (PV) power generation techniques and their maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods. Then, a new stand-alone wind-PV hybrid generation system is proposed for application to remote and isolated areas. For the wind power generation branch, a new doubly-excited permanent-magnet brushless machine is used to capture the maximum wind power by using online flux control. For the PV power generation branch, a single-ended primary inductance converter is adopted to harness the maximum solar power by tuning the duty cycle. The experimental results confirm that the proposed hybrid generation system can provide high efficiency with the use of MPPT.

11    J. Jia, G. Wang, Y.T. Cham, Y. Wang, M. Han, "Electrical Characteristics Study of a Hybrid PEMFC and Ultracapacitor System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the characteristics study of a clean hybrid power supply system combining proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), as the main power source, and ultracapacitor (UC), as the energy storage unit. Unlike the conventional fuel cell hybrid system with power conditioning unit (PUC), the study investigated the electrical characteristic of PEMFC and UC hybrid system without DC/DC converter. As a platform to evaluate the proposed system, the fuel cell based electric bicycle is implemented. The platform consists of PEMFC stack, metal hydride, thermal balance system, UC, DC motor, system control and data logging unit as well as user interface. The test results showed that the proposed architecture is functional and lead to good results. By the road testing, it verified that the PEMFC can provide the rated power to the load and the UC can deliver the power when system startup and the peak power if needed. The road testing results showed that the design objectives are fulfilled.

12    H. Guo, K.-S. Low, H.-A. Nguyen, "Optimizing the Localization of a Wireless Sensor Network in Real Time Based on a Low Cost Microcontroller," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a low cost microcontroller based system that uses the pedometer measurement and communication ranging between neighboring nodes of a wireless sensor network for localization is presented. Unlike most of the existing methods that require good network connectivity, the proposed system works well in a sparse network. As the localization requires solving of nonlinear equations in real time, two optimization approaches namely the Gauss Newton algorithm and the Particle Swarm Optimization have been studied. The localization and optimization algorithms have been implemented with a microcontroller. The performance has been evaluated with experimental results.

13    C.-M. Huang, C.-M. Wu, C.-C. Yang, S.-L. Chen, C.-S. Chen, J.-J. Wang, K.-J. Lee, C.-L. Wey, "Programmable System-on-Chip (SoC) for Silicon Prototyping," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a Programmable SoC (System-on- Chip) design methodology which integrates multiple heterogeneous SoC design projects into a single chip such that the total silicon prototyping cost for these projects can be greatly reduced by sharing a common SoC platform. In this implementation, an integrated SoC platform is comprised of eight SoC projects. When these eight SoC projects are designed separately, the total area is approximately 143.03mm^{2}, while the area of the integrated platform is about 24.43mm^{2}. The area reduction is significant, so is the fabrication cost. Once the integrated platform chip is fabricated, three programming schemes are carried out to allow the integrated chip to act as the individual SoC design projects. A test chip is designed and implemented using the TSMC 0.13um CMOS generic logic process technology.

14    F. Meng, S. Yang, W. Yang, X. Jin, "Comments and Further Results on A New Critical Formula and Mathematical Model of Double-Tap Interphase Reactor in a Six-Phase Tap-Changer Diode Rectifier," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This note presents some comments and further results concerning the mathematical model of double-tap interphase reactor (IPR) in a six-phase tap-changer diode rectifier. On the basis of coupling circuit principle and phase-coordinate method, the proposed model, which reduces the mutual inductance coupling completely, describes the double-tap IPR by an admittance matrix containing the information about the connection way and electrical quantities. Some computer simulation and experiments are included to support the theoretical analysis of the model.

15    K. Borisov, H. Ginn, "Multifunctional VSC Based on a Novel Fortescue Reference Signal Generator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a novel reference signal generator for voltage source converters that enables the maximization of its functionality. The proposed reference signal generator is based on a combination of the Fortescue decomposition with recursive DFT. The method is characterized by computational efficiency, excellent detection accuracy and fast dynamic response. An experimental prototype of a multifunctional VSC with the proposed reference signal generator has been built and experimental results are presented. The functionality of the VSC can be extended to such modes of operation as harmonic compensator, active power filter, PWM rectifier, PWM inverter, balancing compensator and STATCOM with the update of only six coefficients in the reference signal generator.

16    R. Minshull, M. Bingham, A. Stone, P. Foster, "Compensation of Non-Linearities in Diode-Clamped Multilevel Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The application of multilevel converters for exciting permanent magnet machines with low-phase inductance to DC-link voltage ratios facilitates a reduction in high frequency switching harmonics. However, converter non-linearities and, in-particular, on-state device voltage drops, create additional low-frequency harmonics. This paper therefore proposes a generic compensation scheme to accommodate the effects of such converter non-linearities and, in so doing, improve the harmonic quality of the machine phase currents. Experimental results gathered from a prototype 5-level diode clamped converter validate the benefits of the proposed scheme by showing quantitative reductions in low frequency harmonics.

17    A Rosado-Munoz, M Bataller-Mompean, E Soria-Olivas, C Scarante, J Guerrero-Martinez, "FPGA Implementation of an Adaptive Filter Robust to Impulsive Noise: Two Approaches," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Adaptive filters are used in a wide range of applications such as echo cancellation, noise cancellation, system identification, and prediction. Its hardware implementation becomes essential in many cases where real time execution is needed. However, impulsive noise affects the proper operation of the filter and the adaptation process. This noise is one of the most damaging types of signal distortion, not always considered when implementing algorithms, especially in specific hardware platforms. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) are used widely for real time applications where timing requirements are strict. Nowadays, two main design processes can be followed, namely, Hardware Description Language (HDL) and a High Level Synthesis (HLS) design tool for embedded system design. This work proposes the FPGA implementation of an adaptive algorithm robust to impulsive noise using these two approaches. Final comparison results are provided in order to test accuracy, performance and logic occupation.

18    C Wang, Y Li, "Analysis and Calculation of Zero-Sequence Voltage Considering Neutral-Point Potential Balancing in Three-Level NPC Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The neutral-point (NP) potential of the three-level neutral-point-clamped converters is needed to maintain balancing. Zero-sequence voltage is the only freedom degree when carrier-based PWM is utilized. Appropriate zero-sequence voltage should be identified to control the NP potential. The relationship between the neutral current and injected zero-sequence voltage is studied comprehensively, and two balancing algorithms of NP potential respectively adopting searching-optimization and interpolation methods are presented. The theoretical optimum zero-sequence voltage for controlling NP potential can be obtained by the latter proposed algorithm. Simulation and experimental results are shown to verify the validity and practicability of the proposed algorithms.

19    T Kerekes, R Teodorescu, P Rodriguez, G Vazquez, E Aldabas, "A new high-efficiency single-phase transformerless PV inverter topology," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: There is a strong trend in the photovoltaic (PV) inverter technology to use transformerless topologies in order to acquire higher efficiencies combining with very low ground leakage current. In this paper a new topology, based on the H-Bridge with a new AC bypass circuit consisting in a diode rectifier and a switch with clamping to the DC midpoint is proposed. The topology is simulated and experimentally validated and a comparison with other existing topologies is performed. High conversion efficiency and low leakage current is demonstrated.

20    Z Gmyrek, A Boglietti, A Cavagnino, "Estimation of iron losses in induction motors: Calculation method, results and analysis," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The paper intends to develop a more accurate approach for determining the no-load iron losses in Pulse With Modulation (PWM) inverter fed induction motors. The proposed method is validated by means of a prototype motor with a plastic rotor cage. The iron losses have been computed by the time-stepping Finite Element Method (FEM), both with sinusoidal and PWM supply. The iron losses have then been estimated by adding up the contribution generated by orthogonal components of the flux density, as if the iron losses generated by these components were independent phenomena. The rotational hysteresis losses, as well as excess ones, have been calculated applying a correction factor based on experimental data. These factors are a function of the peak flux density and ellipticity of the B vector loci. Experimental validations are provided for several frequency and magnetic saturation values. In addition, this paper demonstrates the necessity to consider the harmonics initial phase in order to increase the accuracy in the iron loss prediction.

21    C Pan, C Lai, "A High Efficiency High Step-Up Converter with Low Switch Voltage Stress for Fuel Cell System Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a novel high step-up converter is proposed for fuel cell system applications. As an illustration, a two-phase version configuration is given for demonstration. First, an interleaved structure is adapted for reducing input and output ripples. Then, a Æuk type converter is integrated to the first phase to achieve much higher voltage conversion ratio and avoid operating at extreme duty ratio. In addition, additional capacitors are added as voltage dividers for the two-phases for reducing the voltage stress of active switches and diodes which enables one to adopt lower voltage rating devices to further reduce both switching and conduction losses. Furthermore, the corresponding model is also derived and analysis of the steady state characteristic is made to show the merits of the proposed converter. Finally, a 200W rating prototype system is also constructed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter. It is seen that an efficiency of 93.3% can be achieved when the output power is 150W and the output voltage is 200V with 0.56 duty ratio.

22    D. Morinigo-Sotelo, L. Garcia-Escudero, O. Duque-Perez, M. Perez-Alonso, "Practical Aspects of Mixed Eccentricity Detection in PWM Voltage Source Inverter Fed Induction Motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, we present results of an ongoing investigation relating to the detection of static and dynamic eccentricity in cage induction motors fed by PWM frequency converter using line current spectral analysis. Two different motors fed by different supply sources (utility voltage and two different voltage converters at different assigned frequencies) were tested. A statistical analysis of the results obtained was carried out. These results allow us to present practical conclusions relating to the detection of mixed eccentricity.

23    A. Khaligh, P. Zheng, C. Zheng, "Kinetic Energy Harvesting using Piezoelectric and Electromagnetic Technologies-State of the Art," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This manuscript presents the latest progresses in kinetic energy harvesting for wide applications ranging from implanted devices and wearable electronic devices to mobile electronics and self-powered wireless network nodes. The advances in the energy harvester adopting piezoelectric and electromagnetic transduction mechanisms are presented. Piezoelectric generators convert mechanical strain on the active material to electric charge while electromagnetic generators make use of the relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic flux to induce charge in the conductor. The existent kinetic piezoelectric generators including human-powered and vibration-based devices are comprehensively addressed. In addition, the electromagnetic generators are reviewed which include resonant, rotational, and hybrid devices. In the conclusion part of the paper, the comparison between the transduction methods and future application trends are given.

24    A Roscoe, A Mackay, G Burt, J McDonald, "Architecture of a Network-in-the-Loop Environment for Characterizing AC Power System Behavior," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes the method by which a large hardware-in-the-loop environment has been realized for 3-phase AC power systems. The environment allows an entire laboratory power network topology (generators, loads, controls, protection devices and switching) to be placed in the loop of a large power network simulation. The system is realized by using a real-time power network simulator, which interacts with the hardware via indirect control of a large synchronous generator and by measuring currents flowing from its terminals. These measured currents are injected into the simulation via current sources to close the loop. This paper describes the system architecture and, most importantly, the calibration methodologies which have been developed to overcome measurement and loop latencies. In particular a new phase advance calibration removes the requirement to add unwanted components into the simulated network to compensate for loop delay. The results of early commissioning experiments are demonstrated. The present system performance limits under transient conditions (approximately 0.25 Hz/s and 30 V/s to contain peak phase and voltage tracking errors within 5° and 1%) are defined mainly by the controllability of the synchronous generator.

25    M Camara, H Gualous, F Gustin, A Berthon, B Dakyo, "DC/DC Converters Design for Supercapacitors and Battery Power Management in Hybrid Vehicle Applications-Polynomial Control Strategy," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents supercapacitors (SCAP) and battery modeling with an original energy management strategy in a hybrid storage technology. The studied DC power supply is composed by SCAP and batteries. SCAP are dimensioned for peak power requirement and batteries provide the power in steady state. A bidirectional DC/DC converter is used between SCAP and the DC bus. Batteries are directly connected to the DC bus. The originality of this study is focused on SCAP behavior modeling and energy management strategy. The proposed strategy is based on polynomial (RST) controller. For reasons of cost and existing components (no optimized) such as batteries and semiconductors, the experimental test benches are designed in reduced scale. The characterized packs of SCAP include two modules of 10 cells in series for each one, and present a maximum voltage of 27V. The proposed strategy is implemented on PIC18F4431 microcontroller for two DC/DC converters topologies control. Experimental and simulation results obtained from polynomial control strategy are presented, analyzed and compared to that of classical PI.

26    F Krismer, J Kolar, "Accurate Power Loss Model Construction of a High Current Dual Active Bridge Converter for an Automotive Application," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An accurate power loss model for a high efficiency dual active bridge (DAB) converter, which provides a bidirectional electrical interface between a 12V battery and a high voltage DC bus in a fuel cell car, is derived. The nominal power is 2kW, the high voltage DC bus varies between 240V and 450V and the battery voltage range is between 11V and 16V. Consequently, battery currents of up to 200A occur at nominal power. In automotive applications, high converter efficiency and high power densities are required. Thus it is necessary to accurately predict the dissipated power for each power component in order to identify and to properly design the heavily loaded parts of the converter. In combination with measured efficiency values, it is shown that conventional converter analysis predicts substantially inaccurate efficiencies for the given converter. This paper describes the main reasons why the conventional method fails and documents the different steps required to predict the power losses more accurately. With the presented converter prototype, an efficiency of more than 92% is achieved at an output power of 2kW in a wide input/output voltage range.

27    K Yamazaki, H Ishigami, "Rotor Shape Optimization of Interior Permanent Magnet Motors to Reduce Harmonic Iron Losses," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, we develop novel rotor designs of interior permanent magnet motors in order to reduce harmonic iron losses at high rotational speeds under field-weakening control. First, an optimization method combined with an adaptive finite element method is applied to automatically determine the shapes of the magnets and rotor core. The optimized motor is manufactured to confirm the validity of the calculation. It is clarified that the iron loss of the optimized motor is reduced to nearly half of that of the conventional motor, without a significant decrease in the maximum torque. Next, the contribution of each part of the rotor to the iron loss reduction is analyzed by the experimental design method. Finally, several designs of the rotors are proposed from the viewpoints of the manufacturing cost and performance.

28    R Moghaddam, F Magnussen, C Sadarangani, "Theoretical and Experimental Reevaluation of Synchronous Reluctance Machine," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper theoretically introduces and develops a new operation diagram and parameter estimator for the synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM). The operation diagram demonstrates the behavior of the machines main performance parameters, such as torque, current, voltage, frequency, flux, power factor and current angle, all in one graph. This diagram can easily be used to describe different control strategies, possible operating conditions, both below and above rated speed, etc. The saturation effect is also discussed with this diagram by FEM calculations. A prototype high performance SynRM is designed for experimental studies, and then both machines (correspondent Induction Machine (IM)) performances at similar loading and operation conditions are tested, measured and compared, to demonstrate the potential of the SynRM. The lab measurements (on standard 15kW Eff1 IM and its counterpart SynRM) show that the SynRM has higher efficiency, torque density, inverter rating and lower rotor temperature and power factor in comparison to the IM at the same winding temperaturerise condition. Measurements show that the torque capability of the SynRM closely follows that of the IM.

29    J Wang, D Howe, Z Lin, "Design Optimization of Short-Stroke, Single Phase Tubular Permanent Magnet Motor for Refrigeration Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes a design methodology to achieve optimal performance for a short-stroke, single phase tubular permanent magnet motor which drives a reciprocating vapor compressor. The steady-state characteristic of the direct-drive linear motor-compressor system is analyzed, an analytical formula for predicting iron loss is presented and a motor design procedure which takes into account of the effect of compressor loads under nominal operating condition is formulated. It is shown that the motor efficiency can be optimized with respect to two leading dimensional ratios. Experimental results validate the proposed design methodology.

30    H Komurcugil, "Steady-State Analysis and Passivity-Based Control of Single-Phase PWM Current-Source Inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a passivity-based control (PBC) strategy for single-phase PWM current-source inverters feeding a resistive load. In this strategy, it is required to estimate the load resistance and the inductor current reference. However, the estimation accuracy depends on the inductance value when the load resistance and the inductor current reference are estimated using existing adaptive algorithm. In this study, it is shown that the inductor current reference estimation is possible at the expense of a constant reference function for the inductor current. Also, the design of inductor, and the sensitivity of the output voltage to the value of output capacitor used in the controller are studied extensively through the steady-state analysis of the proposed PBC. It is also shown that even very large values of the estimation error do not give rise to significant change in the output voltage amplitude. Computer simulations and experiments are presented to verify the theoretical considerations.

31    A Hajimiragha, C. A. Canizares, M. W. Fowler, A Elkamel, "Optimal Transition to Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Ontario-Canada Considering the Electricity Grid Limitations," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper analyses the feasibility of optimally utilizing Ontario's grid potential for charging Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) during off-peak periods. Based on a simplified zonal model of Ontario's electricity transmission network and a zonal pattern of base-load generation capacity from 2009 to 2025, an optimization model is developed to find the optimal as well as maximum penetrations of PHEVs into Ontario's transport sector. The results of this study demonstrate that the present and projected electricity grid in Ontario can be optimally exploited for charging almost 6% of the total vehicles in Ontario or 12.5% of the vehicles in Toronto's transport sector by 2025; this corresponds to approximately 500,000 PHEVs that can be charged from the grid without any additional transmission or power generation investments beyond those currently planned.

32    B Cranganu-Cretu, A Kertesz, J Smajic, "Coupled Electromagnetic-Thermal Effects of Stray Flux: Software Solution for Industrial Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a VB software solution, aimed at driving a complex FEM based electromagnetic-thermal solver to allow for a range of virtual experiments for accurate simulations of numerically demanding stray magnetic flux problems in power devices. The development allows for both engineering experiments (by a non-expert numerical user) as well as for numerical experiments - to determine the best set-up of a simulation attempt.

33    A Tay, H Chua, Y Wang, Y Ngo, "Equipment Design and Control of Advanced Thermal Processing Module in Lithography," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A programmable multizone thermal processing module is developed to achieve wafer temperature uniformity during the thermal cycling process in lithography. The bake and chill steps are conducted sequentially within the same module without any substrate movement. An array of thermoelectric devices (TEDs) is used to provide a distributed heating to the substrate for uniformity and transient temperature control. The TEDs also provide active cooling for chilling the substrate to a temperature suitable for subsequent processing steps. This design is an improvement of a previous work, eliminating the need of a mica-heater. The system is designed via detailed modeling and simulations based on first principle heat transfer analysis. Experimental results on the prototype demonstrates about ±0.4oC spatial uniformity during the entire thermal cycle.

34    S Bolognani, L Peretti, M Zigliotto, E Bertotto, "Commissioning of Electromechanical Conversion Models for High Dynamic PMSM Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Several emerging applications require fast and precise torque control. Torque measurements are still expensive, bulky and delicate. On the other hand, estimation techniques are all valid in principle, but their accuracy is largely affected by model identification and commissioning. This paper presents an accurate model for an effective torque estimation based on voltage and current measurements. The model includes all motor losses to get an enhanced overall accuracy, along with a fast response. The key-feature is the commissioning procedure, based on a set of offline measurements. Procedure details and experimental results on a laboratory prototype are included.

35    C Ramos Paja, R Giral, L Martinez Salamero, J Romano, A Romero, G Spagnuolo, "A PEM Fuel Cell Model Featuring Oxygen Excess Ratio Estimation and Power Electronics Interaction," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell model that is useful for simulation and control purposes is presented. The model uses both electrical circuit components and functional blocks in order to reproduce both static and dynamic fuel cell behaviors. Its main feature is in the reproduction of the oxygen excess ratio behavior, but it is also able to interact with any electrical device connected at the fuel cell terminals, thus a load or a switching converter. Consequently, the proposed model can be used in order to develop new control strategies aimed at avoiding the oxygen starvation effect and/or minimizing the fuel consumption. The model has been customized for a Ballard NEXA 1.2 kW power system and this has allowed an experimental validation by means of measurements performed on a real fuel cell device.

36    G Zhao, K Xuan, W Rahayu, D Taniar, M Safar, M Gavrilova, B Srinivasan, "Voronoi-Based Continuous k Nearest Neighbor Search in Mobile Navigation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Digital ecosystems are formed by digital organisms in complex, dynamic, and interrelated ecosystems, and utilize multiple technologies to provide cost-efficient digital services and value-creating activities. Distributed wireless mobile network that serves as the underlying infrastructure to digital ecosystems provides important applications to the digital ecosystems, one of which is mobile navigations and continuous mobile information services. Most information and query services in a mobile environment are continuous mobile query processing or continuous k nearest neighbor (CKNN), which finds the locations where interest points or interest objects change while mobile users are moving. These locations are known as split nodes. All of existing works on CKNN divide the query path into segments, which is a segment of road separated by two intersections, and then the process to find split nodes is applied to each segment. Since there are many segments (due to many intersections, obviously), processing each segment is naturally inefficient. In this paper, we propose an alternative solution to overcome this problem. We use Voronoi Diagram for CKNN (called VCKNN). Our proposed approach does not need to divide the query path into segments, hence improving the overall query processing performance. Our experiment verified the applicability of VCKNN approach to solve CKNN queries.

37    H Woo, D Lee, "Exploitation of the Impedance and Characteristics of the Human Arm in the Design of Haptic Interfaces," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: It is well known that friction in haptic devices plays a key role in dissipating surplus energy to maintain passivity of the haptic system. This paper shows that the surplus energy can be also dissipated by careful exploitation of human operators damping and analyzes the effects of the time-varying human arm impedance on the passivity of a haptic system. Human arm impedance is modeled as a second-order mass-damper-spring system. An impedance model is developed to describe the dynamic behavior of a haptic system that includes human arm impedance. A new necessary and sufficient passivity condition of the haptic system is derived using an energy-based approach. The analytical results are experimentally validated using a one-degree-of -freedom (DOF) haptic device. Experiment results show that the maximum achievable stiffness of the haptic system varies widely according to the degree of human arm impedance and is predictable more accurately using the newly derived passivity condition compared to the previous results in the literature.

38    P Karutz, T Nussbaumer, W Gruber, W. Kolar, "Acceleration Performance Optimization for Motors with Large Air Gaps," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents an optimization procedure yielding for minimal acceleration times for different speed ranges using the example of a magnetically levitated slice motor with a large air gap. The optimization is based on a set of analytical equations together with selected 3D FEM simulations with the aim to optimize both the stator geometry and the number of drive turns. It is shown that the use of 3D instead of 2D simulation tools is obligatory for motors with large air gaps for achieving sufficient simulation accuracy. The relevant equations for the optimization are derived and the accuracy of the proposed method is verified by measurements on a prototype system.

39    S. Abdel-Khalik, I. Masoud, W. Williams, L. Mohamadein, M. Ahmed, "Steady-State Performance and Stability Analysis of Mixed Pole Machines with Electromechanical Torque and Rotor Electric Power to a Shaft Mounted Electrical Load," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the steady-state model, performance, and stability analysis of a mixed pole machine with a new operational mode which provides rotor torque and nphase rotor electrical output power to a shaft mounted rotating electrical load. The machine operated under this mode can be used in applications that require contactless power such as in robotics or applications that require independent control of both rotor torque and rotor electric power, such as for contactless rotational antennas and turret systems. The performance assessment includes electromagnetic torque, electric efficiency, mechanical efficiency, and total efficiency based on both simulation and experimentation. The effect of electrical loading and stator voltage on both rotor torque and rotor electric power is also considered. The machine steady-state stability is introduced by plotting the machine operating characteristics that determine all stable operating regions of the machine under the proposed mode of operation.

40    H Abootorabi Zarchi, J Soltani, A. Markadeh, "Adaptive Input-Output Feedback Linearization Based Torque Control of Synchronous Reluctance Motor without Mechanical Sensor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a well-known adaptive input-output feedback linearization (AIOFL) technique is used for speed and torque tracking control of Synchronous Reluctance Motor (SynRM) drive. This controller is capable of estimating motor two-axis inductances (Ld, Lq) simultaneously. The overall stability of the proposed control and Persistency of Excitation (PE) condition are proved based on Lyapunov theory. In addition, the Maximum Rate of Change of Torque Control (MRCTC) scheme is applied to generate the motor d and q axis reference currents which are needed for AIOFL controller. Another contribution of this paper is to estimate the rotor speed and position. For low speed estimation, we have to eliminate the current and voltage sensors dc offsets, detect the stator resistance and take into account the voltage drop of the inverter power switches. We solve these problems by using a simple technique for eliminating the voltage sensors, a simple method for online estimation of the stator resistance and modeling the voltage drop of the inverter power switches. It is worthwhile to mention that the current sensors dc offsets, seen on the measured currents, are negligible. Finally, the validity of the proposed method are verified by experimental results.

41    W. W. K. Lin, J. H. K. Wong, A. K. Y. Wong, "A Novel Real-Time Traffic Sensing (RTS) Model to Improve the Performance of Web-Based Industrial Ecosystems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The novel real-time traffic sensing (RTS) model proposed in this paper not only senses traffic patterns but also chaotic traffic conditions, known as the fractal breakdowns, on the fly. If a web-based industrial ecosystem has included RTS as a functional component, it would possess the ability to acquire ambient intelligence of, and act upon, changes in traffic patterns. Its use of the results by the RTS as parameters for self-organization proactively could prevent sudden system failures. Web-based industrial ecosystems consist of distributed processing centers/entities/species. These species have distinctive functional characteristics and collaborate by message passing over the mobile Internet, which supports wireline and wireless communications in a mixed, dynamic manner. The unpredictable traffic changes in such an environment could reduce system performance and lead to system instability and even failure. Although brief stints of chaotic operations or system failures followed by quick recoveries may be unnoticeable to human eyes, they can impede the normal operations of industrial systems and inflict huge financial losses. Any industrial ecosystem with RTS support would benefit from the enhanced reliability by detecting possible chaotic operations or fractal breakdowns.

42    J Napoles, J. I. Leon, R Portillo, L. G. Franquelo, M. A. Aguirre, "Selective Harmonic Mitigation Technique for High Power Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In high power applications the maximum switching frequency is limited due to thermal losses. This leads to highly distorted output waveforms. In such applications, it is necessary to filter the output waveforms using bulky passive filtering systems. The recently presented selective harmonic mitigation technique (SHMPWM) produces output waveforms where the harmonic distortion is limited fulfilling specific grid codes when the number of switching angles is high enough. The related technique has been previously presented using a switching frequency equal to 750Hz. In this paper, a special implementation of the SHMPWM technique optimized for very low switching frequency is studied. Experimental results obtained applying SHMPWM to a three-level neutral point clamped converter using a switching frequency equal to 350Hz are presented. The obtained results show that the SHMPWM technique improves the results of previous selective harmonic elimination (SHEPWM) techniques for very low switching frequencies. This fact highlights that the SHMPWM technique is very useful in high power applications leading its use an important reduction of the bulky and expensive filtering elements.

43    S Ceballos, J Pou, E Robles, J Zaragoza, J. L. Martin, "Performance Evaluation of Fault Tolerant Neutral-Point-Clamped Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a study of the fault tolerance capacity of a neutral-point-clamped (NPC) converter. Different faults in the power semiconductors are considered and the available post-fault states of the converter are shown. In regards of the operation limits, two possible solutions are presented. In these solutions, adding a reduced number of additional components, the behavior of the converter when a switch fails improves considerably. Furthermore, an analysis of the neutral point (NP) voltage balancing conditions after a fault and reconfiguration of the system is also evaluated. Experimental results that prove the correct operation of the proposed topologies are shown.

44    L Boulon, D Hissel, A Bouscayrol, M.-C. Pera, "From Modeling to Control of a PEM Fuel Cell Using Energetic Macroscopic Representation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a methodology to design the control part of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell (FC) stack. The objective is to control the FC voltage. This methodology is based on Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) of the FC and leads to a so-called Maximal Control Structure (MCS). The MCS is a step by step inversion of EMR (inversion model based control structure). The control design process is based on an explicit definition of the problem. Basically, for instance, the tuning inputs, the system objectives or constraints are highlighted to organize the control. Moreover, the MCS shows the places where sensors are required and the controllers that are requested. Unfortunately, MCS is only a theoretical control structure. Consequently, a realistic structure needs some simplifications leading to a so-called Practical Control Structure (PCS). The FC model is firstly presented and experimentally validated. The designed control structure is then simulated and the results are discussed.

45    R. A. Gupta, A. A. Masoud, M.-Y. Chow, "A Delay-Tolerant, Potential Field-Based, Network Implementation of an Integrated Navigation System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Network controllers (NC) are devices that are capable of converting dynamic, spatially-extended, and functionally-specialized modules into a taskable, goal-oriented group called: Networked Control System (NCS). This paper examines the practical aspects of designing and building a network controller that uses internet as a communication medium. It focuses on finding compatible controller components that can be integrated via a host structure in a manner that makes it possible to network, in real-time, a webcam, an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), and a remote computer server along with the necessary operator software interface. The aim is to de-skill the UGV navigation process yet maintain a robust performance. The structure of the suggested controller, its components and the manner in which they are interfaced are described. Thorough experimental results along with performance assessment and comparisons to a previously implemented network controller are provided.

46    G Baoming, F. Z. Peng, A. T. de Almeida, H Abu-Rub, "An Effective Control Technique for Medium-Voltage High Power Induction Motor Fed by Cascaded Neutral Point Clamped Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: For a cascaded neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter applied to the medium voltage high power induction motor drives, an effective control technique is proposed in this paper. The novel SPWM pulse rotation control approach, for a wide range of output voltage, provides a simple way to implement vector control for induction motor when the cascaded NPC inverter is employed. The proposed method presents great benefits to the cascaded NPC inverter. The output voltages and power of all inverter modules, and two series-capacitor dc voltages of each inverter module are perfectly balanced. Also a low switch frequency of all inverter modules supports a synthesized high frequency PWM phase voltage. The internal voltage drop of the inverter, due to the cascade structure of many IGBT-diode modules' series connection, is analyzed, which causes the distorted phase voltages and currents at low speeds when the frequency and output voltage are low. The current closed-loop control compensates the distortion of phase voltages and currents. A rotor flux-oriented vector control is combined with back EMF-based MRAS speed estimation, which results in a speed closed-loop control. The voltage sensors together with the filters of changeable parameters ensure the precision of speed estimation for the whole frequency range. The experimental tests are carried out through an 800kW 4160V induction motor drive fed by the 1MVA 6000V 17-level cascaded NPC inverter. The results verify the proposed scheme.

47    J Corda, S. M. Jamil, "Experimental Determination of Equivalent Circuit Parameters of a Tubular Switched Reluctance Machine With Solid Steel Magnetic Core," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The model-based analysis of a switched reluctance machine, which has significant losses in the iron core, requires the machine to be represented by parameters that account for nonlinearities caused by both the magnetic saturation as well as the iron losses. This paper describes the methodology for determining the parameters of the equivalent electric circuit which includes the representation of iron losses. The parameters are derived from measurements performed under static conditions. The methodology is verified by comparing the dynamically measured results for the pull-out force against the results predicted by the model which is based on the equivalent circuit.

48    S Nishikata, F Tatsuta, "A New Interconnecting Method for Wind Turbine/Generators in a Wind Farm and Basic Performances of the Integrated System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new interconnecting method for a cluster of wind turbine/generators is proposed, and some examples of the basic characteristics of the integrated system are shown. This method can be achieved with wind turbine generating system using a shaft generator system. A group of wind turbine-generators can be interconnected easily with the proposed method, and high reliability and electric output power with high quality are also expected. Moreover, since this method enables to send generated power through a long-distance DC transmission line, the optimum site for wind turbines can be selected so as to acquire the maximum wind energy.

49    K Sivakumar, A Das, R Ramchand, C Patel, K Gopakumar, "A Five Level Inverter Scheme for a Four Pole Induction Motor Drive by Feeding the Identical Voltage Profile Windings From Both Sides," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The paper presents a five-level inverter scheme with four two-level inverters for a four pole induction motor (IM) drive. In a conventional three-phase four-pole induction motor, there exists two identical voltage profile winding coil groups per phase around the armature, which are connected in series and spatially apart by two pole pitches. In this work, these two identical voltage profile pole pair winding coils in each phase of the induction motor are disconnected and fed from four two-level inverters from four sides of the windings with one fourth dc-link voltage compared to a conventional five-level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter. The scheme presented in this paper, doesn't require any special design modification for the induction machine. For the present study, a four pole IM drive is used, and the scheme can be easily extended to induction motors with more than four poles. The proposed scheme is experimentally verified on a four pole, 5hp induction motor drive.

50    L Frosini, E Bassi, "Stator Current and Motor Efficiency as Indicators for Different Types of Bearing Faults in Induction Motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a new approach to use stator current and efficiency of induction motors as indicators of rolling bearing faults. After a presentation of the state-of-the-art about the condition monitoring of vibration and motor current for the diagnostics of the bearings, the paper illustrates the experimental results on four different types of bearing defects: crack in the outer race, hole in the outer race, deformation of the seal, corrosion. The first and the third faults have not been previously considered in the literature, the latter has been analyzed in other researches, even if obtained in a different way. Another novelty introduced by the paper is the analysis of the decrease in the efficiency of the motor with a double purpose: as alarm of incipient faults and as evaluation of the extent of the energy waste resulting from the lasting of the fault condition before the breakdown of the machine.

51    G Traxler-Samek, T Lugand, A Schwery, "Additional Losses in the Damper Winding of Large Hydrogenerators at Open-Circuit and Load Conditions," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Large salient-pole synchronous machines are typically equipped with a damper winding. At steady-state conditions parasitic voltages are induced in the damper bars which lead to a current flow with associated power losses. This paper describes an analytical algorithm for the calculation of currents and corresponding losses in the damper winding. The presented method is based on an equivalent network of the damper winding containing all the bars of a repetitive section of the machine. The inductances are calculated with an air gap permeance model. Contrary to similar existing approaches the induced damper-bar voltages are computed using a numerical integration. This allows for more precise results when it comes to higher harmonics. In order to validate the analytical computation, the results are compared with the results of two-dimensional transient finite element studies and with a conventional analytical method based on the d- and q-axis equivalent circuits of the machine.

52    A Kuperman, Y Horen, S Tapuchi, "A Differential State-Space Approach to Simultaneous Emulation of Uncertainties and Disturbances in Voltage Controlled Brushless Motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A method allowing emulating parameter uncertainties and external disturbances without any mechanical and electrical parts supplementary to the electric drive is proposed. The emulating signal, reflecting the desired changes is created in software and added to the nominal controller output, forcing the unperturbed motor output to resemble the output of a motor with actual uncertainties and disturbances. The proposed method allows simultaneous emulating any combination of parameter variations and unpredicted disturbances. The method can be related to a class of advanced Hardware-In-The-Loop simulations, where the nominal hardware is present in the test bed in addition to the controller. The technique can be used to thoroughly test the performance of advanced control algorithms before mass production or for didactic purposes in an educational laboratory using motion control kits found on the market. Simulation and experimental results are reported to prove the feasibility of the proposed approach.

53    S Lentijo, S D'Arco, A Monti, "Comparing the Dynamic Performances of Power Hardware in the Loop Interfaces," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents an evaluation of two interface design solutions for Power Hardware in the Loop experiments. The evaluation is performed according to four figures of merit that focus on both the dynamic and steady state performances of the interface systems. An analytical process is then used to both compare the different interfaces, and more importantly, to define a design procedure based on an optimization problem. The primary advantage of the proposed approach is that the figures of merits can be calculated by accounting not only for the topology of the interface, but also for the structure and characteristics of the controller adopted for the interface itself.

54    P Prasarnphanich, C Wagner, "Explaining the Sustainability of Digital Ecosystems based on the Wiki Model through Critical Mass Theory," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This research investigates the sustainability of a type of digital ecosystem, namely knowledge sharing communities built on the wiki model. Sustainability is hypothesized to result from the participation of contributors with varying levels of resources and interests. The differences in resources and interests, according to critical mass theory, enable such communities to overcome typical start-up and growth problems. The article describes a preliminary empirical test of critical mass theory in this context, with Wikipedia as test case that demonstrates sustainability as well as resource and interest heterogeneity, based on a survey of 78 Wikipedians. The characteristic patterns of success exhibited in Wikipedia are expected to inform the management of other wiki based information assets.

55    M. Renge, M. Suryawanshi, "Three-Dimensional Space Vector Modulation to Reduce Common-Mode Voltage for Multilevel Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, an approach to reduce common-mode voltage (CMV) at the output of multilevel inverter using three-dimensional (3-D) space vector modulation (SVM) is proposed. The 3-D SVM is superset of the traditional two-dimensional (2-D) SVM, and thus, it inherits all the merits of traditional 2-D. A simple technique for the selection of switching states to constitute the reference vector is proposed here. The computational cost of the proposed technique is independent of voltage levels of inverter. This technique is easy to implement on-line in digital controller. The trade off between quality of output voltage and common mode voltage is achieved in this paper. This paper realizes the implementation of 3-D SVM to reduce the CMV using five-level diode clamped inverter for three phase induction motor. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed technique.

56    W Jiang, B Fahimi, "Active Current Sharing and Source Management in Fuel Cell-Battery Hybrid Power System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Fuel cells are being considered as a potential alternative in long term to replace diesel/gasoline combustion engines in vehicles and emergency power sources. However, high cost and slow dynamic response of fuel cell still persist as the main hurdles for wider applications. To remedy this problem, an energy storage system with adequate power capacity has to be incorporated. This paper presents a novel control design for fuel cell-battery hybrid power system which enables both active current sharing and power source management control in such hybrid systems. Different hybrid power system structures are investigated and evaluated; dual-converter structure and four modes of operation are defined to provide efficient and sustainable solution to such a hybrid power system; an novel integrated control system with inherent current sharing and generation mode swapping capability is proposed; based on system component status, the control system is able to regulate the output power from each source under different scenarios. The dedicated control system is implemented in a TMS320F2812 DSP and experimental results for a fuel cell-battery based uninterruptible power supply are provided to demonstrate the static and dynamic performance of the control system.

57    H Chiu, Y Lo, J Chen, S Chen, C Lin, S Mou, "A High Efficiency Dimmable LED Driver for Low-Power Lighting Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The paper presents a dimmable LED driver with adaptive feedback control for low-power lighting applications. An improved pulse-width modulation dimming technique is studied for regulating the LED current and brightness. Under universal input voltage operation, high efficiency and high power factor can be achieved by a coupled inductor SEPIC PFC converter with a simple commercial TM PFC controller. The operation principles and design considerations of the studied LED driver are analyzed and discussed. A laboratory prototype is also designed and tested to verify the feasibility.

58    J. Yin, K. S. Tang, F. Man, "A Comparison of Optimization Algorithms for Biological Neural Network Identification," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Recently, the identification of biological neural network has been reformulated as an optimization problem based on a framework of adaptive synchronization. In this paper, four different optimization algorithms, including Genetic Algorithm, Jumping Gene Genetic Algorithm, Tabu Search and Simulated Annealing, have been applied for this optimization problem. Based on the simulation results, their performances are compared and it is concluded that JGGA can outperform the other three methods in term of minimizing the synchronization and parameter estimation errors.

59    Y. Lai, L. Lewis, V Venkataramanan, X Ren, S. Ge, T Liew, "Disturbance and Friction Compensation in Hard Disk Drives using Neural Networks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, we show that by using two adaptive neural networks, each of which is tailored for a specific task, the tracking performance of the hard disk drive actuator can be significantly improved. The first neural network utilizes accelerometer signal to detect external vibrations, and compensates for its effect on hard disk drive position via feedforward action. The second neural network is designed to compensate for pivot friction. The appealing advantage of the neural network compensators is that the design does not involve any information on the plant, sensor, disturbance dynamics and friction model. The stability of the proposed scheme is analyzed by the Lyapunov criterion. Experimental results show that the tracking performance of the hard disk drives can be improved significantly with the use of the neural network compensators compared to the case without compensation.

60    H Do, "Energy Recovery Sustain Driver with Low Circulating Current," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An energy recovery sustain driver with low circulating current for plasma display panel (PDP) is proposed. The energy stored in the external resonant inductors during the reverse-recovery periods of the diodes in the sustain driver is transferred to the input voltage source and the energy recovery capacitors. The proposed sustain driver can reduce the circulating current and relieve the thermal problems of the main sustain switches. Experimental results obtained on a 42 inch HD PDP with the resolution of 1024 X 768 are discussed.

61    A. Keeling, A. Covic, T. Boys, "A unity power factor IPT pick-up for high power applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes the design of a new unity power factor inductive power transfer (IPT) pick-up using an LCL tuned network for application in high power systems. This new topology has the potential to increase the efficiency and reduce the cost of high power pick-ups by minimizing the reactive currents in the pick-up coil, and the reflected VAR loading on the power supply. In a practical system the rectifier and associated processing circuitry distorts the current waveforms, adding an effective inductive loading to the pick-up circuit. A series compensation capacitor is added to correct this loading. A design strategy is developed for the new topology and two example circuits are constructed and compared experimentally with a traditional parallel tuned (LC) pick-up operating on a monorail based IPT system.1

62    J de la Rosa, N Hormazabal, S Aciar, G Lopardo, A Trias, M Montaner, "A Negotiation Style Recommender Based on Computational Ecology in Open Negotiation Environments," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The system described herein represents the first example of a recommender system in digital ecosystems where agents negotiate services on behalf of small companies. The small companies compete not only with price or quality, but with a wider service-by-service composition by subcontracting with other companies. The final result of these offerings depends on negotiations at the scale of millions of small companies. This scale requires new platforms for supporting digital business ecosystems, as well as related services like open-id, trust management, monitors and recommenders. This is done in the Open Negotiation Environment (ONE), which is an open-source platform that allows agents, on behalf of small companies, to negotiate and use the ecosystem services, and enables the development of new agent technologies. The methods and tools of cyber engineering are necessary to build up Open Negotiation Environments that are stable, a basic condition for predictable business and reliable business environments. Aiming to build stable digital business ecosystems by means of improved collective intelligence, we introduce a model of negotiation style dynamics from the point of view of computational ecology. This model inspires an ecosystem monitor as well as a novel negotiation style recommender. The ecosystem monitor provides hints to the negotiation style recommender to achieve greater stability of an open negotiation environment in a digital business ecosystem. The greater stability provides the small companies with higher predictability, and therefore better business results. The negotiation style recommender is implemented with a simulated annealing algorithm at a constant temperature, and its impact is shown by applying it to a real case of an open negotiation environment populated by Italian companies.

63    Y Gao, M Ehsani, "Design and Control Methodology of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper systematically discussed the design and control methodologies of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Design methodology focused on battery energy and power capacity design. Two kinds of typical batteries---NiMH and Li-ion have been discussed. Control strategies focused on all electric range (AER) and charge depletion range (CDR) operations. Also, a constrained engine on and off control strategy has been discussed for charge sustained (CS) operation. Simulation has been performed for an example passenger car. The simulation results indicated that significant amount of fuel can be displaced by electric energy in typical urban driving.

64    P Pfister, Y Perriard, "Very High Speed Slotless Permanent Magnet Motors: Analytical Modeling, Optimization, Design and Torque Measurement Methods," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The article presents a very high speed slotless permanent magnet motor design procedure using an analytical model. The model is used to design the optimal prototype (target: 200 krpm, 2 kW). The multiphysics analytical model allows a quick optimization process. The presented model includes the magnetic fields, the mechanical stresses in the rotor, the electromagnetic power losses, the windage power losses and the power losses in the bearings. Very high speed machines need a new torque measurement method. The article presents the developed method. It also presents a ball bearing friction torque measurement method designed especially for very high speeds. Remarkably, the method allowed to design a prototype which operates beyond the target of speed and power. The results given by the model are compared with the measurements of the prototype.

65    X Li, C Bowers, T Schnier, "Classification of Energy Consumption in Buildings with Outlier Detection," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, we propose an intelligent data analysis method for modelling and prediction of daily electricity consumption in buildings. The objective is to enable a building management system to be used for forecasting and detection of abnormal energy use. First, an outlier detection method is proposed to identify abnormally high or low energy use in building. Then a canonical variate analysis is employed to describe latent variables of daily electricity consumption profiles, which can be used to group the data sets into different clusters. Finally, a simple classifier is used to predict the daily electricity consumption profiles. A case study, based on a mixed use environment, was studied. The results demonstrate the method proposed in this paper can be used in conjunction with a building management system to identify abnormal utility consumption and notify building operators in real time.

66    J Dixon, I Nakashima, E Arcos, M Ortuzar, "Electric Vehicle Using a Combination of Ultracapacitors and ZEBRA Battery," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The Sodium Nickel-Chloride battery, commonly known as ZEBRA, has been used for an experimental electric vehicle. These batteries are cheaper than Li-ion cells, have a comparable specific energy (Wh/kg), but one important limitation is their poor specific power (W/kg). The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate experimentally that the combination of ZEBRA batteries and ultracapacitors can solve the lack of specific power, allowing an excellent performance in both, acceleration and regenerative braking in an EV (Electric Vehicle). The ultra capacitor system was connected to the ZEBRA battery and to the traction inverter through a Buck- Boost type DC-DC converter, which manages the energy flow with the help of DSP controllers. The vehicle uses a brushless dc motor with a nominal power of 32 kW, and a peak power of 53 kW. The control system measures and stores the following parameters: battery voltage, car speed to adjust the energy stored in the ultracapacitors, instantaneous currents in both terminals (battery and ultracapacitors) and present voltage of the ultracapacitor. The increase in range with ultracapacitors results in more than 16% in city tests, where the application of this type of vehicle is being oriented. The results also show that this alternative is cheaper than Li-ion powered electric cars.

67    Y Qiao, G Liu, G Zheng, W Hu, "NCSLab: A Web-based Global-Scale Control Laboratory with Rich Interactive Features," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper introduces the NCSLab (Networked Control System Laboratory) at http://www.ncslab.net, which provides a complete Web-based solution for users to carry out experiments on experiment devices located globally. A scalable architecture is proposed, which is composed of Web browsers, central Web server, MATLAB servers, regional experiment servers, control units and experiment devices. Based on the architecture, many novel features including visual algorithm designing, simulation, compilation, visual monitor configuration and real-time monitoring and supervisory control are designed and implemented by combination of state-of-the-art technologies such as Web2.0, J2EE and MATLAB. Users can enjoy all these rich interactive features with a simple Web browser from anywhere at any time. The issues of device safety, network security and instability are also tackled in NCSLab.

68    J Zhao, X He, R Zhao, "A Novel PWM Control Method for Hybrid Clamped Multilevel Inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel PWM control method is proposed in this paper. The PWM control method is called HLCCAPOPWM (Higher and Lower Carrier Cells Alternative Phase Opposition PWM) for the hybrid clamped multilevel inverter and based on the improvement of carrier PDPWM (Phase Disposition PWM). The principle of the HLCCAPOPWM method, the comparison with the carrier PDPWM method and the analysis on output voltage spectrum are given. Simulations and experiments show that comparing with the carrier PDPWM method, the novel method can effectively reduce the number of devices switching on or off within broad modulation index range, consequently reducing switching losses, and remarkably reduce the amplitude of lower harmonics. Simulations also show the generalization of the HLCCAPOPWM method for hybrid clamped n-level inverters and NPC inverters.

69    M Guarnieri, V Di Noto, F Moro, "A Dynamic Circuit Model of a Small Direct Methanol Fuel Cell for Portable Electronic Devices," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Direct methanol fuel cells constitute nowadays a promising alternative to lithium ion batteries for powering portable devices. The effective design of power management units for interfacing direct methanol fuel cells requires accurate models able to account for variable load conditions and fuel consumption. A dynamic non-linear circuit model for passive methanol fuel cells is presented in this work. The model takes into account mass transport, current generation, electronic and protonic conduction, methanol adsorption, and electrochemical kinetics. Adsorption and oxidation rates, which mostly affect the cell dynamics, are modeled by a detailed two-step reaction mechanism. The fully coupled multiphysics equivalent circuit is solved by assembling first order differential equations into a non-linear state variable system in order to simulate the electrical evolution of the fuel cell from its initial conditions. The fuel cell discharge and methanol consumption are computed by combining mass transport and conservation equations. As a result, the runtime of a direct methanol fuel cell can be predicted from the current load and the initial methanol concentration.

70    Y.-S. Huang, C.-C. Sung, "Function-Based Controller for Linear Motor Control Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new methodology for designing and implementing position control for permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) systems. We utilize both a new function-based sliding mode control (SMC) method and direct thrust control (DTC). It has been established that chattering is a problem in conventional SMCs and stems from discontinuous control. However, the new function-based controller allows designers to employ fuzzy membership functions directly. The advantage of the proposed method is that the chattering phenomenon can be reduced and/or completely eliminated. The design of control method for the proposed system can be performed without the need for great expertise as it does not require the use of very complicated techniques. It should be noted that we have managed to control the inherent flux linkage problems associated with PMLSMs. To our knowledge, this is the first work that combines the new SMC with DTC techniques in order to create a position control for a real-world PMLSM. Simulation and experimental results verify that the proposed method can achieve favorable control performance with regard to parameter variations and external disturbances.

71    J Zhang, D. D.-C. Lu, T Sun, "Flyback-Based Single-Stage Power Factor Correction Scheme With Time-Multiplexing Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A flyback-based single-stage power factor correction (PFC) scheme with time-multiplexing control (TMC) is proposed. As a portion of the input power will be transferred to the output after the first power processing to improve the conversion efficiency, the output voltage would contain substantial low frequency ripple. An isolated auxiliary circuit based on forward topology is therefore added to the converter to serve as a buffer and a ripple suppression circuit. With TMC, all the power processes can be achieved by a single transformer to lower the size and cost of the converter. In addition, the proposed converter inherits bulk capacitor (auxiliary) voltage clamping capability. The experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed scheme with high power factor, natural bulk capacitor (auxiliary) clamping voltage and tight output regulation.

72    K Raggl, T Nussbaumer, J. W. Kolar, "Guideline for a Simplified Differential Mode EMI Filter Design," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The design of EMI (electro magnetic interference) input filters, needed for switched power converters to fulfill the regulatory standards, is typically associated with high development effort. This paper presents a guideline for a simplified differential mode (DM) filter design. First, a procedure to estimate the required filter attenuation based on the total input rms current using only a few equations is given. Secondly, a volume optimization of the needed DM filter based on the previously calculated filter attenuation and volumetric component parameters is introduced. It is shown that a minimal volume can be found for a certain optimal number of filter stages. The considerations are exemplified for two single-phase PFC converters operated in continuous and discontinuous conduction mode, respectively. Finally, EMI measurements done with a 300 W power converter prototype prove the proposed filter design method.

73    M.-S. Rho, S.-Y. Kim, "Development of Robust Starting System Using Sensorless Vector Drive for a Microturbine," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the development of a robust starting system for a MT(microturbine) with a single shaft structure. Because the operating speed for the ignition and motoring of a MT is close to several tens of thousands of rpm, stable high-speed operation of the high-speed motor-generator (HSMG) is a critical issue in realizing a starting system for a single shaft. A sensorless vector inverter was developed for this high speed operation. To successfully start a MT with the developed starter in practice, two new starting algorithms were proposed. One is a constant power output control algorithm that can maintain a perfect motoring schedule with significantly deteriorated performance of the input battery power in a vehicle under an extremely low temperature and severe engine drag. The other is a new reliable ignition verification logic that uses the inverter output current when the EGT (Exhausted Gas Temperature) sensor does not work properly. Since the two proposed algorithms are derived from the torque and q-axis current formulas for the vector drive, no additional hardware is required to apply them to an existing MT. In this study, a single shaft MT with a 10 kW inverter, 6 kW booster converter, and 25 kW HSMG was developed and the proposed algorithms were applied to motoring. To verify the performance of the proposed algorithms, experiments were carried out under variable conditions, such as extremely low temperature (-32?) and room temperature. The MT has used in a military truck for supplying electrical power and bleeding air.

74    J. M. Espi, J Castello, J. R. Fischer, R Garcia-Gil, "A Synchronous Reference Frame - Robust Predictive Current Control for Three-Phase Grid-Connected Inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new predictive current control for three-phase grid-connected inverters in the synchronous reference frame. The control combines a deadbeat control law with a diagonal Luenberger observer to estimate the future value of the grid currents. It provides a decoupled control of the active and reactive power, and offers robustness against the computational delay inherent in the digital implementation and against filter and grid impedance uncertainties. This control exhibits a very fast current response while widely improves the gain and phase margins of the traditional predictive controllers.

75    M. Y. Ibrahim, I. J. Spark, A Percy, "New Control Concept for a Gantry Tractor Comprising a "Chorus Line" of Synchronised Modules," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new method of automatically manoeuvring a gantry tractor through right angle turns, U-turns and narrow gates is described in this paper. In order to maxmise traction and maneuverability both the wheel angle steering effect and the drive wheel speed steering effect are integrated. This technique produces identical and cooperative redundant steering systems. The necessary wheel angles and drive wheel speed have been simulated. The advantage of cooperative redundancy is that when any steering system begins to fail it is reinforced by the other steering system.

76    M Aydin, S Huang, T. A. Lipo, "Design, Analysis and Control of a Hybrid Field Controlled Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents design, analysis, control and experimental evaluation of an innovative field controlled axial flux surface mounted permanent magnet machine. Topology, design equations as well as optimized design study are attained. The machine is investigated in detail using finite element analysis, and prototype machine is built. In order to evaluate the new axial flux machine topology, an experimental system set-up is devised and discussed. Experimental results of the prototype machine and comparison between the analysis and the test results are also presented.

77    F Caricchi, F Maradei, G De Donato, F. G. Capponi, "Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Generator for Induction Heating Gen Sets," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The paper presents a single phase, slotless axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine for induction heating gen-sets. A full scale prototype of the machine (110 kVA, 400 Hz, 690 A) has been designed and subsequently analyzed through Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Induced current distributions in the permanent magnets and in the rotors have also been calculated through FEA showing that the resulting losses are kept at bay due to the low armature reaction. An effective way of achieving regulation of the power transferred to the load has been analytically derived. The prototype has also been built and experimental tests confirm the aforesaid analyses.

78    M Ordonez, M. O. Sonnaillon, J. E. Quaicoe, M. T. Iqbal, "An Embedded Frequency Response Analyzer for Fuel Cells Monitoring and Characterization," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents an embedded frequency response analyzer (EFRA) for Fuel Cells (FC) based on a robust measurement technique with simple implementation. Frequency response analysis technique provides valuable information of different electrochemical processes that occur inside the FC. The measurement system is implemented on a low-cost Digital Signal Processor (DSP) to perform frequency response and impedance tracking. The small size and low power consumption allows this special device to be embedded into the FC controller or the power conditioning stage. The system is capable of measuring automatically the frequency response of the FC at different operating points, even when the FC is operating with load. These measurements can be used to characterize the FC at design stage and to perform on-line monitoring of the FC state during continuous operation. The proposed instrument uses the lock-in amplification technique, which allows very accurate and precise measurements even in the presence of high noise levels. The proposed hardware and signal processing technique are described in this paper including experimental result of a 1.2kW Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) system.

79    C.-H. Liu, Y.-Y. Hsu, "Design of a Self-Tuning PI Controller for a STATCOM Using Particle Swarm Optimization," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A self-tuning PI controller in which the controller gains are adapted using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is proposed for a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). An efficient formula for the estimation of system load impedance using real-time measurements is derived. Based on the estimated system load, a PSO algorithm which takes the best particle gains, the best global gains, and previous change of gains into account is employed to reach the desired controller gains. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed PSO self-tuning PI controller for a STATCOM, experimental results for a system under different loading conditions are presented. Results from the self-tuning PI controller are compared with those from the fixed-gain PI controllers.

80    J. G. Rocha, L. M. Goncalves, P. F. Rocha, M. P. Silva, S Lanceros-Mendez, "Energy Harvesting From Piezoelectric Materials Fully Integrated in Footwear," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In the last few years it has been an increasing demand of low power and portable energy sources due to the development and mass consumption of portable electronic devices. Further, the portable energy sources must be associated with environmental issues and imposed regulations. These demands support the research in the areas of portable energy generation methods. In this scope, piezoelectric materials become a strong candidate for energy generation and storage in future applications. This article describes the use of piezoelectric polymers in order to harvest energy from people walking and the fabrication of a shoe capable of generating and accumulating the energy. In this scope, electroactive $beta$-PVDF used as energy harvesting element was introduced into a bicolor sole prepared by injection, together with the electronic needed to increase energy transfer and storage efficiency. An electrostatic generator was also included in order to increase energy harvesting.

81    X Li, W Qiu, D Zheng, K Chen, J Li, "Anonymity Enhancement on Robust and Efficient Password-Authenticated Key Agreement Using Smart Cards," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: By exploiting smart card, the above paper presented a robust and efficient password-authenticated key agreement scheme. This paper strengthens the securities of the scheme by addressing untraceability property such that any third party over the communication channel cannot tell whether or not he has seen the same (unknown) smart card twice through the authentication sessions. The proposed remedy also prevents a kind of denial of service attack found in the original scheme. High performance and other good functionalities are preserved.

82    K Natori, T Tsuji, K Ohnishi, A Hace, K Jezernik, "Time-Delay Compensation by Communication Disturbance Observer for Bilateral Teleoperation Under Time-Varying Delay," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the effectiveness of a time-delay compensation method based on the concept of network disturbance (ND) and communication disturbance observer (CDOB) for bilateral teleoperation systems under time-varying delay. The most efficient feature of the compensation method is that it works without time-delay models (model-based time-delay compensation approaches like Smith predictor usually need time-delay models). Therefore, the method is expected to be widely applied to network-based control systems (NBCSs), in which time delay is usually unknown and time-varying. In this paper, the validity of the time-delay compensation method in the cases of both constant delay and time-varying delay is verified by experimental results compared with Smith predictor.

83    A. S. R. Oliveira, L Almeida, A. B. Ferrari, "The ARPA-MT Embedded SMT Processor and Its RTOS Hardware Accelerator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The high-level modelling and parametrization capabilities of current hardware description languages, as well as the huge integration capacity and flexibility provided by modern FPGAs, opens the way to designing processors tuned to given applications and favoring specific properties. This paper presents the ARPA-MT processor - a customizable, synthesizable and time predictable processor model optimized for multitasking realtime embedded systems, which efficiently explores modern FPGA technology. A fundamental processor component is the ARPAOSC coprocessor designed for hardware implementation of the basic real-time operating system management functions, such as timing, task scheduling, synchronization and switching, efficient interrupt handling and verification of the timing constraints. The hardware implementation of these functions allows executing them faster and more predictably, reducing the operating system overhead and improving its determinism. The performance evaluation has shown reductions of one to two orders of magnitude in the execution time of some functions of a real-time executive, in comparison with an analogous software implementation.

84    J.-I. Ha, "Current Prediction in Vector Controlled PWM Inverters Using Single DC-Link Current Sensor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a technique for predicting phase currents in vector controlled pulse width modulated (PWM) inverters using single DC-link current sensor. There is a limitation for current measurements in the inverters. The measurements are executed in the effective voltages, not in the zero voltage. The current measured in the dc link and then reconstructed to the phase value is used as a feedback value for controlling an AC machine. Here, there is a difference between the reconstructed current and measured currents at the top or bottom of PWM carrier such as in the conventional inverters. It changes according to the reference voltages, load conditions, noises, and disturbances. And then it can cause deterioration of the performance of current control by increasing ripples in currents and torque. This paper analyzes the difference in the drives of a permanent magnet synchronous motor and proposes a method for reducing it. The proposed method predicts the currents measured at the fixed sampling points from those measured in the DC-link and the PWM patterns of voltage outputs. It can reduce current ripples and the experimental results verify it. It is applicable to the vapor compression refrigeration process with the low-cost and high performance feature.

85    T Novak, A Gerstinger, "Safety- and Security-Critical Services in Building Automation and Control Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A building automation and control system (BACS) is used to integrate different kinds of services into a single system to provide automated combined services and consequently ease maintenance and save costs. Typical services are heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC), or lighting and shading. Later on also security-critical services and in recent times safety-critical ones have been integrated into the BACS. Today the two last mentioned types of services are realized by closed subsystems as part of the BACS. Such an approach makes the management and the maintenance of the BACS less efficient and does not allow combined safety- and security-critical services. The paper presents a common approach how to engineer a safety- and security-related building automation technology. It shall be the basis of a BACS that is able to provide combined safety-, security-critical and standard services. Hence, closed subsystems in the BACS can be avoided and new services offered. Such a new service is delineated taking existing application standards into consideration.

86    Z Sun, J Wang, W. Jewell, D Howe, "Enhanced optimal torque control of fault-tolerant permanent magnet machines under flux weakening operation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes an enhanced optimal torque control strategy for fault-tolerant permanent magnet machines under flux weakening operations. By adjusting the degree of flux weakening according to estimated instantaneous torque control errors, the torque control performance of the machine can be improved when operating above its base speed under either open-or short-circuit fault conditions. Extensive simulations under both healthy and fault conditions have been undertaken in order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. Experimental results have also been given based on the testing of a prototype five-phase fault-tolerant PM machine.

87    L. Allegre, A Bouscayrol, N. Verhille, P Delarue, E Chattot, S El-Fassi, "Reduced-scale power Hardware-In-the-Loop simulation of an innovative subway," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An innovative subway has been proposed using supercapacitors as the main energy source. Different steps have been defined in order to check the performance of this new supply system on a real subway. In this paper, a reduced-scale Hardware-In-the-Loop simulation is presented for initial experimental validations on a reduced power experimental set-up. Special attention is paid to reproducing torque, acceleration and jerk limitations of the real system.

88    C. Patel, R. Sawant, C. Chandorkar, "Three-Dimensional Flux Vector Modulation of Four-Leg Sinewave Output Inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The time-integral of the output voltage vector of a three-phase inverter is often termed as the inverter flux vector. This paper addresses the control of a three-phase fourleg sinewave output inverter having an LC filter at its output, by controlling the flux vector in three dimensions. Flux vector control has the property that the output filter resonance is actively damped by the output voltage control loop alone. Further, the inverter switching action inherently regulates the output voltage rapidly against dc bus voltage variations. Flux vector control of sinewave output inverters finds several applications in three-phase four-wire systems. This paper presents the flux modulation method for three-phase four-leg inverters feeding unbalanced and nonlinear loads. All the necessary steps for the digital implementation of the flux modulator are presented. The switching behavior of the modulator has been evaluated, which is useful for variable fundamental frequency applications of the inverters. To provide experimental validation, the modulator is implemented as a part of the control system for a stand-alone three-phase four-leg inverter with an LC filter at its output. Control system details are also provided. Experimental results indicate the effectiveness of the modulator and the control system in providing balanced voltages at the output of the LC filter even under highly unbalanced conditions with nonlinear loads. The resonance damping and voltage regulation properties of the modulator are also apparent from the experimental results.

89    C. Cavalcanti, C. Oliveira, M. Farias, A. S. Neves, M. S. Azevedo, C. Camboim, "Modulation Techniques to Eliminate Leakage Currents in Transformerless Three-phase Photovoltaic Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In some photovoltaic applications it is possible to remove the transformer of the system in order to reduce losses, cost and size. In transformerless systems the photovoltaic module parasitic capacitance can introduce leakage currents in which the amplitude depends on the converter topology, on the pulse-width- modulation and on the resonant circuit composed by the system components. Based on the common-mode voltage model, modulation techniques are proposed to eliminate the leakage current in transformerless photovoltaic systems without requiring any modification on the converter and any additional hardware. The main drawback is that the proposed modulation technique for two-level inverters can only be used with 650Vdc link in case of 110Vrms grid phase voltage. Comparisons among modulation techniques are discussed and it is proved that the proposed modulation for two and three-level inverters present the best results. To validate the models used in simulations, an experimental three-phase inverter is used.

90    M Centner, U Schaefer, "Optimised design of high-speed induction motors in respect of the electrical steel grade," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This article presents the design of highly efficient, high-speed induction motors with optimally exploited magnetic materials. Firstly, new combined numeric-analytical design methods are presented and validated which closely relate to the classical way of machine design, but allow the designer to precisely account for material properties. Secondly, it is shown, how two optimised 20 kW, 30.000 rpm induction machines have been realised, one incorporating cobalt-iron, the other one siliconised steel. Finally, the influence of the electrical steel grade on their performance is evaluated on the basis of electrical, thermal, vibrational and noise measurements.

91    M Van Wieringen, R Pop-Iliev, "Development of a Dual-Fuel Power Generation System for an Extended Range Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In recent decades there has been a growing global concern with regards to vehicle-generated green house gas (GHG) emissions and the resulting air pollution. In response, automotive OEMs focus their efforts on developing "greener" propulsion solutions in order to meet the societal demand and ecological need for clean transportation. Hydrogen is an ideal vehicle fuel for use not only in fuel cells, but also in a spark-ignition Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). The combustion of hydrogen (H2) fuel offers vastly superior tail-pipe emissions when compared with gasoline and can offer improved performance. H2 is ideally suited for use in an Extended Range Plug-in Hybrid electric vehicle (E-REV) architecture where engine efficiency can be optimized for a single engine speed. H2 ICEs are significantly more cost effective then an equivalent sized H2 fuel-cell making them a better near term solution [1]. Before hydrogen can replace gasoline and diesel as the main source of automotive fuel a number of hurdles must first be overcome. One such hurdle includes developing a suitable hydrogen infrastructure [2], which could take decades. As such, dual-fuel capabilities will help to create a transition between gasoline and hydrogen powered vehicles in the near term, while a full service hydrogen infrastructure is developed.

92    G Mogenier, R Dufour, G Ferraris-Besso, L Durantay, N Barras, "Identification of Lamination Stack Properties.Application to High Speed Induction Motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In order to predict the lateral rotordynamics of a high speed induction motor, an optimization procedure is used for identifying the dynamic behavior of the magnetic core made of a lamination stack, tie rods and short-circuit rods. Modal parameters predicted by a finite element model based on beam elements and measured on induction motors are included in modal error functions contained in a functional. The minimization of this functional by using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm permits extracting the equivalent constitutive properties of the lamination stack for several rotors of different sizes. Finally, the size effect on the constitutive properties identified is discussed.

93    J Le Besnerais, A Fasquelle, M Hecquet, J Pelle, V Lanfranchi, S Harmand, P Brochet, A Randria, "Multiphysics modeling: electro-vibro-acoustics and heat transfer of PWM-fed induction machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The design of variable-speed electrical machines involves several fields of physics, such as electromagnetism, thermics, mechanics but also acoustics. This paper describes the analytical multi-physics models of a computer-aided design (CAD) software which is applied to inverter-fed traction induction machines. The electromagnetic model computes rotor and stator currents, the induction machine traction characteristics, and the radial air-gap flux density. The mechanical and acoustic model computes the motor audible magnetic noise level due to Maxwell forces. The thermal model based on 3D nodal network, computes the transient temperature of different parts of the motor. These fast models make it possible to couple the software with some optimization tools. Some simulation results are presented on

94    M Jinno, P Chen, Y Lai, K Harada, "Investigation on the Ripple Voltage and the Stability of SR Buck Converters with High Output Current and Low Output Voltage," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The synchronous rectifiers (SRs) composed of MOSFETs have recently been employed to replace the conventional rectifiers with diodes. SRs are widely used in switched mode power supplies with low output voltage and high output current for efficiency improvement. Owing to the high efficiency characteristic, it is adequate to use SR buck converter in voltage regulator (VR) for powering CPU. Normally, such SR buck converter must operate at fairly high switching frequency for miniaturizing whole circuit and achieving fast response. However, at the conditions of low output voltage, high output current and high switching frequency, the influence of parasitic elements to circuit operation will become extremely obvious. Therefore, the design considerations about the ripple voltage and the stability of such SR converters should be carefully investigated and clarified. By establishing the equivalent circuit and using and the state-space averaged method, the ripple ratio of output voltage, the static and the dynamic characteristics of the SR buck converter with non-negligible parasitic elements are obtained. Thus, the design criteria concerning the output ripple voltage and the stability are clarified.

95    M. Rahimi, A Emadi, "Discontinuous Conduction Mode DC/DC Converters Feeding Constant Power Loads," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: One of the major issues in multi-converter power electronic systems, which exist in different land, sea, air, and space vehicles, is the stability problem imposed by constant power loads (CPLs). The research work done in this field has been focused mainly on continuous conduction mode (CCM) of operation. In this paper, we study the case when the loaded converter operates in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). We prove that the open-loop DC/DC converters operating in DCM are stable when they are loaded by CPLs. Furthermore, we present that the problem of feedback design for a converter operating in DCM and loaded by a CPL can be translated into a conventional feedback design task for the same converter with a resistive load. Simulation and experimental results verify the presented discussion.

96    F Mapelli, D Tarsitano, M Mauri, "Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle: Modeling, Prototype realization, and Inverter losses reduction analysis," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Nowadays, the greatest part of the effort to reduce pollution emissions is directed toward the hybridization of automotive drive trains. In particular, the design of hybrid vehicles requires a complete system analysis, including the optimization of the electric and electronic devices installed on the vehicle and the design of all the mechanical connections between the different power sources to reach the required performances. The aim of this paper is to describe the design and prototype realization of a Plug-In Hybrid Electrical Vehicle (PHEV). Specifically, an energetic model was developed in order to analyze and optimize the power flux between the different parts. This model was experimentally validated using a prototype Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicle. In addition, in order to improve the driving range in an all electric model (AER), a detailed analysis of the inverter control was performed, because this component is one of the key components of the power train. In order to reduce inverter losses and dimensions, several control methods can be adopted. In this paper, a direct self control strategy for reducing the inverter losses is presented and validated.

97    V. Araujo, P. Torrico-Bascope, V. Torrico-Bascope, "Highly efficient high step-up converter for fuel-cell power processing based on three-state commutation cell," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The interest towards the application of fuel-cells is increasing in the last years mainly due to the possibility of highefficient decentralized clean energy generation. The output voltage of fuel-cell stacks is generally below 50V. Consequently, low power applications with high output voltage require a high gain for proper operation. Several solutions were so far proposed in the literature, ranging from the use of high frequency transformers to capacitive multipliers. This paper proposes the modification of a boost converter operating with a three-state commutation cell that is already well suited for high current stress in the input due to the current sharing between the active switches. Here, an additional winding is added to the autotransformer to provide not only the required high gain, but also significantly reduce the voltage stress across the active switches. Moreover, by employing the three-state switching cell, the size of the inductor is reduced because the operating frequency is double of the switching frequency. A prototype for verification of the circuit was built for an input voltage range of 30-45V, 400V output voltage and 250W output power. The operation is evaluated and the experimental waveforms and efficiency curves are presented.

98    S Tan, "General n-Level Driving Approach for Improving Electrical-To-Optical Energy-Conversion Efficiency of Fast-Response Saturable Lighting Devices," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Power-electronics interface and the technique of pulse-width modulation have been the heart of controlling the illumination intensity of lighting devices. It is, however, observed that for some lighting devices, the use of such a methodology leads to a lower energy-conversion efficiency (with a lower light intensity for the same amount of electrical input power) than potentially possible. The main problem is related to the saturable characteristic of the electrical-to-optical energy conversion, which follows that of an exponential characteristic, and the fast nature of this reaction in these lighting devices. This paper presents an in-depth discussion on the phenomenon and offers a solution to the problem. Specifically, it is proposed that an n-level type of driving approach to be adopted in the design and construction of power-electronic drivers for fast-response saturable lighting devices to achieve a quasi-optimal lighting efficacy. The result is energy saving for the same required light illumination. Theoretical proofs and experimental results are provided for verification. The topic of discussion in this paper and the proposed approach are not only applicable to the area of electronic circuits and lighting devices, but also to general controlled systems which comprise components that inherit a saturable and fast-reactive energy conversion characteristic.

99    R Romary, S Jelassi, F. Brudny, "Stator Interlaminar Fault Detection Using An External Flux Density Sensor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a research devoted to the detection of short circuits between stator laminations of electrical machine using external magnetic field. The theoretical developments lead one to display the influence of various phenomena on this magnetic field in a wide frequency range. It is shown that the surface currents due to burrs at the external surface of the machine have an important contribution compared to the increase of the eddy currents in the short circuit volume. Finally, experimental measurements confirm this theory and an on line method of detection for large generator is proposed.

100    A Arce, J. Del Real, C Bordons, R. Ramirez, "Real-Time Implementation of a Constrained MPC for Efficient Airflow Control in a PEM Fuel Cell," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Fuel cells represent an area of great industrial interest due to the possibility to generate clean energy for stationary and automotive applications. It is clear that proper performance of these devices is closely related to the kind of control that is used, so a study of improved control alternatives is fully justified. The air supply control is widely used to guarantee safety and to achieve a high performance. This work deals with this control loop, proposing and comparing two control objectives, respectively aimed at satisfying oxygen starvation avoidance criterion and maximum efficiency criterion. The control architecture is based on a constrained explicit Model Predictive Control (MPC) law suitable for real-time implementation due to its low computational demands. The proposed controller is implemented and evaluated on a 1.2 kW PEM fuel cell test bench, thus obtaining real data which show that the maximum efficiency criterion does not conflict with the starvation avoidance criterion and allows system performance improvements of up to 3.46%. Moreover, experimental results utilizing the explicit MPC approach also show improved transient responses compared to those of the manufacturers control law.

101    R Wrobel, N McNeill, P Mellor, "Performance Analysis and Thermal Modeling of a High Energy Density Pre-Biased Inductor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a methodology for analyzing the thermal performance of compact planar wound components. A high-energy density pre-biased choke is used to demonstrate and validate the proposed approach. Loss predictions from electromagnetic finite element analyses are coupled to an equivalent lumped circuit thermal model and used to determine the operating thermal envelope for the wound component. Results from the proposed method are directly compared with test measurements taken from the prototype choke and are shown to be in good agreement. A sensitivity analysis indicates that the copper loss is the dominant component in such devices and AC resistance effects are more prominent than core loss.

102    A Shukla, A Ghosh, A Joshi, "Flying Capacitor Based Chopper Circuit for DC Capacitors Voltage Balancing in Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a flying capacitor based chopper circuit for DC capacitor voltages equalization in diode-clamped multilevel inverter (DCMLI). Its important features are reduced voltage stress across the chopper switches, possible reduction in the chopper switching frequency, improved reliability and ride-through capability enhancement. This topology is analyzed using a three-level and a four-level flying capacitor based chopper circuit configurations. These configurations are different in capacitors and semiconductors device count and correspondingly reduce the device voltage stresses by half and one third, respectively. The detailed working principles and control schemes for these circuits are presented. It is shown that by preferentially selecting the available chopper switch states, the DC-link capacitor voltages can be efficiently equalized in addition to have tightly regulated flying capacitor voltages around their references. The various operating modes of the chopper are described along with their preferential selection logic to achieve the desired performances. The performance of the proposed chopper and corresponding control schemes are confirmed through both simulation and experimental investigations.

103    L Cai, B. Rad, L. Chan, "An Intelligent Longitudinal Controller for Application in Semi-autonomous Vehicles," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: We present a neuro-fuzzy controller for intelligent cruise control (ICC) of semi-autonomous vehicles. The paper addresses the problem of longitudinal control that aims at regulating the speed of the controlled vehicle in order to maintain constant time headway with respect to the vehicle in front. A Fuzzy Radial Basis Function Network (FRBFN) longitudinal controller is designed to incorporate the merits of fuzzy logics as well as neural networks. The FRBFN is prestructured and its parameters are configured such that they are associated with their physical meaning. The parameters of the output layer are learned on-line via gradient algorithm. An attractive feature of the proposed method is that it does not require the training data and the vehicle longitudinal dynamic model. Simulation results on a vehicle theoretical model are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of this controller. In order to investigate the proposed control algorithms in real life situations, a small-scaled vehicle with computer and sensors onboard is developed. Experimental results of conventional PID controller and FRBFN controller are provided for comparison.

104    E Kim, B Kwon, "Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current-Switching Full-Bridge Converter with Secondary Resonance," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A zero-voltage and zero-current-switching (ZVZCS) full-bridge (FB) converter with secondary resonance is presented and analyzed. The primary side of the converter is composed of full-bridge IGBTs which are driven by phase-shift control. The secondary side is composed of a resonant tank and a half-wave rectifier. Without an auxiliary circuit, zero-voltage-switching (for leading-leg switches) and zero-current-switching (for lagging-leg switches) are achieved in the entire operating range. To implement the converter without an additional inductor, the leakage inductance of the transformer is utilized as the resonant inductor. Due to many advantages including high efficiency, minimum number of devices, and low cost, this converter is attractive for high-voltage and high-power applications. The analysis and design considerations of the converter are presented. A prototype was implemented for an application requiring a 5 kW output power, input voltage range varying from 250 to 350V, and 350V output voltage. Experimental results obtained from a prototype verify the analysis. The prototypes efficiency at full load is over 95.5%.

105    G Doukas, K Thramboulidis, "A Real-Time Linux Based Framework for Model-Driven Engineering in Control and Automation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Model-Driven Engineering is proposed as the next revolution in embedded systems development. It is a promising paradigm that provides to the developer the abstraction level required to focus on the specific application and not to the underlying computing environments. Real-Time Linux is a mature and stable platform that can be considered a strong candidate for real-time applications in the control and automation domain. In this paper, a framework for the model driven engineering of industrial automation systems is presented. This framework exploits: a) the Function Block, a well known paradigm in the industrial automation domain, to provide the control engineer with the ability to construct its systems as aggregations of existing components and b) the real-time Linux, to execute the automatically synthesized executable. A prototype run-time environment is described and a laboratory example application using a robotic arm is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework. Performance measurements are very promising even for hard real-time control applications.

106    J Guzinski, H Abu-Rub, M Diguet, Z Krzeminski, A Lewicki, "Speed and Load Torque Observers Application in High Speed Train Electric Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper present an application of induction motor mechanical speed and load torque observers in high speed train drives. The observers are applied for 1.2MW electric drive with induction motor. The goal of using such observers is to utilize computed variables for diagnostic purposes of speed sensors and torque transmission system. The concept of diagnostic system is presented in this paper and proper criteria are proposed. The suggested system is designed to work without speed sensor in the case of existing sensor faults. Monitored motor load torque is used to limit the maximum motor torque in case of existing problems in the gearbox. The results of simulation and experimental investigations for 1.2MW induction motor drive are presented.

107    F Baronti, E Petri, S Saponara, L Fanucci, R Roncella, R Saletti, P D'Abramo, R Serventi, "Design and Verification of Hardware Building Blocks for High-Speed and Fault-Tolerant In-vehicle Networks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the design, implementation, and validation of a FlexRay transceiver and a SpaceWire router and interface, which constitute the main hardware building blocks of the two in-vehicle communication standards. The FlexRay protocol features data-rates up to 10 Mb/s, time and event triggered transmissions, along with scalable fault-tolerance support, and it is expected to become the standard network for X-by-wire and active safety automotive systems. However, collision avoidance and driver assistance applications based on camera/radar sensors require data rates up to hundreds of Mb/s as well as fault-tolerance, features that can hardly be covered by current or expected automotive standards. In this scenario, a promising technology seems to be the new SpaceWire protocol, currently used in avionics and aerospace.

108    X Cao, J Chen, Y Xiao, Y Sun, "Building Environment Control with Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks: Centralized vs. Distributed," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper considers joined problems of control and communication in wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs) for building environment control systems. In traditional control systems, centralized control and distributed control are two major approaches. However, little work has been done in comparing the two approaches in joined problems of control and communication, particularly in WSANs serving as components of control loops. In this paper, we develop a centralized control (CC) scheme in which control decisions are made based on global information, and a distributed control (DC) scheme which enables distributed actuators to make control decisions locally. We also develop methods that enable wireless communications among system devices compatible with the control strategies, and propose a method for reducing packet loss rate. We compare the two schemes using simulations in many aspects. Simulation results show that the DC can achieve comparable control performance of the CC, while the DC is more robust against packet loss and has lower computational complexity than the CC. Furthermore, the DC has shorter actuation latency than the CC under certain conditions.

109    B Qin, X Wang, H Xie, L Lin, H Tang, A Wang, H Chen, B Zhao, L Yang, Y Zhou, "1.8pJ/pulse Programmable Gaussian Pulse Generator for Full-Band Non-Carrier Impulse UWB Transceivers in 90nm CMOS," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a single-chip ultra-low-power programmable Gaussian pulse generator (PG) designed and implemented in 90nm CMOS for 3.1-10.6GHz full-band impulse-radio (IR) ultra wideband (UWB) transmitters. Measurement shows that this novel simple two-inverter-based PG achieves the lowest reported power dissipation of merely 1.8pJ/pulse with a 100MHz pulse repeating frequency (PRF) at 1V supply, extremely short and programmable pulse width ranging from 150ps to 350ps while covering the full 3.1-10.6GHz UWB spectrum, and a very small area of 0.0068mm2. It supports up to 6Gbps data rate for UWB wireless streaming. A new FCC-aware Gaussian PG design optimization method is discussed and verified experimentally.

110    E. Talole, P. Kolhe, B. Phadke, "Extended State Observer based Control of Flexible Joint System with Experimental Validation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper a Feedback Linearization (FL) based control law made implementable using Extended State Observer (ESO) is proposed for the trajectory tracking control of a flexible joint robotic system. The FL based controller cannot be implemented unless the full transformed state vector is available. The design also requires exact knowledge of the system model making the controller performance sensitive to uncertainties. To address these issues, an ESO is designed which estimates the state vector as well as the uncertainties in an integrated manner. The FL controller uses the states estimated by ESO and the effect of uncertainties is compensated by augmenting the FL controller with the ESO estimated uncertainties. Closed loop stability of the system under the proposed observer-controller structure is established. The effectiveness of the ESO in estimation of the states and uncertainties and effectiveness of the FL+ESO controller in tracking is demonstrated through simulations. Lastly, the efficacy of the proposed approach is validated through experimentation on Quansers flexible joint module.

111    J Le Besnerais, V Lanfranchi, M Hecquet, P Brochet, "Characterization and reduction of audible magnetic noise due to PWM supply in induction machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper derives the analytical characterization of Maxwell radial vibrations due to Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) supply in induction machines, and especially in traction motors supplied with an asynchronous switching frequency. The number of nodes and the velocity of these particular force waves are experimentally validated by visualizing some operational deflection shapes of the stator. It is shown that according to the switching frequency, these forces can be responsible for high magnetic noise levels during starting and braking. A simple rule to avoid PWM noise is then proposed, and applied to an industrial traction motor. Experimental results show that the choice of the switching frequency can have a 15 dB impact on the sound power level emitted by the motor during starting, and that a lower switching frequency can sometimes lead to lower magnetic noise. In agreement with analytical predictions, the new proposed switching frequency that avoids resonances between PWM exciting forces and corresponding stator modes reduces magnetic noise of 5 dB during starting.

112    A. Vogelsberger, S Grubic, G. Habetler, M. Wolbank, "Using PWM Modulation Induced Transient Excitation and Advanced Signal Processing for Zero Speed Sensorless Control of ac Machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The sensorless control of induction machines especially for the operation at low speed has received significant attention in recent years. To realize a field oriented control of ac machines that is able to work at zero speed the most commonly used methods are either sensor based models or transient signal excitation methods. The major disadvantage of present signal injection methods is that they are intrusive to the PWM. An additional switching sequence has to be embedded in the control that will cause a torque and current ripple. In order to overcome these problems a new flux estimation algorithm which uses the phase current derivative to extract the flux position information is presented. In contrast to previously introduced methods this new approach operates without additional transient excitation of the machine and requires only the fundamental wave excitation using standard PWM, or slightly modified PWM. Furthermore, only the current response in the two active states of the PWM is used. This makes it possible to the use sensorless control for the whole speed range including over-modulation and removes the distortion and parasitic influence of the zero switching states during the estimation of the flux. Experimental results are presented to validate the applicability of the presented approach.

113    J. Talj, D Hissel, R Ortega, M Becherif, M Hilairet, "Experimental validation of a PEM fuel cell reduced order model and a moto-compressor higher order sliding mode control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of a gaseous fuel directly into electricity. They are widely regarded as potential future stationary and mobile power sources. The response of a fuel cell system depends on the air and hydrogen feed, flow and pressure regulation, and, heat and water management. In this paper, the study is concentrated on the air subsystem that feeds the fuel cell cathode with oxygen. Proceeding from a 4-th order model representing the air subsystem of a PEM fuel cell, a reduced 3-rd order model is presented. Simulations show that the relative error caused by this reduction doesnt exceed 5%. Experimental validation has been done on a 33kW PEM fuel cell, for both 4-th and reduced 3-rd order models with less than 5% relative error. Additionally, a higher order sliding mode, super-twisting algorithm, with a well-known heuristic modification using variable gains, has been designed and validated experimentally to control a permanent magnet synchronous motor that drives a volumetric compressor (double screw) designed to feed the 33kW fuel cell with air.

114    F Marcia-Perez, A. Gil-Martinez-Abarca, H Ramos-Morillo, J. Mora-Gimeno, D Marcos-Jorquera, V Gilart-Iglesias, "Wake on LAN over Internet as Web Service System on Chip," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper we introduce a System on Chip (SoC) designed to run a particular Web Service (WS) in an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). The system has been designed devoid of processor and software and conceived as a hardware pattern for a trouble-free design of network services offered as WS in Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA). Therefore, the chip is not only able to act as SOAP Service Provider but, it is also capable of registering the service on its own in an external Broker Server using the UDDI Standard publication protocol as well. This proposal has been named Web Service on Chip (WSoC) and its main goal of is to implement more cost effective and zero-management SOA network devices. To validate this approach, a prototypical device has been developed using FPGA technology. The particular network service selected has been WoL over Internet thus allowing any WS Client to wake up any network node compatible with WoL technology. A full SOA scenario also has been developed to test the prototype functionalities and show the proposal validity.

115    J Kolehmainen, "Optimal dovetail permanent magnet rotor solutions for various pole numbers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available


116    M Hajian, J Soltani, A. Markadeh, S Hosseinnia, "Adaptive Nonlinear Direct Torque Control of Sensorless IM Drives with Efficiency Optimization," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Efficiency optimization of Induction Motor (IM) drives is a major subject based on these drives extensive use in industry. Among the different proposed methods, a model-based approach (MBA) seems to be the fast one. However, this method needs the motor parameters which must be correctly identified. On the other hand, a search-based approach (SBA) is a parameter independent method, but needs a greater convergence time. In this paper, a novel model-based loss minimization approach is presented which is combined with a backstepping direct torque control (DTC) of IM drive. An improved search-based method for efficiency optimization is also introduced. The proposed controller is realized in the stationary reference frame and has a fast tracking capability of rotor flux and electromagnetic torque. Moreover, a sliding-mode (SM) rotor flux observer is introduced which is employed for simultaneous determination of rotor flux space vector, rotor speed and rotor time constant. The proposed control idea is experimentally implemented in real time using a FPGA board synchronized with a personal computer (PC). Simulation and experimental results are finally presented to verify the effectiveness of the method proposed .

117    W Li, S He, S Yu, "Improving Power Density of a Cantilever Piezoelectric Power Harvester Through a Curved L-Shape Proof Mass," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a cantilever piezoelectric power harvester with a curved L-shape proof mass. With this novel proof mass, a lower fundamental frequency and a higher power density (output power per unit volume) were achieved. Three prototypes of 0.242 cm3 in volume were fabricated and tested. A power density of 1.45 mW/cm3 was achieved for the sinusoidal excitation of 0.75 g. The power harvester was also tested on a shoe at various walking speeds and it generated an average power of 49 ìW at 3.0 mph.

118    M Ben Smida, F Ben Ammar, "Modelling and DBC-PSC-PWM Control of a Three-phase Flying Capacitor Stacked Multilevel Voltage Source Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper authors propose a mathematical model for a new topology called SMC Stacked Multicell Converter. Each phase of the SMCn×m multilevel inverter is formed by a stack of m flying capacitor multilevel inverter, each stack or stage is realised by connecting in series n controllable commutation cells. An original multi-carrier subharmonic pulse width modulation DBC-PSC-PWM method is developed to produce (n×m+1) output voltage levels and to improve the output voltage harmonic spectrum with a wide output frequency range. A diagram state machine is then used to decode the DBC-PSC-PWM modulator and distribute the commutations evenly to each inverter cell in a cyclical fashion. To carry out in practice the SMCn×m modulation technique, the implementation of the modulation control strategy has been done in Field Programmed Gate Array circuit (FPGA) XC4010E+ of XILINX to control a three phase SMC3×2 seven level inverter and the experimental results are carried out to confirm the high performance of this inverter.

119    M Malinowski, K Gopakumar, J Rodriquez, M Perez, "A Survey on Cascaded Multilevel Inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Cascaded multilevel inverters synthesize a mediumvoltage output based on the series connection of power cells which use standard low-voltage components configurations. This characteristic allows to achieve high quality output voltages and input currents, and also an outstanding availability due to theirs intrinsic components redundancy. Due to these features the cascaded multilevel inverter has been recognized as an important alternative in the medium-voltage inverters market. This paper presents a survey of different topologies, control and modulation techniques used by these inverters. Regenerative and advanced topologies are also discussed. Applications where the mentioned features play a key role are shown. Finally, future developments are addressed.

120    G Foo, M Rahman, "Sensorless Direct Torque and Flux Controlled IPM Synchronous Motor Drive at Very Low Speed Without Signal Injection," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel speed sensorless direct torque and flux control scheme for interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive. The drive uses a new stator flux observer based on the extended rotor flux concept. Due to simultaneous implementation of the stationary and rotating reference frames, the proposed observer does not require any speed adaptation and is inherently sensorless. Unlike speed adaptive observers, the proposed observer is immune to speed estimation errors, thus, its performance at very low speed is improved significantly. A novel stator resistance estimator is incorporated into the sensorless drive to compensate the effects of stator resistance variation. Global asymptotic stability of both the flux observer and stator resistance estimator is guaranteed by the Lyapunov stability analysis. Simulation and experimental results at very low speeds, including zero and 5 rpm, confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.

121    Z Low, J Casanova, P Maier, J Taylor, R Chinga, J Lin, "Method of Load/Fault Detection for Loosely Coupled Planar Wireless Power Transfer System with Power Delivery Tracking," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A method to determine various operating modes of a high-efficiency inductive wireless power transfer system which is capable of supporting more than one receiver is proposed. The three operating modes are no-load, safe and fault modes. The detection scheme probes the transmitter circuitry periodically to determine the operating mode. For power saving, the transmitter is powered down when there is no valid receiver placed on the transmitting coil. If any conductive or magnetic object that can affect the total effective inductance of the transmitting coil is located nearby, the system will enter the fault mode and shut down the transmitter so that it will not be damaged. The safe mode is the nominal operation mode when power transmission efficiency is high with minimum power loss and zero voltage switching (ZVS) operation of the class E transmitter is achieved. Determination of the operating mode is achieved by analyzing the transmitting coil voltage and supply current space, requiring no communication link between the transmitter and receiver. The linear relationship between the power delivery and the supply current can be used to calculate the power delivered to the load(s).

122    G Foo, M Rahman, "Sensorless Sliding Mode MTPA Control of an IPM Synchronous Motor Drive Using a Sliding Mode Observer and HF Signal Injection," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a nonlinear sliding mode speed control scheme for interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives incorporating the maximum-torque-per-ampere (MTPA) trajectory. The drive uses an adaptive sliding mode observer for rotor speed estimation. Global asymptotic stability of both the controller and observer are guaranteed by Lyapunov stability analysis. Very low speed and standstill performance of the drive is further enhanced by combining high frequency signal injection with the sliding mode observer. Hence, the sensorless drive is capable of exhibiting high dynamic and steady-state performances over a wide speed range. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.

123    T Sasaki, D Brscic, H Hashimoto, "Human Observation Based Extraction of Path Patterns for Mobile Robot Navigation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a mobile robot navigation method based on observation of human walking is presented. The proposed method extracts paths that are frequently used by human and builds a topological map of the environment from the observed human walking paths. Unlike conventional methods, the proposed method enables us to generate paths which are practical, have no obstacles and are natural for humans since the paths reflect the motion of persons. For realizing the human observation in a large area, in this paper, multiple vision sensors are placed in the space. By using distributed sensors, people can be observed even when the robot is not near them, or if they are hidden behind obstacles. Mobile robot navigation based on the topological map is also performed with the support of the distributed sensors. The global position of the mobile robot can be directly measured by using external sensors, which makes the localization problem much easier. Based on the position information, the mobile robot can follow the generated paths and reach the goal point while avoiding obstacles.

124    O Spinka, O Holub, Z Hanzalek, "Low-Cost Reconfigurable Control System for Small UAVs," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A case study of an open-source, low-cost, reconfigurable autopilot design for small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (the RAMA control system) is presented in this paper. A novel distributed hierarchical architecture, implementing graceful degradation and run-time system reconfiguration techniques, is introduced. RAMA is capable of reconfiguration in case of emergency, meaning that the most critical functions, needed for vehicle controllability, can be taken over by another node of the system if the primary node fails, sacrificing some non-critical functionality. RAMA also utilizes a novel control scheme and controller implementation. Some of the results, obtained during several hundred test flights performed so far, are presented at the end.

125    A Nasiri, E Manla, C Rentel, M Hughes, "Modeling of Zinc/Bromide Energy Storage for Vehicular Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Energy storage devices such as LithiumIon and Nickel-Metal Hydrate (Ni-MH) batteries and ultracapacitors have been considered for utilization in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) to improve efficiency and performance and reduce gas mileage. In this paper, we analyze and model an advanced energy storage device, zinc/bromide, for vehicular applications. This system has high energy and power density, high efficiency and long life. A series of tests have been conducted on the storage to create an electrical model of the system. The modeling results show that the open circuit voltage of the battery is a direct function of battery state of charge. In addition, the battery internal resistance is also a function of state of charge at constant temperature. A Kalman filtering technique is also designed to adjust the estimated state of charge according to battery current.

126    R Gupta, A Ghosh, A Joshi, "Multi-band Hysteresis Modulation and Switching Characterization for Sliding Mode Controlled Cascaded Multilevel Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a generalized multi-band hysteresis modulation and its characterization has been proposed for the sliding mode control of a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHBMLI) controlled systems. A frequency domain method is proposed for the determination of the net hysteresis band-width for a given desired maximum switching frequency of the inverter. The switching transition concept of Tsypkins method and describing function of nonlinear relay has been used for the derivation of the results. A hierarchical switching algorithm has been suggested for the modular cells of the cascaded multilevel inverter. The hierarchy of each cell is swapped sequentially to provide the self balancing capability, in case the dc link voltage is supported by the capacitors. The simulation and experimental verification of the derived results is provided through a singlephase distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) model. Application in three-phase system has been shown through the simulation studies on a 3.3 kV distribution system compensation using DSTATCOM. Verification on both single and three-phase systems is obtained using five-level cascaded multilevel inverter topology.

127    N Vazquez, H Lopez, C Hernandez, E Vazquez, R Osorio, J Arau, "A Different Multilevel Current Source Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: DC/AC converters are widely used in several applications; traditionally they can be classified in two types: the voltage source inverters (VSI) and the current source inverters (CSI). Their use depends on the application; however some of them are common for both types of converters. Other possibility for the DC/AC conversion is the multilevel configuration, and the most analyzed is the VSI. In this paper a different multilevel current source inverter (MCSI) is proposed: the paralleled configuration. To control the converter a different sinusoidal pulse with modulation is employed, it consists of modifying the reference signal instead of using multiple carriers; additionally a balancing method for the inductors current is given. The operation, analysis and implementation are presented; also simulation and experimental results are shown

128    C Hu, B Yao, Q Wang, "Coordinated Adaptive Robust Contouring Control of an Industrial Biaxial Precision Gantry with Cogging Force Compensations," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Cogging force is an important source of disturbances for linear-motor-driven systems. To obtain a higher level of contouring motion control performance for multi-axes mechanical systems subject to significant nonlinear cogging forces, both the coordinated control of multi-axes motions and the effective compensation of cogging forces are necessary. In addition, the effect of unavoidable velocity measurement noises needs to be sufficiently attenuated. This paper presents a discontinuous projection based desired compensation adaptive robust contouring controller to address these control issues all at once. Specifically, the presented approach explicitly takes into account the specific characteristics of cogging forces in the controller designs and employs the task coordinate formulation for coordinated motion controls. Theoretically, the resulting controller achieves a guaranteed transient performance and stead-state contouring accuracy even in the presence of both parametric uncertainties and uncertain nonlinearities. In addition, the controller also achieves asymptotic output tracking when there are parametric uncertainties only. Comparative experimental results obtained on a high-speed Anorad industrial biaxial precision gantry are presented to verify the excellent contouring performance of the proposed control scheme and the effectiveness of the cogging force compensations.

129    A Borisavljevic, H Polinder, J Ferreira, "On the Speed Limits of Permanent Magnet Machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Permanent magnet (PM) machines are considered the most suitable machine type for very high-speed applications. Still, due to the growing demand for ever higher rotational speeds, PM machines are approaching their limits. The focus of this paper are dierent factors that lie behind inherent speed limitations of permanent magnet machines. The limits - thermal, elastic and rotordynamical - are defined, classified and correlated to basic machine parameters.

130    R Stala, "The Switch-Mode Flying Capacitor DC/DC Converters With Improved Natural Balancing," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The paper presents investigations of voltage sharing stabilization with the use of passive RLC circuit in switch-mode flying capacitor dc/dc converters. Practical and simulation results and also mathematical analysis of balancing process in boost and buck-boost converters are presented. Analyzed converters use additional capacitors (flying capacitors), charged to proper value, for decreasing voltage on switches and increasing the inductor current frequency. Such advantages are achieved under proper voltage sharing on the flying capacitors. The voltages are stabilized in a natural way by the load current and with the use of external RLC circuit to force current that flows through converters capacitors under unbalance state. The paper focuses on the analysis of the balancing phenomenon with the use of the external RLC circuit in these topologies. The balancing booster improves the balancing process in these converters, making it independent on the load. It can also reduce oscillations that arise in the converters in transient states.

131    T Orlowska-Kowalska, K Szabat, M Kaminski, "Implementation of the Sliding Mode Controller with an Integral Function and Fuzzy Gain Value for Electrical Drive with Elastic Joint," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a modified sliding mode structure implemented for speed control of the two-mass drive. A characteristic feature of the presented control method is higher rank of the switching function caused by the application of an integral element (Sliding Mode with an Integral function control). The proposed control system is a combination of a sliding mode controller and a linear controller. Furthermore, to eliminate the chattering phenomenon related to the sliding mode control, a switching function with a variable slope based on the fuzzy system is implemented. This solution ensures robustness and dynamics of two-mass drive better than with a linear speed controller. The main stages of the design methodology of the presented speed control structure are described in the initial sections of the paper. In the subsequent sections simulation and experimental tests for the proposed control structure are presented and discussed.

132    D.-Y. Kim, H.-S. Jo, H Yoon, C Mun, B.-J. Jang, J.-G. Yook, "Reverse-Link Interrogation Range of a UHF MIMO-RFID System in Nakagami-m Fading Channels," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the reverse-link interrogation range (RIR) of ultra-high frequency (UHF) band passive radio frequency identification (RFID) is analyzed for single-input and single-output (SISO) and multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems with maximal-ratio combining (MRC) in the pinhole channel, where each channel is modeled as an arbitrary correlated Nakagami-m distribution. Under assumptions of perfect channel estimation and no interference, the closed-form expression of average RIR is derived, involving the various parameters such as the number of antenna, correlation, reader structure, and Nakagami-m shaping factor. The results show that the employment of multiple antennas at a reader causes the received SNR to change favorably and contributes to the improvement of the average RIR. Particularly for the bi-static structure and the Rayleigh fading (m = 0 dB), a 3 x 3 MIMO-RFID system can achieve 60 % gain in the average RIR compared to the SISO-RFID system. In order to consider more realistic environments, finally, we investigated the influence of interference and imperfect channel estimation on the average RIR of the MIMO-RFID system in the uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channel.

133    Y Hinago, H Koizumi, "A Single Phase Multilevel Inverter Using Switched Series/Parallel DC Voltage Sources," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel multilevel inverter with a small number of switching devices is proposed. It consists of an H-bridge and an inverter which outputs multilevel voltage by switching the dc voltage sources in series and in parallel. The proposed inverter can output more number of voltage levels in the same number of the switching devices by using this conversion. The number of gate driving circuits is reduced, which leads to the reduction of the size and power consumption in the driving circuits. The total harmonic of the output waveform is also reduced. The proposed inverter is driven by the hybrid modulation (HM) method. In this paper, the circuit configuration, the theoretical operation, Fourier analysis, simulation results with MATLAB/ SIMULINK and the experimental results are shown. The experimental results accorded with the simulation results.

134    D. C. Ludois, J Reed, G Venkataramanan, "Hierarchical Control of Bridge of Bridge Multilevel Power Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multilevel converters are among the family of power converter topologies for realizing higher power levels and better waveform quality. In addition to established topologies of the neutral point clamped three level converter and cascaded H-bridge converters, novel topologies that offer attractive features such as ease of modularity and functionality continue to be introduced. Among these, the Bridge-of-Bridge multilevel converters have the potential for realizing multi-megawatt systems with ease. This paper is aimed at presenting a systematic approach to developing their dynamic and steady state models, leading to a hierarchical control approach that is intuitive to realize and versatile in application. The paper presents the dynamic model, steady state model, and computer simulations that demonstrate the approach in dc-1$phi$/ac and 3$phi$/ac-3$phi$/ac power conversion applications. Experimental validation of the models using a dc-1$phi$/ac asymmetric half bridge converter is presented.

135    I.-C. Vese, F Marignetti, M. M. Radulescu, "Multiphysics Approach to Numerical Modelling of a Permanent-Magnet Tubular Linear Motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The paper presents a multiphysics modeling through finite-element coupled electromagnetic and thermal field analysis of a permanent-magnet tubular linear motor (PMTLM). 2-D axial-symmetric finite-element steady-state and transient solutions are first obtained for the magnetic flux-density distribution, cogging force, thrust and losses of the PMTLM prototype. The finite-element magnetic field results are then used for the 3-D finite-element thermal simulation to get the PMTLM temperature distribution. The paper proves that the multiphysics numerical field analysis is a viable tool for the design and performance optimization of PMTLMs. The accuracy of the proposed study has been assessed through prior analytical and experimental results. Regarding the design aspects, some peculiarities in the thermal behavior of PMTLMs are emphasized. Generally, thermal models being not readily to develop, experimental and analytical solutions remain a preferred choice.

136    T. D. Kefalas, A. G. Kladas, "Harmonic Impact on Distribution Transformer No-Load Loss," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The losses in European Union distribution transformers are estimated at about 33 TWh per year whereas, reactive power and harmonic losses add a further 5 TWh per year. The reduction of distribution transformer no-load loss is particularly important as the ratio of no-load losses to load losses is nearly three. In the present paper the no-load operation of wound core transformers under sinusoidal and distorted supply voltage conditions is investigated. For that purpose, a two dimensional nonlinear transient finite element analysis taking into account hysteresis has been developed. The hysteresis model is based on a modified Jiles-Atherton representation, and the proposed analysis is compared to experimental data.

137    F Gao, P. C. Loh, F Blaabjerg, D. M. Vilathgamuwa, "Five-Level Current Source Inverters With Buck-Boost and Inductive Current Balancing Capabilities," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents new five-level current source inverters (CSIs) with voltage/current buck-boost capability, unlike existing five-level CSIs where only voltage-boost operation is supported. The proposed inverters attain self inductive current balancing per switching cycle at their dc front ends without having to include additional balancing hardware or complex control manipulation. The inverters can conveniently be controlled by using the well-established phase-shifted carrier modulation scheme with only two additional linear references and a mapping logic table needed. Existing modulators can therefore be conveniently retrofitted for controlling the presented inverters. By appropriately coordinating the inverter gating signals, their implementations can be realized by using the least number of components without degrading performance. These enhanced features of the inverters have already been verified in simulation and experimentally using a scale-down laboratory platform.

138    H. W. de Kock, A. J. Rix, M. J. Kamper, "Optimal Torque Control of Synchronous Machines Based on Finite Element Analysis," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Synchronous machines that are optimally designed using finite element software, and control of such machines using powerful digital signal processors, is common-place today. With field orientated control, the maximum torque per Ampere control strategy for unsaturated voltage conditions (below base speed) is well known; the field weakening strategy however, could be rather complicated. In this paper a straightforward torque control strategy for the entire speed range is proposed and demonstrated. Practical implementation of the method is very simple, since the calculations are done off-line in an automated process and are therefore removed from the load of the digital signal processor. The process relies on machine specific data from finite element analysis and therefore includes non-linear effects such as saturation and cross-coupling. Simulated and practical results for a permanent magnet- and a reluctance synchronous machine show that the torque is controlled effectively in the entire speed range using this generic method.

139    H.-C. Yen, "Analysis of Balancing Driver for Multiple Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel topology to drive the cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) for liquid crystal displays (LCDs) in a direct-type backlight module. The topology is capable of driving an even number of lamps with identical current without additional balancing circuits, thereby significantly reducing the display?s size, weight, and cost. Aiming at alleviating the influence of parasitic capacitance and thus balancing the lamp currents and light output, the proposed topology comprises series CCFLs and the secondary sides of transformers, takes the leakage inductances of the transformer and the parasitic capacitances of the metal back-plank as a resonance tank, and provides both ends of lamps the voltages of equal magnitude and opposite phase. A prototype of the multi-CCFLs driver is designed and built for a backlight module with 14 lamps in a 32-inch LCD. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the current balance topology.

140    T. Vandoorn, F. De Belie, T. Vyncke, J. Melkebeek, P. Lataire, "Generation of Multisinusoidal Test Signals for the Identification of Synchronous Machine Parameters by Using a Voltage-Source Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: With the standstill frequency-response (SSFR) test accurate electrical machine models can be identified. However, it can be a time consuming method, especially in case the machine has to be identified at low frequencies. To shorten the required time for identification, in this paper the response on a broadband signal is measured, resulting in a multisine SSFR test. To generate the broadband signal, a high-power linear amplifier can be applied as waveform generator. As this signal generator is not commonly available in the field, the application of a voltage-source inverter (VSI) is discussed. The multisine SSFR test with a VSI allows to swiftly evaluate the influence of frequency, saturation and cross-saturation on the q- and d-axis parameters, with a signal generator that is often already available to control the machine. Extensive measurements are performed on several permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) and the method can be extended to synchronous machines with rotor field winding. By applying a switching converter instead of a linear amplifier, it can be expected that the identification results are affected by the switching actions. Therefore, multisine SSFR tests with either a VSI or a high-power linear amplifier as well as conventional tests as described in the IEEE standard are performed and the results are compared.

141    A EL-Refaie, "Fractional-Slot Concentrated-Windings Synchronous Permanent Magnet Machines: Opportunities and Challenges," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Fractional-slot concentrated-winding synchronous permanent magnet machines have been gaining a lot of interest over the last few years. This is mainly due to the several advantages that this type of windings provides. These include high power density, high efficiency, short end turns, high slot fill factor especially when coupled with segmented stator structures, low cogging torque, flux-weakening capability, and faulttolerance This paper is going to provide a thorough analysis of fractionalslot concentrated-winding synchronous permanent magnet machines in terms of opportunities and challenges. This study will cover the theory and design of fractional-slot concentratedwinding synchronous permanent magnet machines, achieving high power density, flux-weakening capability, comparison of single vs double layer windings, fault-tolerance rotor losses, parasitic effects, comparison of interior vs surface PM machines, and various types of machines. The paper will also provide a summary of the commercial applications that involve fractionalslot concentrated-winding synchronous permanent magnet machines.

142    S Arogeti, D Wang, C Low, "Mode Identification of Hybrid Systems in the Presence of Fault," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A mode identification method for hybrid system diagnosis is proposed. The method is presented as a module of a quantitative health monitoring framework for hybrid system. After fault occurrence, the fault is detected and isolated. The next step is fault parameters estimation, where the size of the fault is identified. Fault parameter estimation is based on data collected from the hybrid system while the system is faulty, and its dynamical model is partially unknown. Hybrid systems dynamics consist of continuous behavior and discrete states represented by modes. Fault parameter estimation requires knowledge of the monitored system operating mode. The new method utilizes the partially known dynamical model to identify hybrid system modes in the presence of a single parametric fault.

143    J Weber, E Oruklu, J Saniie, "FPGA-based Configurable Frequency-Diverse Ultrasonic Target Detection System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, we present FPGA-based configurable architectures that are able to perform frequency-diverse target detection for real-time ultrasonic imaging. Three design methodologies are explored including the execution of the detection algorithm on an embedded microprocessor, the creation of a dedicated hardware solution, and the use of hardware/software co-design principles. In addition to the design flow, this paper presents the impact of parameter changes on the detection algorithm performance and FPGA implementation results. Experimental studies show that the proposed configurable systems are able to meet real-time operation requirements and the algorithm performs robustly.

144    A. Tessarolo, S. Castellan, R. Menis, G. Ferrari, "On the Modeling of Commutation Transients in Split-Phase Synchronous Motors Supplied by Multiple Load-Commutated Inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Split-phase synchronous motors equipped with multiple stator three-phase windings, each supplied by a Load Commutated Inverter, play an important role in today's very-high- power electrical drive applications. A criticality of these systems is the possibility that commutations occur in different motor windings simultaneously. The resulting electromagnetic transient depends on the magnetic coupling of motor phases among them and with rotor circuits. In this paper a model to describe this phenomenon is presented along with some dedicated tests, conducted on various split-phase configurations, to assess the model validity.

145    R. Moncada, J. Tapia, T. Jahns, "Analysis of Negative Saliency Permanent-Magnet Machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper a negative saliency permanent magnet synchronous machine analysis is presented. This particular saliency feature is achieved by replacing a portion of the magnet material by a soft iron piece over the rotor pole. In this manner, the d-axis inductance is increased while the q-axis inductance is almost not affected, leading to the condition that L_{d} is higher than L_{q} (negative saliency) corresponding to the inverse condition of typical PM machines. An expression for the optimum pole configuration is derived. It is shown that, with appropriate control of the stator current based on the machine's saliency, the unfavorable effects of the magnet reduction on torque production can be compensated. It is also shown that the machine saliency affects the location of the operating points when it operates under vector control. Finally, the theoretical analysis is validated with experimental results obtained from a prototype axial-flux PM machine that exhibits negative saliency.

146    C Pukdeboon, A Zinober, M Thein, "Quasi-Continuous Higher-Order Sliding Mode Controllers for Spacecraft Attitude Tracking Manoeuvres," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper studies higher-order sliding mode control laws to deal with some spacecraft attitude tracking problems. Second and third order quasi-continuous sliding controllers and differentiators are applied to quaternion-based spacecraft attitude tracking manoeuvres. A class of linear sliding manifolds is selected as a function of angular velocities and quaternion errors. The second method of Lyapunov is used to show that tracking is achieved globally. An example of multiaxial attitude tracking manoeuvres is presented and simulation results are included to verify and compare the practical usefulness of the various controllers.

147    G. Elliott, S. Raabe, G. Covic, J. Boys, "Multi-Phase Pick-Ups for Large Lateral Tolerance Contactless Power Transfer Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The majority of commercial contactless power transfer systems used in manufacturing applications can only tolerate limited movement of the power pick-up relative to the track to which it is magnetically coupled. This paper describes a new multiphase (quadrature) pick-up that significantly improves the tolerance of the power receiver to such relative movement, enabling expanded applications such as continuously powered AGV's, robots and vehicles to be considered. The advantage gained is largely independent of the track type, so that single-phase or multi-phase tracks can be used as desired to improve both the power transfer and lateral tolerance as required. The improvement is achieved through capturing both vertical and horizontal components of magnetic flux around any track.

148    H. Dong, F. Hussain, E. Chang, "A Service Search Engine for the Industrial Digital Ecosystems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A Digital Ecosystem (DE) is comprised of heterogeneous and distributed species which can play the dual role of service provider and service requester. Today DE lacks semantic search support, which means it cannot provide a reliable and trustworthy link between service providers and service requesters. To solve this issue, we design a conceptual framework of a service-ontology-based semantic service search engine. Apart from the function of search with a novel search model, this framework also provides a quality-of-services (QoS)- based service evaluation and ranking methodology. To evaluate the feasibility of our framework, we implement a prototype in the transport service domain, and compare the performance of the search models with three traditional information retrieval models. The conclusion to this evaluation and suggestions for future works are provided in the final section.

149    K Suwanratchatamanee, M Matsumoto, S Hashimoto, "Haptic Sensing Foot System for Humanoid Robot and Ground Recognition with One Leg Balance," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a haptic sensing foot system for humanoid robot. The two different kinds of implementations are investigated: One is an active tactile sensing technique to recognize a contacting ground slope. The other is to balance the robot body with one leg for human-robot interaction. The proposed sensors are implemented on two robotic feet. Each sensing unit on each foot consists of three thin sheets of force sensitive resistors arranged triangularly with the peripheral circuits. The research objective is to produce an artifact which can be operated in a natural and intuitive manner by utilizing the control of a foot pose to keep the direction of the foot normal to the ground surface. Throughout these works, we aim to realize the tactile sensing foot to detect the ground slope for natural foot posture control in order to assist the biped walking robot to balance its body on various types of ground surfaces. In these applications, the information about the ground floor or orientation is not required in advance.

150    S. Rohner, S. Bernet, M. Hiller, R. Sommer, "Modulation, Losses and Semiconductor Requirements of Modular Multilevel Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes the operation of the Modular Multilevel Converter (M2C), an emerging and highly attractive topology for medium and high voltage applications. A new pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme for an arbitrary number of voltage levels is introduced and evaluated. On the basis of this pulse width modulation scheme, the semiconductor losses are calculated and the loss distribution is illustrated.

151    L. Gomes, J. Lourenco, "Rapid Prototyping of Graphical User Interfaces for Petri Net-Based Controllers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes a tool framework allowing the rapid prototyping of an animated synoptic application associated with an embedded system controller. The motto for developing this tool framework is to be able to automatically generate controllers with associated graphical user interface without writing a line of execution code; instead, the tool framework will provide specific aids allowing the designer to define the controller behavior and associated graphical user interface (including static parts and intended dynamics). The behavior of the controller is described through a low-level Petri nets model, and the tool framework supports the definition of characteristics for the intended graphical user interface and the association of the characteristics of the Petri net behavioral model with specific characteristics of the graphical user interface through a set of dedicated rules. Two main tools are described. The first one, named as "Animator", allows an interactive definition of the graphical characteristics of the synoptic and automatic code generation. The second one, named as "Synoptic", is responsible for the embedded control execution part, integrating real-time up-dating of the graphical user interface. The application of the tool framework to a simple automation system is presented, namely to the controller of a manufacturing system composed by a four cell first-in-first-out system.

152    A. Rojko, D. Hercog, K. Jezernik, "Power Engineering and Motion Control Web Laboratory: Design, Implementation and Evaluation of Mechatronics Course," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: During the EDIPE (E-learning Distance Interactive Practical Education) project, thirteen partners from eleven European countries joined together to build a power engineering and motion control remote laboratory, which would offer 18 complete online courses with remote experiments and high quality documentation, to students from the universities of all participating partners. The major benefit of this project is the possibility of sharing expensive equipment and lessening the burdens of technical and organizational problems. This paper outlines the project's goals, organization and, as an example, realization of one of the project's modules. The described module is a mechatronics motion control course, which explains the most important aspects of motion control design, from modelling, simulations, control design, experimental validation, and comparison between various controllers. The technical solutions, educational strategy, and realization details are given for the module. The pilot testing of the module was performed to assess the module and find out what the students' personal attitude concerning e-learning and remote experiments. The results of testing are presented and discussed.

153    C Mitsantisuk, S Katsura, K Ohishi, "Force Control of Human-Robot Interaction Using Twin Direct-Drive Motor System Based on Modal Space Design," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Future robot systems are required to focus on developing more flexible systems for use with human operator. These robots must operate more slowly and be more compliant to safe user interaction. This paper proposes an improved design methodology for the human-robot interaction system. The main contribution of the work described in the paper is the design of dual disturbance observers combined with modal space design for the twin direct-drive motor system. Two of the same direct-drive motors are required and connected by wire rope mechanism. Since both direct-drive motors have almost the same value of the friction effect and other nonlinearities, it is easy for the proposed system to compensate these deterioration effects. The proposed force control system is independently controlled in acceleration dimension by realizing the system based on common mode and differential mode. In the common mode, it is utilized for control of vibration suppression and wire rope tension. Moreover, the bandwidth and the stiffness of mechanism can be regulated by changing the wire rope tension control. In the differential mode, the purity of human external force with compensation of friction force is obtained. This mode is useful for control of the interaction force of human. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by experimental results.

154    B. Mecrow, J. Bennett, A. Jack, D. Atkinson, A. Freeman, "Drive Topologies for Solar Powered Aircraft," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Solar powered aircraft require electric drives for the main propulsion system. It is critical that these drives provide both very high efficiency and low mass. This paper discusses the relative merits of different machine topologies based upon maximizing efficiency, taking into account power electronic losses, motor losses, mass and size penalties. Laminated machines are usually limited in their efficiency at light load because of their iron losses. This paper shows how, by combining a high pole number with an ultra low loss lamination material, these machines can be more efficient than other more complex arrangements which have been adopted by others. A demonstrator machine has been built and predicted efficiencies validated by test. It has then been used to propel a solar plane to over 60,000 feet and extend the aircraft flight endurance world record from 30 hours to 84 hours.

155    G Spagnuolo, N Femia, A De Nardo, "OPTIMAL BUCK CONVERTER OUTPUT FILTER DESIGN FOR POINT-OF-LOAD APPLICATIONS," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a novel method to design the output filter of low-voltage/high-current buck dc-dc switching regulators. The method is based on the concept of Acceptability Boundary Curves (ABCs). ABCs are the curves bounding the regions in the space of parameters including commercial components which ensure acceptable output voltage ripple and load-transient surge based on design specifications. ABCs help in quickly finding trade-off design solutions as well as in better understanding functional correlations among power components. Examples regarding buck converters for Point-Of- Load applications are discussed to highlight flexibility and reliability of the ABC-based design method. Experimental measurements confirm analytical results and numerical predictions.

156    G. Traxler-Samek, R. Zickermann, A. Schwery, "Cooling Airflow, Losses and Temperatures in Large Air-Cooled Synchronous Machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: At steady-state operation power losses cause a heating of rotating electrical machines. In air-cooled machines these losses are evacuated by a forced cooling airflow through the active parts. When designing and optimizing such a machine the design engineer must be able to get a full picture of the power losses, the cooling airflow and the temperatures inside the active parts (e.g. core laminations, windings) and the periphery (e.g. winding overhangs). The aim of the designer is to fulfill the customer's requirements regarding the guaranteed temperatures. This paper presents a computation method, where the power loss, airflow and temperature calculations for the world largest air-cooled hydro generators are coupled in an iterative process. The new contribution of the paper is a calculation software developed by the authors. It includes a state-of-the-art loss computation, an automated air-flow network and a set of linked thermal networks. These computations result in a complete overview of the temperature gradients and allow fine-tuning of the cooling airflow and consequently optimization of ventilation losses.

157    K. Jin, Y. Sun, M. Xu, D. Sterk, F. Lee, "Integrated Magnetic Self-Driven ZVS Non-Isolated Full Bridge Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a high efficiency high power density voltage regulator (VR). An integrated magnetic self-driven full bridge topology is employed as the main circuit. The proposed VR runs at a 700kHz switching frequency for a 1U form factor. A novel synchronous rectifier drive method is used to achieve high efficiency. The DCR current-sensing method is used for the integrated transformer to achieve adaptive voltage position (AVP). Compared with the traditional multi-phase buck converter, the proposed solution has higher efficiency, a smaller passive component footprint, and lower device cost. A 1U 700kHz VR prototype is built in the lab, and it achieves 88.2% efficiency at 1.2V/130A output. The experimental result verifies the theoretical analysis.

158    C. Dai, W. Chen, Y. Zhu, "Seeker Optimization Algorithm for Digital IIR Filter Design," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Since the error surface of digital IIR filter is generally nonlinear and multi-modal, global optimization techniques are required in order to avoid local minima. In this work, a seeker optimization algorithm (SOA) based evolutionary method is proposed for digital IIR filter design. The SOA is based on the concept of simulating the act of human searching in which search direction is based on the empirical gradient by evaluating the response to the position changes and step length is based on uncertainty reasoning by using a simple Fuzzy rule. The algorithm's performance is studied with comparison of three versions of differential evolution (DE) algorithms, four versions of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms and genetic algorithm (GA). The simulation results show that the SOA is superior or comparable to the other algorithms for the employed examples, and can be efficiently used for IIR filter design.

159    K. Suwanratchatamanee, M. Matsumoto, S. Hashimoto, "Robotic Tactile Sensor System and Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a tactile sensor system for robot manipulator and an active sensing technique to realize 3-D object recognitions concerning object shape, object surface normal and object edge tracing with experimental results. The proposed tactile sensor units implemented on the robot hand consists of three thin sheets of force sensitive resistors arranged triangularly with the peripheral circuits. One potential application of the proposed techniques is to realize an effective human-robot cooperation to move an object together by utilizing the control of a hand pose to keep the direction of the hand normal to the object surface in 3-D, which is often necessary when pushing an object. Another is a 3-D object edge tracing. The proposed techniques can be employed in industrial processes such as welding and inspection to eliminate manual teaching procedures for searching the object edge automatically before doing the welding process. In these applications, information about the object shape or orientation is not required in advance.

160    V. Machado, A. Doria Neto, J. Dantas de Melo, "A Neural Network MultiAgent Architecture Applied to Industrial Networks for Dynamic Allocation of Control Strategies using Standard Function Blocks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a multiagent architecture applied to factory automation. These agents detect faults in automated processes and allocate intelligent algorithms in field device function blocks to solve these faults. We also present a dynamic Function Block (FB) parameter exchange strategy that allows agent fieldbus allocation. This architecture is a FIPA (Foundations of Intelligent Physical Agents) standard-based agent platform developed using Foundation Fieldbus technology. The aim is to enable problem detection activities, independent of user intervention. The use of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) - based algorithms enables the agents to learn about fault patterns and adapt an algorithm that can be used in fault situations. Thus, we intend to reduce supervisor intervention in selecting and implementing an appropriate structure for function block algorithms. Furthermore, these algorithms, when implemented in device function blocks, provide a solution at the fieldbus level, reducing data traffic between gateway and device, and speeding up the process of problem resolution. We also show some examples of our approach. The first is a neural network architecture change that allocates different types of neural networks in field devices without interrupting the fieldbus network operation. The second shows a multiagent architecture that implements the neural network change in a laboratory test process, where fault scenarios have been simulated.

161    K. Jin, M. Yang, X. Ruan, M. Xu, "Three-Level Bi-Directional Converter for Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Power System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel three-level bi-directional converter is proposed in this paper. Compared with the traditional bidirectional converter, the inductor of the three-level bidirectional converter can be reduced significantly, so that the dynamic response is greatly improved. Hence, the proposed converter is very suitable for fuel cell/battery hybrid power systems. In additional, the voltage stress on the switch of the proposed converter is only half of the voltage on the high voltage side, so it is also suitable for high voltage application. The operation principle and the implementation of the control circuit are presented in detail. This paper also proposes a novel bidirectional soft start control strategy for the bi-directional converter. A 1kW prototype converter is built to verify the theoretical analysis.

162    A. Ruiz-Gonzalez, M. Meco-Gutierrez, F. Perez-Hidalgo, F. Vargas-Merino, J. Heredia-Larrubia, "Reducing Acoustic Noise Radiated by Inverter-Fed Induction Motors Controlled by a New PWM Strategy," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new application of a control strategy to reduce the acoustic noise caused by Pulse Width Modulation-Controlled Induction Machine Drives. The proposed strategy is based on a frequency modulation of the triangular carrier through a sinusoidal signal. It is used to decrease acoustic noise and to achieve a reduction in Total Harmonic Distortion. The main advantage of the proposed method is that only one control parameter is necessary to modify the electrical spectrum, and so, mechanical natural frequencies are avoided while the number of pulses per period remains unchanged. Results obtained in laboratory tests are presented and compared to other acoustic measurements using different Pulse Width Modulation strategies.

163    T. Orlowska-Kowalska, M. Dybkowski, "Stator Current-based MRAS Estimator for Wide Range Speed-Sensorless Induction Motor Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The paper deals with an analysis of the vector controlled induction motor drive with a novel MRAS-type rotor speed estimator. A stability analysis method of this novel MRAS estimator is shown. The influence of equivalent circuit parameter changes of the induction motor on the pole placement of the estimator transfer function and stability of the whole drive system is analyzed and tested. The influence of the adaptation algorithm coefficients of the MRAS estimator scheme is also tested. The allowable range of motor parameter changes is determined, which guarantees the stable operation of the sensorless field oriented induction motor drive with this speed and flux estimator. Dynamical performances of the vector control system with the current-type MRAS estimator are tested in a laboratory set-up.

164    R Takahashi, H Kinoshita, T Murata, J Tamura, M Sugimasa, A Komura, M Futami, M Ichinose, K Ide, "Output Power Smoothing and Hydrogen Production by Using Variable Speed Wind Generators," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a combination system of wind energy conversion and hydrogen production. Hydrogen is expected as alternative energy sources in the future, and it is the best way to produce it from renewable energy like wind energy. On the other hand, the output of a wind generator, in general, fluctuates greatly due to wind speed variations, and thus the output fluctuations can have a serious influence on the power system operation. In the proposed system, a variable speed wind generator is adopted, and an electrolyzer is installed in parallel with it for hydrogen production. Output power from the wind generator is smoothed and supplied to the power system as well as to the electrolyzer based on the cooperative control method. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated by simulation analyses, in which simulations are performed by using PSCAD/EMTDC.

165    J Amoros, P Andrada, "Sensitivity Analysis of Geometrical Parameters on a Double Sided Linear Switched Reluctance Motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a detailed sensitivity analysis of the effect of several geometrical parameters on the performance of a double-sided linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM). The analysis was conducted in two dimensions using the finite element method and takes into account only one part of the LSRM. This study first investigates the powerful influence of stator pole width and translator pole width on force profiles. It then shows how these performance parameters are influenced by stator pole length, translator pole length, stack length, yoke length and air gap. Experimental results confirm that the two-dimensional finite element sensitivity analysis proposed here may prove a useful tool for optimizing the geometry of a double-sided LSRM.

166    W Lan, C Thum, B Chen, "A Hard Disk Drive Servo System Design Using Composite Nonlinear Feedback Control With Optimal Nonlinear Gain Tuning Methods," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper investigates the design of composite nonlinear feedback (CNF) control law for a hard disk drive (HDD) servo system. First, a scaled nonlinear function is introduced for the CNF control law, in which a parameter is scaled by the error between the amplitude of the target reference and the initial value of the system controlled output. The closed-loop system under the scaled function has robust transient performance to the variation of the amplitude of the target reference. Then, the parameters of the selected nonlinear function are tuned by optimal tuning methods. More specifically, the parameter tuning problem is formulated as an optimization problem, which can be solved efficiently via numerical methods. The simulation and experiment results show that the control law designed using the new approach yields excellent performance for both track seeking and track following in the hard disk drive servo system.

167    K Gummi, M Ferdowsi, "Double-Input DC-DC Power Electronic Converters for Electric-Drive Vehicles ¿ Topology Exploration and Synthesis Using a Single-Pole Triple-Throw Switch," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Hybridizing energy systems using storage devices has gained popularity in transportation and distributed electric power generation applications. Traditionally, several independent power electronic converters were utilized in such practices. Due to their reduced parts count, double-input power electronic converters (DIPEC) prove to be a promising choice for hybridizing energy systems. A few topologies for multi-input converters have been reported in the literature; however, there is not a systematic approach to synthesize them. Furthermore, all possible topologies are not completely explored and it is difficult to derive new converters from existing topologies. Therefore, in this paper, a systematic approach to derive double-input (DI) converters by using a single-pole triple-throw switch as a building block is presented.

168    J Carmo, P Mendes, C Couto, J Correia, "A 2.4 GHz CMOS Short-Range Wireless Sensor Network Interface for Automotive Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes a CMOS interface for short-range wireless sensor networks (CMOS-SRWSN interface). The sensor interface is composed by the sensor readout, electronics for processing and control, memory, a RF CMOS transceiver for operation in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and a planar antenna. The receiver has a sensitivity of -60 dBm and consumes 6.3 mW from 1.8 V supply. The transmitter delivers an output power of 0 dBm with a power consumption of 11.2 mW. The application of the CMOS-SRWSN interface is in automotive industry for reduction of the cables and to support the information, communication and entertainment systems in cars.

169    H.-P. Huang, J.-L. Yan, T.-H. Cheng, "Development and Fuzzy Control of a Pipe Inspection Robot," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Pipe inspection robot modular design fuzzy control

170    B Ugurlu, A Kawamura, "ZMP-Based Online Jumping Pattern Generation for a One Legged Robot," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper is aimed at presenting a method to generate online jumping patterns, which can be applied to one legged jumping robots and optionally to humanoid robots. Our proposed method is based on ensuring the overall dynamic balance through the complete jumping cycle. To be able to reach this goal, we discretized the ZMP equation in polar coordinates so that we are able to include angular momentum information in a natural way. Thus, undesired torso angle fluctuation is expected to be more restrainable comparing to other methods in which angular momentum information is ignored or zero-referenced. Moreover, we unified support and flight phases in terms of motion generation. Having obtained successful simulation results and vertical jumping experiments in our previous work, we conducted forward jumping experiments. As the result, we obtained successful and repetitive jumping cycles, which satisfactorily verify the proposed method.

171    A Yazdanpanah Goharrizi, N Sepehri, "A Wavelet-Based Approach to Internal Seal Damage Diagnosis in Hydraulic Actuators," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes the application of wavelet transform to detect internal leakage in hydraulic actuators, caused by seal damage. The method analyses pressure signal at one side of the actuator in response to periodic step inputs to the control valve. It is shown that the detailed version of decomposed pressure signal, using discrete wavelet transform, establishes feature patterns that can effectively detect internal leakage and its severity. The proposed scheme requires a baseline (threshold) value, predetermined first, by analyzing pressure signal of the healthy actuator. Once the root mean square (RMS) of the level two detail coefficient values, obtained from the measured pressure signals in subsequent off-line tests, fall below this baseline, a fault alarm is triggered. Furthermore, the degree of changes of the RMS value from the one obtained under normal operating condition indicates the severity of fault. Experimental tests show promising results for detecting internal leakages as low as 0.124 lit/min, representing approximately 2.6% reduction of flow rate available to move the actuator. This is done without a need to model the actuator or leakage. Other methods of leakage fault diagnosis require the model of the actuator or leakage fault. Furthermore, no other method reported internal leakage detection of magnitude as low as the one reported in this paper.

172    S Kwak, "A Review of Switch-Mode Sustain Drivers With Resonant Networks for Plasma Display Panels," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In the last thirty years, industrial and academic researches have matured plasma display panels to the successful product level for commercial flat screen television sets. Along with development of panel manufacturing technology, recent advances in the development of electronics circuitry drivers have paved the way for achieving better performance, higher efficiency, and lower cost. A substantial number of notable driver topologies have been developed, however, most of the presented works have been focused on their own topology and operational principles without giving overall impressions related with other works. This paper is an attempt to provide insights into these diverse drivers of the plasma display panels by presenting an overview of the topologies. The driver configurations are classified based on the resonant energy source, the connecting type of resonant networks, and the number of levels of panel voltage. Selected drivers in each class are analyzed and key structural characteristics are identified. Issues related to the practical implementation are also discussed.

173    W Yang, P Tavner, C Crabtree, M Wilkinson, "Cost-Effective Condition Monitoring for Wind Turbines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Cost-effective wind turbine condition monitoring assumes more importance as turbine sizes increase and they are placed in more remote locations, for example offshore. Conventional condition monitoring techniques, such as vibration, lubrication oil and generator current signal analysis, require the deployment of a variety of sensors and computationally intensive analysis techniques. This paper describes a wind turbine condition monitoring technique that uses the generator output power and rotational speed to derive a fault detection signal. The detection algorithm uses a continuous wavelet transform-based adaptive filter to track the energy in prescribed, time-varying, fault-related frequency bands in the power signal. The central frequency of the filter is controlled by the generator speed and the filter bandwidth is adapted to the speed fluctuation. Using this technique fault features can be extracted, with low calculation times, from direct or indirect drive, fixed or variable speed wind turbines. The proposed technique has been validated experimentally on a wind turbine drive train test rig. A synchronous or induction generator was successively installed on the test rig and both mechanical and electrical fault-like perturbations were successfully detected when applied to the test rig.

174    F Liu, J Yan, X Ruan, "Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current-Switching PWM Combined Three-Level DC/DC Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a zero-voltage and zero-current-switching (ZVZCS) PWM combined three-level (TL) dc/dc converter, which is a combination of a ZVZCS PWM TL converter with a ZVZCS PWM full-bridge converter. The proposed converter has advantages as follows: all power switches suffer only half of the input voltage, the voltage across the output filter is very close to the output voltage, which can reduce the output filter inductance significantly, the voltage stress of the rectifier diodes is reduced too, so the converter is very suitable for high input voltage and wide input voltage range applications. The converter also can achieve ZVS for the leading switches and ZCS for the lagging switches in a wide load range to achieve higher efficiency. The design considerations and procedures are presented in this paper. The operation principle and characteristics of the proposed converter are analyzed and verified on a 400V-800V input and 54V/20A output prototype.

175    M Heldwein, J Biela, H Ertl, J Kolar, "Implementation of a Transformer-Less Common Mode Active Filter for Off-Line Converter Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This work presents a study and practical implementation of an active filter employing a high frequency power amplifier and passive filter components to be connected to the AC power lines in order to mitigate common mode conducted emissions of three-phase PWM converter systems. The filter topology is chosen from different possibilities listed in a literature survey and studied regarding practical implementation issues, where requirements for a high frequency power amplifier to be applied in active filtering are derived. Special attention is put on the stability analysis where the challenges for the feedback are discussed and a simple feedback structure is proposed. Other feedback concepts are analyzed and limitations posed by stability requirements are presented. A prototype is designed and built, from which mathematical and experimental results are obtained demonstrating the potential and limitations of such a system.

176    K Hwu, Y Yau, "Voltage-Boosting Converter Based on Charge Pump and Coupling Inductor With Passive Voltage Clamping," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new voltage-boosting converter, combining the charge pump and the coupling inductor, together with a passive voltage-clamping circuit which pumps part of the leakage inductance energy to the output, is presented herein. Therefore, by doing so, the efficiency tends to be flat between the minimum load and the rated load, similar to the behavior of the KY converter. Besides, the implementation of the passive voltage-clamping circuit for this converter with the multi-phase is very easy. In this paper, some mathematical derivations are given firstly, and secondly simulated and experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed voltage-boosting converter topology.

177    H Dibowski, J Ploennigs, K Kabitzsch, "Automated Design of Building Automation Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The design of large building automation systems (BAS) with thousands of devices is a laborious task with a lot of recurrent work for identical automated rooms. The usage of prefabricated off-the-shelf devices and design patterns simplifies this task nowadays, but creates new interoperability problems. In result, the selection of devices is essential for a good system design, but is often limited by a lack of information. This paper introduces a novel automatic design approach for large BAS that covers the device selection, interoperability evaluation and composition of BAS. It follows a continuous top-down design with different levels of abstraction starting at requirement engineering and ending at a full-developed and industryspanning BAS design.

178    Y Qiu, H Liu, X Chen, "Digital Average Current-Mode Control of PWM DC-DC Converters Without Current Sensors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper introduces a digital average current-mode control technique for pulse width modulation (PWM) dc-dc converters which only rely on voltage sampling. The proposed approach is to estimate inductor current using first-order discrete-time low-pass filter, therefore the controller can calculate average inductor current in every switching cycle. As a novel technique of predictive average current control, it has been investigated by choosing an appropriate duty ratio to regulate valley inductor current firstly and then eliminating error between the estimated average inductor current and a reference current in succedent switching cycle. The algorithm is based on a two-loop control structure to achieve an accurate voltage regulation and is derived for three basic converters: buck, boost, and buck-boost. The validity of the proposed approach has been demonstrated by simulation and experimental results on a dc-dc boost converter.

179    J Rodriguez, S Bernet, P Steimer, I Lizama, "A Survey on Neutral Point Clamped Inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) inverters are the most widely used topology of multilevel inverters in high power applications (several megawatts). This paper presents in a very simple way the basic operation and the most used modulation and control techniques developed to date. Special attention is payed to loss distribution in the semiconductors, and the Active Neutral Point Clamped (ANPC) inverter is presented to overcome this problem. The paper discusses the main fields of application and presents some technological problems such as capacitor balance and losses.

180    Z Amjadi, S Williamson, "Power Electronics Based Solutions for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage and Management Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: ultra capacitors, and fuel cells are widely being proposed for electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EVs/PHEVs) as an electric power source or an energy storage unit. In general, design of an intelligent control strategy for coordinated power distribution is a critical issue for ultracapacitor supported PHEV power systems. Implementation of several control methods have been presented in the past, with the goal of improving battery life and overall vehicle efficiency. It is clear that the control objectives vary with respect to vehicle velocity, power demand, and state-of-charge of both the batteries and ultra-capacitors. Hence, an optimal control strategy design is the most critical aspect of an all-electric/plugin hybrid electric vehicle operational characteristic. Although much effort has been made to improve the life of PHEV energy storage systems, including research on energy storage device chemistries, this paper in contrast, highlights the fact that the fundamental problem lies within the design of power electronics based energy-management converters and the development of smarter control algorithms. This paper initially discusses battery and ultra-capacitor characteristics, and then goes on to provide a detailed comparison of various proposed control strategies, and proposes the use of precise power electronic converter topologies. Finally, the paper summarizes the benefits of the various techniques and suggests the most viable solutions for on-board power management, more specific to PHEVs with multiple/hybrid energy storage systems.

181    P Lezana, J Rodriguez, J Pou, T Meynard, S Ceballos, F Richardeau, "Survey on Fault Operation on Multilevel Inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Abstract not available

182    R Prieto, J Oliver, J Cobos, M Christini, "Magnetic Component Model for Planar Structures Based on Transmission Lines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Magnetic component models are quite complex if they take into consideration the variation of the field distribution in three-dimensional (3D) space. However, if the field distribution can be assumed to be one-dimensional (1D), the magnetic component models can be drastically simplified because it is feasible to obtain accurate analytical expressions based on the solution of the Maxwell equations for a 1D field distribution. The field distribution in magnetic components can be assumed to be 1D when the field depends on one of its coordinates and the dependency on the other coordinates is negligible. Therefore, classical 1D models have to be modified in order to be applied to planar transformers, because their magnetic field vector has a constant direction, but its magnitude is not constant along that direction. This work presents a 1D model for planar magnetic transformers. Some comparisons between 2D approaches and the proposed 1D model have been carried out in order to show the accuracy of the proposed method.

183    Z Amjadi, S Williamson, "A Novel Control Technique for a Switched Capacitor Converter Based Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the analysis and novel controller design for a hybrid switched-capacitor (SC) bidirectional DC/DC converter. Features of voltage stepdown, step-up, and bi-directional power flow are integrated into a single circuit. The novel control strategy enables simpler dynamics compared to a standard buck converter with input filter, good regulation capability, low EMI, lower source current ripple, ease of control, and continuous input current waveform in both modes of operation (buck and boost modes).

184    S Won, W Melek, F Golnaraghi, "A Kalman/Particle Filter-Based Position and Orientation Estimation Method Using a Position Sensor/Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) Hybrid System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a novel methodology that estimates position and orientation using one position sensor and one IMU. The proposed method estimates orientation using a particle filter (PF) and estimates position and velocity using a Kalman filter (KF). In addition, an expert system is used to correct the angular velocity measurement errors. The experimental results show that the orientation errors using the proposed method are significantly reduced compared to the orientation errors obtained from an extended Kalman filter (EKF) approach. The improved orientation estimation using the proposed method leads to better position estimation accuracy. This paper studies the effects of the number of particles of the proposed filter and position sensor noise on the orientation accuracy. Furthermore, the experimental results show that the orientation of the proposed method converges to the correct orientation even when the initial orientation is completely unknown.

185    R Appunn, B Schmelling, K Hameyer, "Electromagnetic Guiding of Vertical Transportation Vehicles: Experimental Evaluation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes the design of an electromagnetic elevator guiding system. One challenge of this design is the over-determination of the mechanical system due to its high number of adjustment variables. Force decoupling, transformation from local to global quantities, and simulation results of the entire system are presented. In contrast to former works, a new elevator test bench for the evaluation of the simulation results is introduced. Measurement results validate the design process of both the electromagnetic actuators and the feedback control.

186    J Lee, J Kang, Y Jeong, "Single-Side Sustaining Technique for Plasma Display Panel Using Dual-Resonant Method," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new plasma display panel(PDP) single-side sustaining driver with dual-resonant technique is proposed. Since this circuit enables to keep the device voltage stresses same as those of conventional circuit that generates alternating sustaining pulses, it is helpful to reduce driver cost in single-side sustaining driver that suffers from high voltage stresses. To integrate the sustaining function into single-side with a single power source in the driver, the charge-pump method is adopted to make negative sustaining voltage and achieves dual-resonant energy recovery on sustaining mode by controlling the voltage level of energy storage capacitor. Also, a method to solve the address voltage increase that is defect of single-side driving is suggested.

187    C Heising, R Bartelt, M Oettmeier, V Staudt, A Steimel, "Analysis of Single-Phase 50-kW 16.7-Hz PI-Controlled Four-Quadrant Line-Side Converter Under Different Grid Characteristics," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Four-quadrant line-side converters supplying PWMinverter- fed induction machines are a standard application in AC railway traction vehicles. In scope of an extensive project aiming at an advanced overall control scheme for traction vehicles taking amongst others grid interaction and stability into account, the steady-state and transient operation of a single-phase 50- kW, 16.7-Hz four-quadrant line-side converter is analysed in detail. The converter is fed either by an inverter or via a slipring induction generator (IG) with DC excitation, operating as railway-grid rotary-converter representation. In this paper, the structure of the 50-kW test bench, representing a railway grid and a traction vehicle, the applied simulation concept and the used PC-based real-time control hardware are introduced. Measurement results for sinusoidal as well as highly disturbed line voltage verify the proper operation of the lineside converter, whose PI-control scheme is described in detail. Two different loads are used: switched resistor and motor PWM inverter.

188    K Kurihara, T Kubota, M Hori, "Steady-State and Transient Performance Analysis for a Single-Phase Capacitor-Run Permanent-Magnet Motor With Skewed Rotor Slots," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the numerical analysis method to predict accurately the steady-state and transient performance of a single-phase capacitor-run permanent-magnet motor with skewed rotor slots. 2-D time-stepping finite element analysis has been used to successfully predict the steady-state and dynamic transient performance of the prototype motor by using a mul-tislice model. The agreement between computed and measured results of the prototype motor validates the proposed analysis method. The maximum efficiency and minimum torque ripple versus the value of capacitance have been determined from the results of the steady-state synchronous performance analysis. The run-up response corresponding to skew pitch has been obtained from the results of the starting performance analysis.

189    I Peterlik, J Filipovic, "Distributed Construction of Configuration Spaces for Real-Time Haptic Deformation Modeling," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The haptic rendering is an important area of research enabling the user to employ the haptic perception in human-computer interaction. An important motivation here is to use the human touch to study the behaviour of various models. However, the high refresh rate needed for the stable haptic interaction on the one hand and high computational cost characteristic for the simulation of numerous phenomena on the other represent a big issue. In this paper, an approach based on the distributed construction of configuration spaces is presented. The main idea behind this approach is to profit from employing a high-performance environment (e. g. computational grid) to overcome or at least to moderate the high-frequency issue. The approach is presented using the non-linear deformation models, which are essential for realistic modeling of soft tissues. A distributed algorithm is presented and its properties are evaluated quantitatively

190    H Xie, X Wang, L Lin, H Tang, Q Fang, H Zhao, S Wang, F Yao, A Wang, Y Zhou, "A 52mW 3.1-10.6GHz Fully Integrated Correlator for IR-UWB Transceivers in 0.18µm CMOS," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Correlators play key roles in impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) transceivers. Multiplier-based correlator performs correlation-type demodulation in addition to select desired UWB signals by correlating incoming pulses with templates. This paper reports design and implementation of a fully integrated low-power broadband multiplier-based correlator for a 3.1-10.6GHz full-band IR-UWB receiver in 0.18$mu$m CMOS that consists of an UWB multiplier core, two UWB pulse generators, single-ended-to-differential-ended converter, a first-order RC integrator with a 200MHz bandwidth, and a buffer. Measurement results confirm desired correlation-type demodulation and correlation functions with a conversion gain of 11.03dB, noise figure of 15.7dB, very low power consumption of 52mW and a 1-dB compression point of better than -0.8dBm over 7.5GHz bandwidth.

191    E Etien, C Chaigne, N Bensiali, "On the Stability of Full Adaptive Observer for Induction Motor in Regenerating Mode," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper, which deals with the stability of adaptive observers for induction motor in regenerating mode, proposes a new a approach consisting in describing the error system in state space representation. With this formulation, it is possible to establish a cartography of unstable eigenvalues in the torque/speed plane, thus simplifying the stability analysis. Moreover, a new stability criterion is defined and used to realize stabilizing designs based on the feedback gain as well as on the speed adaptation law

192    M Cacciato, A Consoli, R Attanasio, F Gennaro, "Soft-switching Converter With HF Transformer for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the design, realization and performance evaluation of a single-phase 3kW DC/AC power converter, using an active bridge DC/DC converter and a Full Bridge DC/AC is introduced, presenting a novel solution on the industrial scenario for the considered application. The control algorithms, including the maximum power point tracking, paralleling to the grid, and converter switching signals are digitally implemented on a standard microcontroller.

193    C Chiu, "The Design and Implementation of a Wheeled Inverted Pendulum Using an Adaptive Output Recurrent Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel adaptive output recurrent cerebellar model articulation controller (AORCMAC) is utilized to control wheeled inverted pendulums (WIPs) that have a pendulum mounted on two coaxial wheels. This work focuses mainly on adopting a self-dynamic balancing control strategy for such WIPs. Since the AORCMAC captures system dynamics, it is superior to conventional cerebellar model articulation controllers (CMACs) in terms of efficient learning and dynamic response. The AORCMAC parameters are adjusted online using the dynamic gradient descent method. The learning rates of the AORCMAC are determined using an analytical method based on a Lyapunov function, such that system convergence is achieved. The variable and optimal learning rates are derived to achieve rapid tracking-error convergence. Two-wheeled inverted pendulum standing control is utilized to experimentally verify the effectiveness of the proposed control system. Experimental results indicate that WIPs can stand upright stably with external disturbances via the proposed AORCMAC.

194    W Greenwell, A Vahidi, "Predictive Control of Voltage and Current in a Fuel Cell-Ultracapacitor Hybrid," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a system integration and control strategy for managing power transients on a NEXA Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell with the assistance of an ultracapacitor module. The two degrees of freedom provided by use of two dc/dc converters enable independent low-level control of the DC BUS voltage and the current split between the fuel cell and ultracapacitor. The supervisory-level control objectives are to respond to rapid variations in load while minimizing damaging fluctuations in fuel cell current and maintaining the ultracapacitor charge (or voltage) within allowable bounds. Use of a model predictive control approach which optimally balances the distribution of power between the fuel cell and ultracapacitor while satisfying the constraints is shown to be an effective method for meeting the supervisory level objectives. The results are confirmed in experiments.

195    S Ostroznik, P Bajec, P Zajec, "A Study of Hybrid Filter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The paper presents results of a comparative study of two possible hybrid filter topologies, comprised of a passive and active stage, which can be implemented in any general DC supply distribution system. The main filter task is to mitigate current dynamics in the DC distribution system in order to prolong the operational life of delicate DC supplies, i.e. fuel cells, and to reduce the electromagnetic interferences between sensitive electronic circuits connected to the distribution net. The active stage is incorporated into the passive part in order to: i) improve its insufficient attenuation in the low frequency range and ii) source or sink any surplus energy flow between the DC source and load in case of low frequency current dynamics. Two active stage topologies are proposed, analyzed and evaluated in detail: i) an active filter based on a single-leg inverter and ii) an active filter based on an electronic smoothing inductor. A special focus is on achieving attenuation at different voltage levels of the auxiliary supply and at different coupling inductances. The impact of the current ripple generated by the switching mode of the active filter operation is discussed as well. The active filter based on the single- leg inverter offers superior attenuation, particularly in the low frequency range where attenuation is improved nearly for 15 dB compared to the passive filter.

196    M Andriollo, M De Bortoli, G Martinelli, A Morini, A Tortella, "Design Improvement of a Single-Phase Brushless Permanent Magnet Motor for Small Fan Appliances," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In the paper an adaptation of a shaded pole motor to operate as a single-phase brushless PM motor is studied. After properly designing the rotor PM ring to avoid demagnetization problems, a non-linear mathematical model for performance assessment and design improvement is proposed. The calculation of the model parameters is carried out by 2D FEM analyses suitably corrected to also take into account 3D effects, mainly due to different stator and rotor lengths. The procedure implemented in a numerical code makes it possible to investigate significant design aspects and determine the mechanical characteristic related to motor configurations adopted for small fan appliances.

197    R Osorio Sanchez, N Vazquez, C Hernandez, E Rodriguez, S Pinto, M Juarez, "Electric Dynamic Modeling of HID Lamps for Electronic Ballast Design," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes a non-linear model of High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps based on electrical variables. The proposal, oriented to the engineering area, has special application for the design of electronic ballast. Parameters are obtained from straightforward measure of electrical variables as power, current and voltage in the lamp. The lamp resistance is obtained as a function of electrical power; which is estimated from Saha equation. This model, which can be simulated using software such as Simulink or Pspice, takes into account some important dynamic behaviors of HID lamps, normally omitted in some other models suggested in literature nowadays. Experimental and simulation results are shown.

198    S. Kim, W Lee, M Rho, S Park, "Effective Dead-Time Compensation Using a Simple Vectorial Disturbance Estimator in PMSM Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents an effective on-line approach for dead-time compensation using a simple vectorial disturbance estimator in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives. The proposed estimator can calculate the disturbance voltages, which are induced by dead time, by use of simple vector operations, i.e., inner and outer product of the flux linkage increments and unit back-EMF function. Then, to compensate the effect of dead time, the estimated disturbance voltages are feed-forwardly added to the current control loop. This method is applied to the 750W laboratory PMSM drive, to show its effectiveness.

199    H Zeineldin, M Salama, "Impact of Load Frequency Dependence on the NDZ and Performance of the SFS Islanding Detection Method," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Sandia Frequency Shift (SFS) falls under the active islanding detectionmethods that rely on frequency drift to detect an islanding condition for inverter based Distributed Generation (DG). Active islanding detection methods are commonly tested on constant RLC loads where the loads active power is directly proportional to the square of voltage and is independent on the system frequency. Since the SFS method relies primarily on frequency to detect islanding, the loads active power frequency dependence could have an impact on its performance and the non-detection zone (NDZ). In this paper, the impact of the loads active power frequency dependence on the performance of the SFS method, during an islanding condition, is analyzed. A NDZ model that takes into account the loads frequency dependence parameter is derived mathematically and validated through digital simulation. The results show that the loads frequency dependence has a significant impact on the NDZ of the SFS method and thus is an important factor to consider when designing and testing this method.

200    D Floricau, G Gateau, A Leredde, "New Active Stacked NPC Multilevel Converter: Operation and Features," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In the paper the operation and the features of a new three-level converterare presented. The proposed topology was named 3L-ASNPC (Active Stacked NPC). It is derivative of the 3L-SNPC structure having two additional active switches antiparallel connected with the clamp diodes. The main advantage of 3L-ASNPC converter is the reduction of the average switching frequency for all power devices. In the same time, the apparent switching frequency of the output voltage is doubled. Experimental and simulation results are shown in order to validate the proposed structure and the analysis of the switching states.

201    J Zhang, Y Xia, "Design of Static Output Feedback Sliding Mode Control for Uncertain Linear Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper considers the problem of designing a sliding mode controller via static output feedback for a class of uncertain systems with mismatched uncertainty in the state matrix. Firstly, we derive a new existence condition of linear sliding surface in terms of strict linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), and propose an adaptive reaching control law such that the motion of the closed-loop system satisfies the reaching condition. Secondly, we further consider the delay-type switching function, and a new robust stability condition is given in terms of LMIs for the reduced order sliding mode dynamics, and then, a synthesis procedure is established to design the sliding surface parameters. Finally, three examples, including an aircraft model, are utilized to illustrate the design procedures proposed in this paper

202    T Chaudhuri, A Rufer, "Modelling and Control of the Cross-Connected Intermediate Level Voltage Source Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multilevel inverter applications have become more and more common. Multileveltopologies have now to serve new purposes and interest is rising in new application fields. Recent multilevel technologies have the potential to significantly reduce the size of passive filters, thus increasing efficiency and power density. With the more stringent regulations concerning harmonic emissions and reliability concerns, more levels are needed to allow filterless operation while keeping a moderate switching frequency and simple structure. In this context, the new topological family of high density advanced multilevel inverters, called cross-connected intermediate level (CCIL) voltage source inverter, is introduced in this paper.

203    N Salvatore, A Caponio, F Neri, S Stasi, G Cascella, "Optimization of Delayed-State Kalman Filter-based Algorithm via Differential Evolution for Sensorless Control of Induction Motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes the employment of the differential evolution to off-line optimize the covariance matrices of a new reduced delayed-state Kalman filter-based algorithm which estimates the stator flux linkage components, in the stationary reference frame, to realize sensorless control of induction motors. The delayed-state Kalman filter-based algorithm uses the derivatives of the stator flux components as mathematical model and the stator voltage equations as observation model so that only a vector of four variables has to be off-line optimized. Numerical results, carried out using a low speed training test, show that the proposed differential evolution-based approach is very promising and clearly outperforms a classical local search and three popular meta-heuristics in terms of quality of the final solution for the problem here considered. A novel simple stator flux oriented-sliding mode control scheme is on-line used in conjunction with the optimized delayed-state Kalman filter-based algorithm to improve the robustness of the sensorless induction motor drive at low speed. The stator flux oriented-sliding mode control scheme has closed loops of torque and stator flux linkage without proportional-plus-integral controllers so that a minimum number of gains has to be tuned.

204    K Lee, T Jahns, T Lipo, V Blasko, "New Observer-based Source Voltage Unbalance Control Methods in PWM Voltage-Source Converters for Adjustable Speed Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: New observer-based disturbance estimation and control algorithms are introduced in this paper that compensate source voltage unbalances. The algorithms are also designed to compensate the detrimental impact of delay effects caused by the digital signal processing. Consequently, these techniques are appropriate for higher-power systems with reduced PWM switching frequency and limited current controller bandwidth. Analytical, simulation, and experimental results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the new observer-based control techniques.

205    Z Li, Y Li, P Wang, H Zhu, C Liu, F Gao, "Single-Loop Digital Control of High-Power 400 Hz Ground Power Unit for Airplanes," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the influence of the one-sample delay for sampling and computation in digital control on the bandwidth of the inner current-loop of 400 Hz GPU is analyzed first. The results show that it is difficult and even impossible for high-power 400 Hz GPUs to maintain low THD content in the output voltage with the conventional PI based double-loop control. To improve the performance, resonant controllers with parallel structure which is widely used in active power filters are applied to the single-loop control of 400 Hz GPU. The parameter design criterion for the parallel resonant controllers is discussed in discrete time domain. Meanwhile, adoption of proportional gain in the single-loop control is investigated. The results show that it can improve the performance little and may cause instability problems. Comparisons between different control methods for 400 Hz GPU are also made and the single-loop control method in this paper seems to be the most suitable one in terms of simplicity and performance. Experiments on a 16-bit fixed-point DSP controlled 90 kVA 400 Hz GPU prototype show satisfactory results of the single-loop method feeding linear/nonlinear and balanced/unbalanced loads.

206    H Kim, J Kim, H Wang, I Lee, "The Design Method and Performance Analysis of RF Sub-sampling Frontend for SDR/CR Receivers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: RF sub-sampling can be used by radio receivers to directly down-convertand digitize RF signals. A goal of SDR design is to place ADC as near the antenna as possible. Based on this, an RF sub-sampling frontend for SDR is designed and verified by a hardware platform. The effects of timing jitter, ADC resolution, and folding noise dominating SNR degradation sources in digital frontend were considered. We present an efficient method of SNR measurement and an analysis of its performance. The experimental results indicate that the three degradation sources are sufficient to estimate the performance of the RF sub-sampling frontend and this conclusion matches the theoretical analysis results.

207    H Chiu, Y Lo, H Lee, S Cheng, Y Yan, C Lin, T Wang, S Mou, "A Single-Stage Soft-Switching Flyback Converter for Power-Factor-Correction Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a single-stage soft-switching Flyback converter for power-factor-correction (PFC) applications. High power factor and high conversion efficiency can be achieved by a simple single-stage circuit with soft-switching features. The operation principles and design criteria for the studied PFC converter are analyzed and discussed. A laboratory prototype is also built and tested. Finally, the experimental waveforms for this prototype circuit are shown to verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme.

208    J Beerten, J Verveckken, J Driesen, "Predictive Direct Torque Control for Flux and Torque Ripple Reduction," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a prediction scheme is presented to diminish both the torque and flux ripple in a Direct Torque Control (DTC) induction motor drive. In a discrete implementation of the classical DTC scheme, the time delay associated with data processing results in an additional torque and flux ripple. This part of the ripples can amount to a significant fraction of the overall ripple if the hysteresis bands are comparable to the maximum torque and flux variations in one sampling interval. This paper presents a prediction scheme with a low computational complexity and a low parameter sensitivity, both comparable to the standard DTC scheme. The prediction scheme can easily be extended to compensate for multiple time delays when the sampling frequency is raised but the computation time remains unchanged. Experimental results show the diminishing effect of the prediction scheme on the torque and flux ripples.

209    J Lee, T Kwon, J Song, "Group Connectivity Model for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: It is a recent trend to consider wireless sensor networks in the harshindustrial environments. With actual deployment of wireless sensor networks, it would be desirable to make a concrete deployment plan regarding connectivities and to place sensors by grouping them according to the planned deployment points, even more in case of targeting multiple objects to be sensed and monitored in the harsh environments. The connectedness of groups as well as individual sensors is important specifically for realtime data acquisitions, and even more if there are no external communication links among those groups. In this paper, we focus on the connectivity of sensor groups, rather than the individual sensors only, and propose a novel group connectivity model so as to analyze the group connectivity and to make a concrete deployment plan of sensor groups with regard to the internal distribution of sensors and group positions. We believe that the proposed model should be useful for planning the deployment of wireless sensor networks in the harsh industrial environments where running wires is less practical and also prohibitively expensive.

210    I Jedlicska, R Weiss, R Weigel, "Linearising the Output Characteristic of GMR Current Sensors Through Hysteresis Modeling," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new method for increasing the measurement accuracy of GMR (Giant MagnetoResistive) sensors. The method used is to linearise the output characteristic by numerically eliminating the hysteresis the main error source. A simplified mathematical model of the hysteresis is derived from the T(x) model and tested in a software simulation environment by comparing the results with the real measurements. The model is then discretised and implemented on a fixed-point Digital Signal Processor (DSP). An algorithm based on the model is developed in order to eliminate error propagation during the measurements. The 75% improvement in accuracy and the linear output characteristic delivered by the DSP verifies the validity of the proposed method. The successful final results demonstrate that modelling hysteresis is a convenient and very effective way to increase the accuracy and the measurement range of GMRsensors in practical applications.

211    T. Li, Y. Yeh, J Wu, M Hsiao, C Chen, "Multi-Functional Intelligent Autonomous Parking Controllers for Car-Like Mobile Robots," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An increasing number of car-like mobile robot (CLMR) studies have addressed the issues of autonomous parking and obstacle avoidance. An autonomous parking controller can provide convenience to a novice driver. However, if the controller is not designed adequately, it may endanger the car and the driver. Therefore, this study presents a novel multi-functional intelligent autonomous parking controller capable of effectively parking the CLMR in an appropriate parking space, by integrating sensor data capable of obtaining the surrounding data of the robot. An ultrasonic sensors array system has been developed with group-sensor firing intervals. A binaural approach to the CLMR has been adopted for providing complete contact less sensory coverage of the entire workspace. The proposed heuristic controller can obtain the posture of a mobile robot in a parking space. In addition, the controller can ensure the ability of the CLMR to withstand collision to guarantee safe parking. Moreover, the CLMR can recognize the parking space and the obstacle position in dynamic environments. Therefore, the proposed controller installed in a car could ensure safe driving. Finally, practical experiments demonstrate that the proposed multi-functional intelligent autonomous parking controllers are feasible and effective.

212    M Chen, S Hung, H Huang, "A New Design of a Submicro-positioner Utilizing Electro-magnetic and Flexure Mechanism," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a novel XY-dimensional submicro- positioner including mechanism, control, and analysis are successfully presented. The design of the submicro -positioner utilizes a monolithic parallel flexure mechanism with built-in electromagnetic actuators and optical sensors to achieve the object of 3-DOF precise motion. From the provided experimental results, there are several main goals that have been achieved here: (1) to integrate the electromagnetic actuator and the parallel flexure mechanism for planar positioning system, (2) to establish the mathematical modeling, (3) to develop an advanced adaptive sliding-mode controller, and (4) to perform extensive experiments to test the realistic performance.

213    L Gao, J Fletcher, "A Space Vector Switching Strategy for 3-level 5-phase Inverter Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel space vector modulation technique for a 3- level 5-phase inverter is described based on an Optimised Five Vectors (OFV) concept. The concept utilises a novel vector minimization technique that reduces the number of vectors in the d1-q1 vector space by identifying candidate vectors in each of the ten sectors that comprise the decagon vector space. The candidate vectors are selected based on the inequality relationship between the five phase voltages during each switching cycle. Using this technique the original 243 inverter states are reduced to 113 candidate vectors, and from the remaining states ten possible switching sequences in each sector are utilized to develop the desired voltage reference in the d1-q1 vector space while forcing a null vector in the d3-q3 vector space. A novel region determination technique is also introduced to identify the sub-region that the d1-q1 voltage vector occupies. This technique significantly reduces the computational overhead required when implementing space vector modulation techniques with multi-level and multi-phase inverters. The space-vector technique can utilise redundant vectors to assist in balancing sub-cycle variation of the dc-link capacitor voltage under unbalanced load conditions. Experiments validate simulation results where the low-order voltage harmonics show that the d3-q3 voltage vector is null.

214    W Li, J Cao, X Zhang, "Electro-thermal Analysis of Induction Motor with Compound Cage Rotor Used for PHEV," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new kind of induction motor with compound cage rotor(IMCCR) is proposed in this paper, in which rotor bars are composed of upper parts made of alloy (conductor for electric and magnetic) and lower parts made of cast aluminum. Calculation models for IMCCR electromagnetic field and whole region (include stator and rotor) temperature field analyses are established. From motor electromagnetic analysis by using finite element method (FEM), losses distributions are obtained which are taken as the heat source in thermal analysis. In this work, starting and thermal performance of IMCCR operating under rated load are studied. From the comparison of obtained results with test data, it can see that IMCCR would be a better choice for driving system in Plug-in hybrid electrical vehicles (PHEV) and electrical vehicles (EV). Furthermore, influences of compound bar material on motor temperature distribution are analyzed, which would be helpful for the research on electrical materials used in machines. Considering the working conditions of motor used in PHEV and EV, effect of ambient temperature and output load on motor thermal performance were studied also.

215    A Dinu, M Cirstea, S Cirstea, "Direct Neural Networks Hardware Implementation Algorithm," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An algorithm for compact neural network hardware implementation is presented, which exploits special properties of the Boolean functions describing the operation of artificial neurones with step activation function. The algorithm contains three steps: ANN mathematical model digitisation, conversion of the digitised model into a logic gate structure, and hardware optimisation by elimination of redundant logic gates. A set of C++ programs automates algorithm implementation, generating optimised VHDL code. This strategy bridges the gap between ANN design software and hardware design packages (Xilinx). Although the method is directly applicable only to neurones with step activation functions, it can be extended to sigmoidal functions.

216    C Ortega, A Arias, C Caruana, J Balcells, G Asher, "Improved Waveform Quality in the Direct Torque Control of Matrix Converter-Fed PMSM Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Despite Matrix Converters (MC) ability to generate a higher number of voltage vectors compared to standard Voltage Source Inverters (VSI), most of the applications reported in the literature utilize only those having larger amplitudes. This paper investigates the use of MC input voltages with different amplitudes in order to reduce the inherent torque ripple that appears when Direct Torque Control (DTC) is used to drive AC machines, specially Permanent Magnets Synchronous Motors (PMSM) as its stator inductance is typically half of that of an Induction Machine (IM) of similar ratings. Utilizing a wider range of input voltage vectors for the MC, but not using the rotating vectors, a new look-up table that distinguishes between small and large torque errors is developed leading to an enhanced MC fed DTC. The enhancement enables a reduction in the electromagnetic torque ripple and output current Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). Furthermore, the proposed control strategy improves the MC voltage transfer ratio up to 86:6% compared with 50% achieved by the conventional DTC using MCs at the expense, however, of slightly decreasing the input power factor control capability. The proposed enhanced MC DTC was tested experimentally and results comparing its performance with MC DTC using an adapted look-up table are shown.

217    K Laskaris, A Kladas, "Internal Permanent Magnet Motor Design for Electric Vehicle Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Power compaction and high efficiency are two key advantages of Permanent Magnet Motors. This paper proposes an enhanced Internal Permanent Magnet Motor that delivers high torque, power compaction and exceptionally high efficiency in the same operation area. The advantage of the proposed scheme is the magnetic flux accumulation in the air gap, which allows much higher values of magnetic flux density, compared to a Surface Permanent Magnet Motor of the same size. The original contribution of the paper resides on the adopted motor configuration, enabling to efficiently utilize the energy stored in the permanent magnet and to provide total loss minimization at the most frequently used speed range.

218    T Chaudhuri, A Rufer, P Steimer, "The Common Cross Connected Stage for the 5L ANPC Medium Voltage Multilevel Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Rising interest in multilevel applications have triggered new researchactivities. This paper proposes a novel multilevel Power Electronics Building Block (PEBB) for the 5 level Active Neutral Point Clamped (ANPC) multilevel voltage source inverter. The PEBB is composed of 6 switches in a crossed configuration and one capacitor. It is common to the 3 phases of a 5 level ANPC topology, enabling a large number of levels to be generated. This PEBB is meant to be a reliable upgrade to the 5L topology, increasing output signal quality, and reducing the size of the output filter in medium voltage applications. The number of levels generated by the Common Cross Connected Stage (C3S) PEBB and the ANPC depend on the voltage ratios chosen between the phase capacitors of the ANPC and the PEBB capacitor(s). The trade off stands between ability to balance the capacitors, the rated blocking voltage of the devices and the number of levels produced. Under a given configuration, 9 levels can be produced with the possibility to balance the capacitors up to modulation indexes in the region of m=0.92. The analysis of the general topology, the description of the 9 level case, and simulation results are first presented. Prototyping results are then shown and validate the introduced concept and topology.

219    W Zhao, K Chau, M Cheng, J Ji, X Zhu, "Remedial Brushless AC Operation of Fault-Tolerant Doubly-Salient Permanent-Magnet Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The doubly-salient permanent-magnet (DSPM) machine is a new class ofstator-PM brushless machines, which inherently offers the fault-tolerant feature. In this paper, a new operation strategy is proposed and implemented for fault-tolerant DSPM motor drives. The key is to operate the DSPM motor drive in a remedial brushless AC (BLAC) mode under the open-circuit fault condition, while operating in the conventional brushless DC (BLDC) mode under normal condition. Both co-simulation and experimental results confirm that the proposed remedial BLAC operation can maintain the average torque, reduce the torque ripple and retain the self-starting capability under the open-circuit fault.

220    F Luo, D Ma, "Design of Digital Tri-Mode Adaptive-Output Buck-Boost Power Converter for Power-Efficient Integrated Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An integrated buck-boost converter with a tri-mode digital control is presented. It employs adaptive step-up/down voltage conversion to enable a wide range of output voltage. This is beneficial to ever-increasing electronic systems that employ dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) techniques for power-efficient operations. Three control modes are employed in the converter to operate jointly and seamlessly for performance optimization during periods of start-up, steady state and dynamic voltage/load transient states. To avoid latch-up problem and minimize leakage current, an automatic substrate switching circuit (ASSC) is introduced. The design was fabricated in a 0.35-¿m digital CMOS N-well process, with a die area of 1.3 mm2. It precisely regulates an adaptively adjustable power output from 0.9 to 3.0 V. Maximum efficiency is 96.5 %, which is measured at 0.9-V output and 45-mW load power. The efficiency remains above 50% over the entire 800-mW power range. The converter responds to a 45-mA load step transient change within 600 ns. DVS tracking speed is 37 ¿s/V for 1-V step-down change and 150 ¿s/V for 1-V step-up change. With a line regulation of 20.4 mV/V, the converter functions robustly when the input power source frequently varies between 1.6 and 3.3 V. The ASSC consumes only 88-¿W power.

221    S Kuo, S Chen, C Lin, "Design and development of RFID label for steel coil," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Although RFID technology has had a remarkable impact on various industries in recent years, designing RFID tags for metallic objects with satisfactory performance is still a challenge. So far, only few success stories have been reported in the steel industry. This paper presents the design and development of RFID labels for steel coils. In order to achieve automatic inventory during the product delivery process, a novel antenna structure based on the principle of a monopole antenna has been designed and the performance has been verified through measurements. In order to minimize the implementation cost added to the product line, the RFID tag is embedded into a barcode label with special perforations. A site test demonstrates that the developed tag has excellent performance, enabling automatic inventory using fixed readers.

222    J Leon, O Lopez, L Franquelo, J Doval-Gandoy, S Vazquez, J Alvarez, F Freijedo, "Multilevel Multiphase Feed-forward Space Vector Modulation Technique," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multiphase converters are being applied to an increasing number of industrial applications in recent years. On the other hand, multilevel converters have become a mature technology mainly in medium and high power applications. One of the problems of multilevel converters is the dc voltage unbalance of the dc bus. Depending on the loading conditions and the number of levels of the converter, oscillations appear in the dc voltages of the DC-Link. This paper presents a feedforward modulation technique for multilevel multiphase converters that reduces the distortion under balanced or unbalanced dc conditions. The proposed modulation method can be applied to any multilevel converter topology with any number of levels and phases. Experimental results are shown in order to validate the proposed feed-forward modulation technique.

223    P Garcia, L Fernandez, C Garcia, F Jurado, "Energy Management System of Fuel Cell-Battery Hybrid Tramway," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes the configuration, modeling and control of a fuel cell (FC)-battery powered hybrid system for the Metro Centro tramway in Seville, Spain. The proposed hybrid system presents a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) FC as primary energy source and a Ni-MH battery as secondary energy source, which supplements the output of the FC during tramway acceleration or whenever else needed and cruise and for energy recovery during braking. The tramway presents a traction system which is composed of four traction induction motor drives. The hybrid system also supplies the power for the auxiliary services. The power conditioning system is composed of two converters: 1) a boost-type unidirectional dc/dc converter for the FC, and 2) a boost-type bidirectional dc/dc converter for the battery. The Energy Management System (EMS) of the hybrid tramway determines the reference signals for the electric motor drives, the FC and the power converters in order to regulate accurately the power from the two electrical sources. EMS also determines the reference signal for energy dissipation in braking chopper when required during regenerative braking. In this paper, the proposed hybrid system is evaluated for the real driving cycle of the tramway. The results demonstrate the hybrid system capability to meet appropriate driving cycle.

224    R Miceli, F Genduso, C Rando, G Ricco Galluzzo, "Back-EMF Sensorless Control Algorithm for High Dynamics Performances PMSM," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In the paper a low time consuming and cost sensorless control algorithm for high dynamics performances Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) both surface or internal permanent magnet mounted for position and speed estimation is introduced discussed and experimentally validated. This control algorithm is based on the estimation of rotor speed and angular position starting from the back electromotive force space vector determination without voltage sensors by using the reference voltages given by the current controllers instead of the actual ones. This choice obviously introduces some errors that must be vanished by means of a compensating function. The novelties of the proposed estimation algorithm are the position estimation equation and the process of compensation of the inverter phase lag that also suggests the final mathematical form of the estimation. The mathematical structure of the estimation guarantees a high degree of robustness against parameters variation as shown by the sensitivity analysis reported in the paper. Experimental verifications of the proposed sensorless control system have been made with the aid of a flexible test bench for Brushless Motor Electrical Drives. The test results presented in the paper show the validity of the proposed low cost sensorless control algorithm and, above all, underline the high dynamic performances of the sensorless control system also with a reduced equipment.

225    S Lopez Arevalo, P Zanchetta, P Wheeler, A Trentin, "Control and Implementation of a Matrix Converter-based AC Ground Power Unit for Aircrafts Servicing," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper deals with the design, control and implementation of a three-phase Ground Power supply Unit (GPU) for aircraft servicing. Instead of a classical back to back converter configuration, a 3-phase direct AC-AC (matrix) converter has been used as the power conditioning core of the power supply, working in conjunction with input and output LC filters. An optimized control system in the ABC frame employing a repetitive controller has been successfully implemented taking into account both the transient and steady state performance targets together with the system effectiveness under extreme unbalanced conditions. Extensive experimental tests on a 7.5kVA prototype prove the efficiency of the designed system in meeting the high demanding civil and military international standards requirements.

226    H Xu, H Kim, W Chung, "Experimental Identification Method for Small-Signal Analysis of Smart Power ICs," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Smart power integrated circuits (ICs), as the combination of control and power functions on a single chip, enable the production of more miniaturized systems. This paper presents an experimental method for the small-signal frequency response analysis of smart power ICs in switch-mode power supplies. In this method, the switching duty cycle output of a power IC is converted into a digital signal by using two high-speed counters during each switching period, and the power ICs control input signal is simultaneously converted into a digital signal by an analog-to-digital converter. After processing the data of the duty cycle output and the control input, not only the transient response but also the frequency response of the power IC can be obtained. Using least-square identification, the smart power ICs transfer function is finally synthesized from the measurement data. This analysis method, referred to as sampling the transient responses and frequency responses of power ICs, can efficiently provide reliable and accurate transfer functions whether the switching frequency of a power IC is jittered or frequency-modulated. The experiments using different power ICs were presented herein to validate the analysis method. The results were discussed, and the effectiveness and practicality of the method were verified.

227    K Basu, J Prasad, G Narayanan, H Krishnamurthy, R Ayyanar, "Reduction of Torque Ripple in Induction Motor Drives Using an Advanced Hybrid PWM Technique," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A voltage source inverter fed induction motor produces a pulsating torque due to application of nonsinusoidal voltages. The torque pulsation is strongly influenced by the pulse width modulation (PWM) method employed. Conventional space vector PWM (CSVPWM) is known to result in less torque ripple than sine-triangle PWM (SPWM). This work aims at further reduction in the pulsating torque by employing advanced bus-clamping switching sequences, which apply an active vector twice in a subcycle. This letter proposes a hybrid PWM technique which employs such advanced busclamping sequences in conjunction with conventional switching sequence. The proposed hybrid PWM technique is shown to reduce the torque ripple considerably over CSVPWM along with a marginal reduction in current ripple.

228    J Leon, S Vazquez, J Sanchez, R Portillo, L Franquelo, J Carrasco, E Dominguez, "Conventional Space-Vector Modulation Techniques versus the Single-Phase Modulator for Multilevel Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Space-vector modulation is a well-suited technique to be applied to multilevel converters and is an important research focus in the last 25 years. Recently, a single-phase multilevel modulator has been introduced showing its conceptual simplicity and its very low computational cost. In this paper, some of the most conventional multilevel space-vector modulation techniques have been chosen to compare their results with those obtained with single-phase multilevel modulators. The obtained results demonstrate that the single-phase multilevel modulators applied to each phase are equivalent with the chosen wellknown multilevel space-vector modulation techniques. In this way, single-phase multilevel modulators can be applied to a converter with any number of levels and phases avoiding the use of conceptually and mathematically complex space-vector modulation strategies. Analytical calculations and experimental results are shown validating the proposed concepts.

229    Y Ege, O Kalender, S Nazlibilek, "Electromagnetic Stirrer Operating in Double Axis," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this study, a new rotating magnetic stirrer system that is controlled by a programmable integrated circuit microcontroller (PIC) and can stir in double axis is developed. In contrast to making a stirring action only at one point as in the case of traditional electromagnetic stirrers, the system that is developed can rotate at two separate axes. One of the rotations is around the axis of the magnetic stir bar itself and the other is over a circle defined by a rotating magnetic field. That is, the stirrer makes two rotational motions. This is the main contribution of this work. The magnetic stirrer system is designed as a three-phase system and a sinusoidal ramp signal is applied to the phases as the supply voltage. During the design stage, the mathematical model of the system was obtained and the parameters affecting the design were determined. Based on these parameters, a parameter set was established. This parameter set can be used for subsequent design studies of the system. A PIC based control circuit is used to control the frequency of the supply voltage. The structure of the double rotating electromagnetic stirring system is explained. The physical conditions affecting the double-axis rotational motion of the magnetic stir bar are discussed in detail. It was observed that a more homogeneous stirring process could be achieved with this kind of double-axis rotation.

230    P Desai, M Krishnamurthy, N Schofield, A Emadi, "Novel Switched Reluctance Machine Configuration with Higher Number of Rotor Poles than Stator Poles: Concept to Implementation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: There is a great demand for efficient, quiet, reliable and cost-effective motor drives for propulsion systems in Hybrid and Plug-in Hybrid electric vehicles. Owing to a rigid structure and absence of magnetic source on the rotor, a Switched Reluctance Machine (SRM) is inherently robust and costeffective. In spite these advantages, several challenges in the control of this machine remain an issue, including high levels of torque ripple, acoustic noise and a relatively low torque density. This paper presents a new family of SRMs which have higher number of rotor poles than stator poles. Using a newly defined pole design (PD) formula, several novel combinations of the stator-rotor pole have been proposed. From simulation and experimental analysis of a prototype 6/10 configuration, it has been observed that this machine produces higher torque per unit volume and comparable torque ripple when compared to a conventional 6/4 SRM with similar number of phases and constraints in volume. Results presented in this paper make this family of machines a strong contender for survivable, highperformance applications for automotive propulsion systems. Simulation and experimental results for the prototype 6/10 configuration have been presented and compared to a conventional 6/4 design for verification.

231    M Montazeri-Gh, M Soleymani, "Investigation of the Energy Regeneration of Active Suspension System in Hybrid Electric Vehicles," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper investigates the idea of the energy regeneration of active suspension system in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). For this purpose, extensive simulation and control methods are utilized to develop a simultaneous simulation in which both HEV powertrain and active suspension systems are simulated in a unified media. In addition, a hybrid energy storage system (ESS) comprising electrochemical batteries and ultra capacitors is proposed for this application. Simulation results reveal that the regeneration of the active suspension energy results in an improved fuel economy. Moreover, using the hybrid ESS, active suspension load fluctuations are transferred from the batteries to the ultra capacitors that in turn will improve the efficiency of the batteries and increase their life.

232    Y Kano, K Tonogi, N Matsui, "A Simple Non-Linear Magnetic Analysis for Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a simple nonlinear magnetic analysis for axial-flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machines as an assistant design tool of three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D-FEA). The proposed analysis consists of the equivalent magnetic circuit and the analytical model of the air-gap permeances, including the saturable permeances in the core. The proposed analysis is capable of calculating the flux distribution and torque characteristics under heavy operating conditions. We verify the accuracy of the proposed analysis by comparing 3D-FEA for the various design free parameters. After verifying the accuracy of the analysis, we present our analysis-based optimum design, which realizes the maximum torque density while maintaining efficiency at the desired value. Compared to the traditional 3D-FEA, the design method proposed here has the same accuracy, while the computation time is as short as 1/21

233    N Abd Rahim, J Selvaraj, "Multi-String Five-Level Inverter with Novel PWM Control Scheme for PV Application," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a single-phase multi-string five-level PV inverter topology for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems with a novel PWM control scheme. Three PV strings are cascaded together in parallel configuration and connected to a five-level inverter to produce output voltage in five levels: zero, +1/2Vdc, Vdc, -1/2Vdc and -Vdc. Two reference signals identical to each other with an offset equivalent to the amplitude of the triangular carrier signal were used to generate PWM signals for the switches. DSP TMS320F2812 is used to implement this PWM switching scheme together with a digital PI current control algorithm. The inverter offers much less THD and can operate at near unity power factor. The validity of the proposed inverter is verified through simulation and implemented in a prototype. The experimental results are compared with conventional single-phase multi-string three-level grid-connected PWM inverter.

234    J Carmo, L Goncalves, H Correia, "Thermoelectric micro converter for energy harvesting systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a solution for energy microgeneration through energy harvesting by taking advantage of temperature differences that are converted into electrical energy using the Seebeck effect. A thermoelectric micro converter for energy scavenging systems that can supply low-power electronics was fabricated using thin-films of bismuth and antimony tellurides. Thin-films of a n-type bismuth (Bi2Te3) and p-type antimony (Sb2Te3) tellurides were obtained by thermal co-evaporation with thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) at room temperature of 0.84 and 0.5, and power factors, PFe10-3 [WK-1m-2], of 4.87 and 2.81, respectively. The films were patterned by photolithography and wet-etching techniques. The goal for this thermoelectric micro converter is to supply individual EEG modules composed by an electrode, processing electronics and an antenna, where the power consumptions ranges from cents of ¿W to a few mW. Also, these wireless EEG modules allow patients to maintain their mobility while simultaneously having their electrical brain activity monitored.

235    A Giustiniani, G Petrone, G Spagnuolo, M Vitelli, "Low frequency current oscillations and maximum power point tracking in grid-connected fuel cell based system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The study of a double stage single phase inverter for fuel cell based applications is proposed in this paper. A novel control strategy aimed at reducing the low frequency oscillations of the FC current in order to guarantee the fuel cell safety operating conditions is proposed. The reduction of such oscillations increases the fuel cell lifetime, avoids high mechanical stress of the membrane and unnecessary consumption of reactants. Furthermore, it allows to design a strategy for extracting the maximum power from the fuel cell stack with a total control of the concentration losses. Simulation and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

236    J Olivier, J Le Claire, L Loron, "A Nonlinear Phenomenon on Self-Oscillating Current Controllers: The Indirect Synchronization," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a particular phenomenon called Indirect Synchronization is investigated on self-oscillating current controllers. This phenomenon appears in medium-frequencies, when the reference signal frequency tends to the switching frequency. In a previous work, it has been shown that the Indirect Synchronization causes discontinuities on the frequential response of the system, making the various linear or continuous models inefficient. For high accuracy applications, such as active filtering or high precision power supply, these discontinuities are a real problem. Thus, it seems important to offer an analytical description of this phenomenon. In this work, an analytical model of the indirect synchronization phenomenon is proposed and checked by simulation and experimental results.

237    A Varschavsky, J Dixon, M Rotella, L Moran, "Cascaded Nine-Level Inverter for Hybrid Series Active Power Filter, Using Industrial Controller," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An industrial controller, specifically designed for two and three-level converters, was adapted to work on an asymmetrical, nine-level Active Power Filter (APF). The controller is now able to make all required tasks for the correct operation of the APF, such as current harmonics elimination and removal of high frequency noise. The low switching frequency operation of the ninelevel converter was an important advantage in the application of the industrial controller. Besides, with the nine-level filter, switching losses were significantly reduced. The filter was designed to work as voltage source and operates as harmonic isolator, improving the filtering characteristics of the passive filter. The control strategy for detecting current harmonics is based on the p-q theory and the phase tracking system in a synchronous reference frame phase-locked loop. The dc link voltage control is analyzed together with the effect of controller gain and delay time in systems stability. Simulation for this application are displayed and experiments in a 1kVA prototype, using the above mentioned industrial controller were tested, validating the effectiveness of this new application.

238    P Kujan, M Hromcik, M Sebek, "Complete Fast Analytical Solution of the Optimal Odd Single-phase Multilevel Problem," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper we focus on computation of optimal switching angles for general multilevel odd symmetry waveforms. We show that this problem is similar to (but more general than) the optimal pulse width modulation (PWM) problem which is an established method of generating PWM waveforms with low base-band distortion. We introduce a new general modulation strategy for multilevel inverters which takes an analytic form and is very fast with the complexity of only O(n log2 n) arithmetic operations where n is the number of controlled harmonics. This algorithm is based on a transformation of appropriate trigonometric equations for each controlled harmonics to a polynomial system of equations that is further transformed to a special system of composite sum of powers. The solution of this system is carried out by a modification of the Newtons identity via Padóe approximation, formal orthogonal polynomials theory, and properties of symmetric polynomials. Finally, the optimal switching sequence is obtained by computing zeros of two formal orthogonal polynomials in one variable or, alternatively, by a special recurrence formula and eigenvalues computation.

239    S Vazquez, J. Leon, J Carrasco, L Franquelo, E Galvan, M Reyes, J Sanchez, E Dominguez, "Analysis of the Power Balance In the Cells of a Multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multilevel cascaded H-Bridge converters (CHB) have been presented as a good solution for high power applications. In this way, several control and modulation techniques have been proposed for this power converter topology. In this paper the steady state power balance in the cells of the single phase two cell CHB is studied. The capability to be supplied with active power from the grid or to deliver active power to the grid in each cell is analyzed according to the dc-link voltages and the desired ac output voltage value. Limits of the maximum and minimum input active power for stable operation of the CHB are addressed. Simulation results are shown to validate the presented analysis.

240    J Kuo, K Chao, L Lee, "Dual Mechatronic MPPT Controllers With PN and OPSO Control Algorithms for the Rotatable Solar Panel in PHEV System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper will increase the efficiency of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) by using rotatable solar panel. Conventionally, the PHEV with solar panel has a critical problem of putting on the roof of a PHEV. Since the limited space on the roof of the vehicle is not large enough. Rotatable structure is considered to track the sunlight by mechanical Petri Nets (PN) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. A stepping motor is used to control the rotating angle of the rotating solar panel. Also, the electric MPPT with OPSO(orthogonal particle swarm optimization) method is also included. With the dual mechatronic MPPT with PN+OPSO control algorithms, the maximum power in a limited roof space of the vehicle is possible. The solar panel has not to be very large. This will increase the efficiency of the PHEV. It is convinced that the proposed dual mechatronic PN+OPSO MPPT controllers are helpful to the PHEV system.

241    G Chang, C Chen, Y Teng, "Radial Basis Function-Based Neural Network for Harmonics Detection," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The widespread application of power electronic loads has led to increasing harmonic pollution in the supply system. In order to prevent harmonics from deteriorating the power quality, detecting harmonic components for harmonic mitigations becomes a critical issue. In this paper, an effective procedure based on the radial basis function neural network is proposed to detect harmonic amplitudes of the measured signal. By comparing with several commonly used methods, it is shown that the proposed solution procedure yields more accurate results and requires less sampled data for harmonics assessment.

242    J Barros, F Silva, "Multilevel Optimal Predictive Dynamic Voltage Restorer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents an optimal predictive controller for a multilevel converter based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), able to improve the voltage quality of sensitive loads connected to the electrical power network. The optimal predictive controlled multilevel DVR can restore sags and short interruptions, while reducing the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the AC line voltages to values lower than 1%. The DVR is based on a three-phase neutral point clamped ('PC) converter to dynamically inject a compensation voltage vector in series with the line voltage, through series connected transformer secondary windings. To assure high quality voltages for sensitive loads, we devise optimal predictive control laws for the injected compensation AC voltages. A suitable quadratic weighed cost functional is used to choose the voltage vector minimizing both the AC voltage errors through current injection, and the DC side capacitor voltage unbalancing. The performance of the proposed predictive controller is compared to classical proportional integral (PI): synchronous frame and stationary frame (P+resonant) controllers; the line-side filter capacitor topology is compared to the regular converter-side filter capacitor. Obtained experimental results show that the AC voltages are almost sinusoidal in steady state operation, when facing balanced and unbalanced sags, and short interruptions with unbalanced loads. Voltage THD is reduced to values lower than 1%, the DVR behaving also as a series active power filter for the AC voltages.

243    Z Xiangjun, X Yao, W Yuanyuan, "Some Novel Techniques for Insulation Parameters Measurement and Petersen-coil Control in Distribution Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Traditional resonance grounding method is hard to completely satisfy the requirement of suppressing normal neutral-to-ground voltage and self-extinguishing grounding fault arcs in asymmetry distribution systems. For improvement, a new grounding method of a Petersen-coil in parallel with a reactor is developed, and some novel techniques for insulation parameters measurement and Petersen-coil control are proposed in the paper. An interpolation algorithm is presented to calculate the distribution systems resonance frequency. The insulation parameters (including capacitance to earth, leakage conductance, damping coefficient and dissipation factor) are measured by the injecting resonance signal. The measured insulation parameters are then applied in Petersen-coil tuning. The new grounding equipment and the device for insulation parameters measurement and Petersen-coil control are developed. The results of laboratory tests and distribution systems operation show that the novel Petersen-coil control techniques can satisfy the requirement of asymmetry distribution systems. The proposed measurement method of insulation parameters is simple, convenient, precise and tested in real time without power supply interrupting.

244    K Hafiz, G Nanda, N. C. Kar, "Performance Analysis of Aluminum- and Copper-Rotor Induction Generators Considering Skin and Thermal Effects," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Recent progress in wind power generation has led to the use of grid connected and self-excited induction generators. Aluminum has been the common conductor material for squirrel-cage induction machines for a long time, largely because of low cost and ease of manufacturing. Recent developments in materials engineering has brought forth copper-rotor induction machines with promising results. In these machines, skin effect as well as temperature effect on the machine equivalent circuit parameters during operation is expected to play an important role in the evaluation of induction machine performance. In this paper, a qualitative performance analysis of aluminum- and copper-rotor self-excited induction generators considering the skin and thermal effects has been presented theoretically and experimentally.

245    S Hedayati Kia, H Henao, G.-A. Capolino, "Torsional Vibration Assessment Using Induction Machine Electromagnetic Torque Estimation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Mechanical anomalies such as load troubles, great torque dynamic variations and torsional oscillations result in the shaft fatigue of electrical machine and other mechanical parts such as bearings and gearboxes. Particularly, the torsional vibration may attain a significant level at resonant frequencies which damage or cause additional lifetime consumption of mechanical parts. In this way, this paper proposes a non-invasive technique through the electromagnetic torque estimation of driving induction machine as a mean of mechanical torsional stresses monitoring. The lubrication loss is considered as a gear failure to demonstrate its influence on the vibration and on the electromagnetic estimated torque signatures. Then, it is shown that the information in the electromagnetic torque can be decomposed into high and low frequency bandwidths which are associated to induction machine and gearbox mechanical related frequencies respectively. A set-up based on a 5.5kW three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor connected to a 4kW wound-rotor induction generator via a one-stage gearbox has been used to validate the proposed method in both stationary and non-stationary conditions.

246    W.-S. Huang, C.-W. Wei, P.-L. Hsu, S.-S. Yeh, "Precision Control and Compensation of Servo Motors and Machine Tools via the Disturbance Observer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The computerized numerical control machine tool is a highly integrated mechatronics system in manufacturing processes. However, uncertainties degrade its motion accuracy. These include as modeling errors, parameter variation, friction, and measurement errors that are present in either linear or nonlinear nature. In this paper, the state-space disturbance observer was successfully applied to servo motors to estimate and compensate for uncertainties of parameter variation and current measurement problems, in the velocity and current loops, respectively. Furthermore, an auto-tuning procedure was developed accordingly to identify the varied parameters of the motor. Furthermore, by implementing the present servo motor systems in high-precision machine tools, the nonlinear friction compensation was adopted to reduce the slip-stick effect in contouring motion. Experimental results indicate that the roundness error has been significantly reduced from 13.3 $mu$m to 2.0 $mu$m by applying the proposed approaches.

247    S Changchien, T Liang, J Chen, L Yang, "Novel High Step-up DC-DC Converter for Fuel Cell Energy Conversion System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel high step-up DC-DC converter for fuel cell energy conversion is presented in this paper. The proposed converter utilizes a multi-windings coupled inductor and a voltage doubler to achieve high step-up voltage gain. The voltage on the active switch is clamped and the energy stored in the leakage inductor is recycled. Therefore, the voltage stress on the active switch is reduced, and the conversion efficiency is improved. Finally, a 750-W laboratory prototype converter supplied by a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) power source and output voltage 400 V is implemented. The experimental results verify the performances, including high voltage gain, high conversion efficiency and the effective suppression of the voltage stress on power devices. The proposed high step-up converter can be feasibly used for low-input-voltage fuel cell power conversion applications.

248    M Guerreiro, D Foito, A Cordeiro, "A Speed Controller for a Two Windings Induction Motor Based on Diametrical Inversion," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The objective is to control the speed of a single or two phase induction motor using a diametrical inversion of the stator voltages. Diametrical inversion is a particular reversal of the sequence phases characterized by replacement of the voltage phasor by another diametrically opposed to it and rotating in the opposite direction. Every diametrical inversion is provoked by a change in the sign of the simplest switching function (speed error) of a sliding mode. These changes are responsible by jumps of 180æ of stator voltage phasor and by successive discontinuities of its angular velocity. The main and the auxiliary windings are always connected, the speed error sign allows to decide the rotating field direction and so the actual rotor velocity can be reduced (braked) or increased (accelerated). The motor is fed by a rectifier associated with a three-phase inverter. The common point of the windings is connected to the inverter middle leg which is switched at high-frequency with a duty-cycle of 50%. The core of the drive command is a 16-bit dsPIC device, which receives the speed error sign and generates the appropriate pulse width modulated signals to the three-phase inverter. Matlab/Simulink simulation and experimental results showed a good performance of the speed controller based on the diametrical inversion.

249    M Tursini, E Chiricozzi, R Petrella, "Feed-Forward Flux-Weakening Control of Surface Mounted PM Synchronous Motors Accounting for Resistive Voltage Drop," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper deals with the flux-weakening control of surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors, taking into account the influence of the resistive voltage drop in the stator windings, whose effect is usually neglected in similar studies. First, the motor equations exploiting the optimal torque-speed limits in the flux-weakening region are evaluated and discussed. Then, the influence of the resistive voltage drop is pointed out, highlighting its effect on the set-up of the flux-weakening strategy. Hence, a simplified approach to flux-weakening motor control is presented, useful for the practical implementation in micro-controlled drives. Finally, experimental results are shown, using a position tracking application as a test case.

250    R Moulin, J Leveque, L Durantay, B Douine, D Netter, A Rezzoug, "Superconducting Multi-Stacks Inductor for Synchronous Motors Using the Diamagnetism Property of Bulk Material," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An original superconducting synchronous motor topology is presented. The inductor combines both bulk materials and wires to create a alternating magnetic field in the air-gap of the motor. A prototype that uses NbTi superconducting wires and YBCO bulks has been successfully designed and constructed. Test results are presented. In a second part of the paper, the possibility of higher power motor is discussed. To do so, the active length needs to be increased. In this work, a multi-stack structure is proposed and computation results show the effectiveness of the suggested approach.

251    M Fnaiech, F Betin, G Capolino, F Fnaiech, "Fuzzy Logic and Sliding Mode Controls Applied to Six Phase Induction Machine With Open Phases," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The faulted mode of a six-phase induction machine denotes that the motor is working with one or more missing phases. This situation leads to torque oscillations and poor tracking behaviour. Therefore, the design of a suitable robust control is a challenged task. In this way, this paper presents the application of fuzzy logic and sliding mode controls in order to obtain a high accuracy positioning of a six-phase induction machine rotor in both healthy and faulted modes. The two control strategies are completely different from a theoretical point of view but the final objectives are to remove the drawbacks of the specific fault on interest. The experimental results are obtained on a dedicated set-up based on a six-phase induction machine coupled with a variable mechanical load and for which up to three phases can be removed.

252    T Ghennam, E Berkouk, B Francois, "A Novel Space Vector Current Control Based on Circular Hysteresis Areas of a Three-Phase Neutral-Point-Clamped Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a novel Space Vector Current Control (SVCC) strategy for three-phase Neutral-Point-Clamped (NPC) inverters. The main task of this control technique is to force the actual current vector to reach the reference current vector. This original strategy consists in defining three circular hysteresis bands around the error vector. Then, according to the location of this error vector, a selection process of the next applied vector is used to minimize the error vector. The Neutral Point (NP) voltage is balanced by using the redundant inverter switching states. Simple look-up tables are required for area and sector detection, as well as for vector selection. The performance of the proposed control technique is demonstrated through simulation and experimental investigations.

253    A Hamadi, S Rahmani, K Al-Haddad, "A Hybrid Passive Filter Configuration for VAR Control and Harmonic Compensation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel topology for three-phase Hybrid Passive Filter (HPF) to compensate for reactive power and harmonics. The HPF consists of a series passive filter and Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) based variable impedance Shunt Passive Filter (SPF). A mutual inductance design concept is used to reduce the series passive filter inductance rating. The special features of the proposed HPF system are i) insensitive to source impedance variations, ii) no series or parallel resonance problems, iii) fast dynamic response and iv) significant size reduction in shunt passive filter capacitor. The performance of the proposed HPF system is validated by simulation as well as by experimentation under different load conditions. Experimental and simulation results show that the proposed system can effectively compensate all voltage and current harmonics and reactive power for large nonlinear load.

254    Y Chuang, "High Efficiency ZCS Buck Converter for Rechargeable Batteries," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: To obtain zero-current-switching (ZCS) operation, this work develops a novel soft-switching approach for rechargeable batteries. By inserting an auxiliary switch in series with the resonant capacitor, the proposed topology can obtain a novel ZCS buck dc-dc battery charger, and significantly decrease the switching losses in active power switches. The proposed ZCS dc-dc battery charger has a straightforward structure, low cost, easy control and high efficiency. The operating principles and design procedure of the proposed charger are thoroughly analyzed. The optimal values of the resonant components are computed by applying the characteristic curve and the electric functions derived from the circuit configuration. Finally, a prototype charger circuit designed for a 12V-48Ah lead-acid battery is constructed and tested to confirm the theoretical predictions. The maximum charging efficiency of the proposed topology during the overall charging period is 90.3%. Satisfactory performance is obtained from the experimental results

255    G Zhang, J Chen, Z Li, "Identifier Based Adaptive Robust Control for Servo Mechanisms With Improved Transient Performance," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper focuses on the adaptive robust control (ARC) for servo mechanisms whose dynamic models are subject to unknown parameters, disturbance and parameter sudden changes. To improve the control performance of the traditional ARC, a novel identifier-based adaptive robust control (IFARC) scheme is proposed. In this scheme, an identifier is utilized to accelerate the parameter tuning process and to heighten the accuracy of parameter estimation. A switching logic component based on a given performance index is introduced to select the better parameter estimate vector from those provided by the identifier and the adaptation law. As a result, the transient performance can be improved according to the certainty equivalence principle. Additionally, exact reconstruction of the unknown parameters and exponential decay of the tracking error can be achieved under certain conditions. The stability and performance of IFARC are theoretically analyzed. Finally, simulation results show that the IFARC can achieve favorable tracking performance.

256    M Molinas, J Suul, T Undeland, "Extending the Life of Gear Box in Wind Generators by Smoothing Transient Torque With STATCOM," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Gearboxes for wind turbines must ensure high reliability over a period of 20 years withstanding cumulative and transient loads. One main challenge to this is represented by electromagnetic torque transients caused by grid faults and disturbances, which will result in significant stresses and fatigue of the gearbox. Possibilities for limiting the torque transients in fixed speed wind generators have not been previously reported. This paper presents a technique by which the transient torques during recovery after a grid fault can be smoothed in a wind farm with induction generators directly connected to the grid. A model based control technique using the quasi stationary equivalent circuit of the system is suggested for controlling the torque with a STATCOM. The basis of the approach consists of controlling the induction generator terminal voltage by the injection/absorption of reactive current using the STATCOM. By controlling the terminal voltage as a function of the generator speed during the recovery process, the electromagnetic torque of the generator is indirectly controlled, in order to reduce the drive train mechanical stresses caused by the characteristics of the induction machine when decelerating through the maximum torque region. The control concept is shown by simulations in PSCAD, where the smoothing effect of the proposed technique on a wind turbine is seen during the recovery after a three phase to ground fault condition. The influence of the shaft stiffness in a multi-mass drive train model is discussed, and the performance of the control concept in case of parallel connection of several turbines is investigated to discuss the applicability in a wind farm.

257    D Wu, S Pekarek, B Fahimi, "A Voltage-Input-Based Field Reconstruction Technique for Efficient Modeling of the Fields and Forces Within Induction Machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In recent research, a field reconstruction (FR) technique was developed to enable more efficient evaluation of the magnetic fields and forces within induction machines. Using the FR, the results of two finite element (FE) solutions (in which stator current is used as the input to the FE model) are used to establish basis functions for the flux densities in the airgap of the machine. The basis functions are then used to predict the magnetic fields and forces under arbitrary stator excitation. In this paper, the technique is enhanced to enable modeling with stator voltage (rather than stator current) as the model input. This enables a more convenient coupling of the FR model to external circuit components to model overall system performance.

258    R Gupta, M Chow, "Networked Control System: Overview and Research Trends," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Networked Control System (NCS) has been one of the main research focuses in academia as well as in industry for many decades and has become a multidisciplinary area. With these growing research trends, it is important to consolidate the latest knowledge and information to keep up with the research needs. In this paper, the NCS and its different forms are introduced and discussed. The beginning of this paper discusses the history and evolution of NCS. The next part of this paper focuses on different fields and research arenas such as: networking technology, network delay, network resource allocation, scheduling, network security in real-time NCS, integration of components on network, fault tolerance, etc. A brief literature survey and possible future direction concerning each topic is included.

259    G Tina, M Rosa-Clot, P Scandura, R Lanzafame, S Nachtmann, S Taddei, P Rosa-Clot, "Field Experience With Performances Evaluation of a Single-Crystalline Photovoltaic Panel in an Underwater Environment," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this study the electrical and thermal performance of a single-crystalline submerged photovoltaic solar panel (SP2) is investigated. In particular, due to the presence of water, several phenomena occur such as the modification of solar radiation spectrum and the reduction of the module operating temperature. These phenomena have different impacts on the global energy performance of the PV module which depends on the environmental conditions, on the PV technology and on the water depth. Energy performances of an SP2 module are measured using two different experimental setups in different environmental conditions, with an increase in power ranging from 10 to 15%.

260    D Marcetic, E Adzic, "Improved Three-Phase Current Reconstruction for Induction Motor Drives With DC-Link Shunt," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper aims to reveal an offset jitter like waveform error, usually present in all three-phase current signals reconstructed from the dc-link current samples. The paper also presents a method for the cancellation of that error, which could be useful in low-cost shaft-sensorless drives. Combination of two samples time-displacement and the line current PWM ripple produces a distinctive shape of the reconstructed current error, which is offset jitter like, and always at the current ripple level. This unusual waveform distortion is often masked by other jitters, noise sources, and therefore is typically not given in the relevant literature. However, the distortion is difficult to filter out and it may be harmful, especially in applications with the low rated motor current. The proposed waveform correction scheme uses the readily available motor states in the shaft-sensorless drives, and does not require a major computational effort. The variety of experimental results shows that the scheme recovers the a-b currents waveforms, and as a result prevents the increase in the sixth harmonic ripple in d-q currents, which is inherent to the PWM inverter controlled drives. Consequently, the drives with the dc shunt will no longer have current signal offset problems, nor the need for d-q currents signal pre-filters with order significantly higher than usual.

261    A Waluyo, W Rahayu, D Taniar, B Srinivasan, "A Novel Structure and Access Mechanism for Mobile Broadcast Data in Digital Ecosystems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Digital eco-systems offer cost effective digital services that attract and benefit the species within them (i.e. human, organization and computers). As a cornerstone technology for digital information delivery, data broadcast provides a strong backbone for the digital eco-system infrastructure. Its scalability feature is highly significant for various digital eco-system applications including mobile broadcast services. This paper proposes a novel structure and access for mobile data broadcast. The proposed scheme addresses the trade-off between minimizing query access time and tuning time by specifying a new message structure. Correspondingly, a new access and processing mode for mobile clients is required. We study the effectiveness of the proposed approach in minimizing query access time while maintaining low tuning time. The results of our experiments are used to make comparisons with existing approaches. The results affirm the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.

262    K Saiki, A Hara, K Sakata, H Fujimoto, "A Study on High-Speed and High-Precision Tracking Control of Large-Scale Stage Using Perfect Tracking Control Method Based on Multirate Feedforward Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In hard disk drive control, perfect tracking control (PTC) method has already obtained high performance. Therefore, the first author and his group study PTC scheme for improving performance of large-scale stages. This paper presents an application of PTC scheme to the tracking control of two different stages. The results from both simulations and experiments show that the PTC method outperforms the conventional rigid-body-mode based feedforward method.

263    M Nymand, M Andersen, "High Efficiency Isolated Boost DC-DC Converter for High-Power Low-Voltage Fuel Cell Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new design approach achieving very high conversion efficiency in low-voltage high-power isolated boost dc-dc converters is presented. Transformer eddy current and proximity effect are analysed, demonstrating that extensive interleaving of primary and secondary windings is needed to avoid high winding losses. Analysis of transformer leakage inductance reveals that extremely low leakage inductance can be achieved, allowing stored energy to be dissipated. Power MOSFETs fully rated for repetitive avalanches allow primary side voltage clamp circuits to be eliminated. Oversizing of primary switch voltage rating can thus be avoided, significantly reducing switch conduction losses. Finally, silicon carbide rectifying diodes allow fast diode turn-off, further reducing losses. Detailed test results from a 1.5 kW full-bridge boost dc-dc converter verify theoretical analysis and demonstrate very high conversion efficiency. Efficiency at minimum input voltage, maximum power is 96.8 %. Maximum efficiency of the proposed converter is 98 %.

264    A Hirzel, N Shah, B Cho, "Transmission-Less Selective Aligned Surface Permanent Magnet BLDC Motor in Hybrid Electric Vehicles," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An axial flux permanent magnet brushless motor is designed with variable stator alignment of independent stators, thus allowing field-weakening via a controllable and variable generated-voltage constant. This feature is particularly valuable in vehicle traction motors with large constant-power speed-ratio, where there is also a strong desire to eliminate the need for gear changes and keep the overall size of the motor drive as small as possible. The advantage of high pole count as applied to this technique is discussed and the simulation impact on motor drive kVA, efficiency, gradability, acceleration, and maximum speed over typical driving cycles is shown

265    L de Lillo, L Empringham, P Wheeler, S Khwan-on, C Gerada, N Othman, X Huang, "Multiphase Power Converter Drive for Fault Tolerant Machine Development in Aerospace Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes an experimental tool to evaluate and support the development of fault tolerant machines designed for aerospace motor drives. Aerospace applications involve essentially safety critical systems which should be able to overcome hardware or software faults and therefore need to be fault tolerant. A way of achieving this is to introduce variable degrees of redundancy into the system by duplicating one or all of the operations within the system itself. Looking at motor drives, multiphase machines such as multiphase brushless dc machines are considered to be good candidates in the design of fault tolerant aerospace motor drives. The paper introduces a multi-phase two level inverter using a flexible and reliable FPGA/DSP controller for data acquisition, motor control and fault monitoring to study the fault tolerance of such systems.

266    S Park, G Cha, Y Jung, C Won, "Design and Application for PV Generation System Using a Soft-Switching Boost Converter With SARC," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In order to improve the efficiency of energy conversion for a photovoltaic system, a soft-switching boost converter using SARC (Simple Auxiliary Resonant Circuit), which is composed of auxiliary switch, diode, resonant inductor and resonant capacitor is adopted in this paper. The conventional boost converter decreases the efficiency because of hard switching, which generates losses when the switches are turned on/off. During this interval, all switches in the adopted circuit perform ZCS by the resonant inductor at turn-on, and ZVS by the resonant capacitor at turn-off. This switching pattern can reduce the switching losses, voltage and current stress of the switching device. Moreover, it is very easy to control. In this paper, we have analyzed the operational principles of the adopted soft-switching boost converter, and it is designed for PV generation system. Simulation and experimental results are presented to confirm the theoretical analysis.

267    T Orlowska-Kowalska, K Szabat, M Dybkowski, "Adaptive Sliding Mode Neuro-Fuzzy Control of the Two-Mass Induction Motor Drive Without Mechanical Sensors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In the paper the concept of a model reference adaptive control (MRAC) of the sensorless induction motor drive with elastic joint is proposed. The adaptive speed controller uses fuzzy neural network equipped with an additional option for on-line tuning of its chosen parameters. The slidingmode neuro-fuzzy controller is used as the speed controller, whose connective weights are trained on-line according to the error between the estimated motor speed and the speed given by the reference model. The speed of the vector-controlled induction motor is estimated using the MRASCC rotor speed and a flux estimator. Such a control structure is proposed to damp torsional vibrations in a two-mass system in an effective way. It is shown that torsional oscillations can be successfully suppressed in the proposed control structure, using only one basic feedback from the motor speed given by the proposed speed estimator. The simulation results are verified by experimental tests over a wide range of motor speed and drive parameter changes.

268    J Gao, Y Hu, "Direct Self Control for BLDC Motor Drives Based on Three-Dimensional Coordinate System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In the paper, a newly control algorithm for brushless dc (BLDC) motor drives is presented. The direct self control (DSC), which has been widely applied on induction motor drives in high power low frequency traction, is introduced to BLDC drives. The Cartesian coordinate system is selected with three coordinate axes X, Y and Z mutually at right angle to each other with three phase axes a, b, and c being moveable. The two-phase conduction scheme is selected with axis of the exciting phase locating in the XY plane, otherwise along the direction of axis Z during unexcited. i.e. the unexcited phase axis is always directed along the axis Z. The tracks of stator flux and voltage vectors are all three dimensional, as results of the variable voltage of unexcited phase and the commutation every 60 electrical degrees. But projections on the XY plane of these three dimensional track are concise. The projection of flux vector is a hexagonal path, whereas the voltage vectors projections are six active vectors. The projection of stator flux is controlled by the projections of voltage vectors. The newly proposed algorithm can be implemented with relatively low cost hardware and concise software, presenting fast torque transient response in 0.1ms. The sensorless control is also implemented by flux estimation once in one sector. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed scheme are verified with simulated and experimental results.

269    S Kim, J Jeon, J Ahn, B Lee, S Kwon, "Frequency Shift Acceleration Control for Anti-Islanding of a Distributed Generation Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The paper proposes frequency shift acceleration control (FSAC) for anti-islanding of an inverter-based distributed generator. The proposed control is based on frequency positive feedback in the synchronous dq frame. Overall Scheme of the proposed Control is described. Design methodology of the frequency shift acceleration gain is presented based on small-signal stability and step input response. The proposed control is intended for zero non-detection zone, noncompromised power quality, and easy implementation without additional devices required. Simulation and experimental results verify that the proposed anti-islanding scheme and the gain design approach are effective and useful in real applications.

270    I Husain, S Underwood, "On-line Parameter Estimation and Adaptive Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper focuses on the benefits of adaptive control for permanent magnet synchronous machines; a novel method of on-line parameter estimation for such machines has been developed. Two Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithm segments, a fast and a slow one, are uniquely combined in realtime with rich enough data from the machine to estimate all four machine parameters instead of a subset of these. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

271    K Kim, K Rew, "A Closed-Form Solution to Asymmetric Motion Profile Allowing Acceleration Manipulation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In the paper, we newly propose the complete closedform formula for asymmetric motion profiles of long, medium and short distances, which enables easy manipulation of jerks in arrival time for effectively reducing the acceleration and so thus the overshoot. The design parameter named jerk ratio is newly introduced to scale down the jerks during the deceleration period so that the velocity profile is in an asymmetric S-curve. Thanks to the jerk ratio, the motion formulas are remarkably simplified in analytic forms for short, medium and long distances. The effectiveness of the proposed approach will be illustrated with the sledge movement control in an optical data storage system by experiments.

272    C Xia, C Guo, T Shi, "A Neural Network Identifier and Fuzzy Controller Based Algorithm for Dynamic Decoupling Control of Permanent Magnet Spherical Motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes the dynamic model of permanent magnet spherical motor (PMSM) and puts forward a dynamic decoupling control algorithm of the motor, using fuzzy controllers and a neural network identifier (NNI). PMSM is a multivariable, nonlinear system with strong inter-axis couplings. Computed torque method (CTM) structure is applied to PMSM. There are such uncertainties as estimated errors of the model and external perturbations, which may influence the precision of the control system. The Back Propagation (BP) algorithm with additional momentum term and self-adaptive learning rate applied to Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) can approach nonlinear functions with learning rate adjusted online, which helps to improve training speed. An NNI is applied to identify the uncertainties online in this paper. ANFIS based fuzzy controller is applied, which has self-adaptive ability and strong robustness. Simulation results preliminarily validate that the algorithm proposed in this paper can eliminate the influences of inter-axis nonlinear couplings effectively to actualize dynamic decoupling control. Furthermore, static and dynamic performances of the control system have been improved greatly with strong robustness to uncertainties. Hypothetical microprocessor system is proposed and simple experiments of spinning operation are carried out as a foundation for further study.

273    W Granzer, F Praus, W Kastner, "Security in Building Automation Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Building automation systems are traditionally concerned with the control of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, as well as lighting and shading systems. They have their origin in a time where security has been considered as a side-issue at best. Nowadays, with the rising desire to integrate security-critical services that were formerly provided by isolated subsystems, security must no longer be neglected. Thus, the development of a comprehensive security concept is of utmost importance. This paper starts with a security threat analysis and identifies the challenges of providing security in the building automation domain. Afterwards, the security mechanisms of available standards are thoroughly analyzed. Finally, two approaches that provide both secure communication and secure execution of possibly untrusted control applications are presented.

274    L Yu, T Chang, "Zero Vibration On-Off Position Control of Dual Solenoid Actuator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Solenoids are low cost, high speed, nonlinear actuators commonly used in switching mode. This paper presents a dual solenoid actuator system for high speed positioning applications. A novel control method that combines on-off control and input shaping is used to obtain low vibration, smooth transients when compared with traditional proportional and integral control and on-off control. Simulation results and experimental data confirm that this dual solenoid position actuator with novel control method is effective and practical.

275    R Muszynski, J Deskur, "Damping of Torsional Vibrations in High Dynamic Industrial Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Theoretical, design, and experimental aspects of the control of the drive with an elastic coupling are considered in the paper. Control structures suitable for application in industrial high dynamic drives are developed. In such drives the first resonance frequency can be higher than hundred Hz and the next frequency can be thousand Hz or higher. The solution is oriented to industrial plants, whose computation ability is lower and signal delay is greater than in laboratory plants based on DSP. The authors discuss the problem and show methods of suppressing torsion vibrations in speed control systems with only one sensor, i.e. a motor position encoder. The presented solution is based on an adequately designed PID controller.

276    M Nemec, K Drobnic, D Nedeljkovic, R Fiser, V Ambrozic, "Detection of Broken Bars in Induction Motor Through the Analysis of Supply Voltage Modulation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents an application of a novel method for diagnostics of electric and magnetic asymmetry of rotor cage in induction motor due to broken rotor bars. Increasing anomaly in magnetic field distribution results in a degradation of steady-state and dynamic performance of an induction motor. This degradation can be determined through the analysis of the average duty cycle of the modulated supply voltage. Broken rotor bars would cause torque and speed ripple which is mitigated by efficient speed control algorithm. Consequently, specific oscillation in duty cycle of the modulated stator voltage appears. This effect can be simply detected without additional hardware and therefore provides correct evaluation of faulty motor performance, which is a very significant part of condition monitoring and diagnostics procedure in modern supervision systems for electrical drives.

277    L Bate, C Cook, Z Li, "Reducing Wave Based Teleoperator Reflections for Unknown Environments," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Wave variables guarantee stability for delayed teleoperation. They also introduce reflections which can prove very disorientating for an operator. This paper presents a new method for reducing the wave reflections when operating in unknown environments. The new method does not only guarantee stability but laboratory experiments show it also reduces wave reflections allowing for improved velocity tracking and force feedback in complex and unknown operating environments.

278    P Lau, K Yung, E Yung, "A Low Cost Printed CP Patch Antenna for RFID Smart Bookshelf in Library," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a small wide band circularly polarized (CP) patch antenna printed on the low cost FR-4 material for radio frequency identification (RFID) smart bookshelf in library. The antenna is composed of four top-loaded patches sequentially rotated with the phase difference of 90× and double shorted to the ground. It operates at the centre frequency of 0.915GHz. The impedance bandwidth (SWR<2) is 26.8% and the axial ratio band width (measured AR<3dB) is 11.6% as well as the 3dB beamwidth of 115×. The antenna gain is about 4dBi and the overall dimension is reduced by ~60% in length by comparing to the conventional sequential patch antenna.

279    A Percy, I Spark, Y Ibrahim, "New Algorithms for Navigating a Gantry Tractor Comprising a "Chorus Line'' of Synchronized Modules," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents two new algorithms for realtime calculation of the wheel angles and speeds of gantry tractor modules. In transport mode, the gantry tractor is in a sense a snake-like robot with passive joints and active wheels, each module having autonomous 4 wheel drive and 4 wheel steering. The algorithms determine the wheel angles and speeds of each module with the prescription that the four wheels will have the same centre of curvature, wheel speeds provide cooperative redundancy and all hitching points follow the same path, thereby eliminating scuffing and minimizing off tracking. Details of the analytical algorithm for a predetermined path were presented at the IEEE-ICIT09 conference together with a simulation for a single module. In this paper we also present the results of a newly developed numerical algorithm which enables the gantry tractor to be steered on-line, by an operator. We also show, by simulation, that this new numerical algorithm gives a good approximation to analytical solutions. The numerical algorithm is then used to calculate wheel angles and speeds for a three-module tractor with the results depicted graphically as functions of time.

280    Y Kim, Y Choi, M Seo, S Yoo, H Yoo, "A CMOS Transceiver for Multi-Standard 13.56 MHz RFID Reader SoC," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A CMOS transceiver for multistandard 13.56 MHz radio frequency identification (RFID) reader system-on-a-chip (SoC) is designed and fabricated. The SoC consists of an RF/analog part for modulation/demodulation and digital part for controlling the transceiver functionality. Prior to design the integrated circuit, pre-experiments using discrete components and commercial tags are performed. With the results, overall functions and specifications are determined. For supporting multi-standard, several blocks are designed with digital controls according to the standards. In the transmitter, digitally controlled amplitude modulator for various modulation indexes and power control circuit are adopted. In the receiver, variable gain amplifier and level-controllable comparator, which are also controlled digitally according to the standard, are introduced. The full transceiver SoC is implemented in Chartered 0.18 ¿m CMOS technology. The measurement results of the implemented chip indicate that the designed transceiver operates in multi-standard mode.

281    G Zhou, J Xu, Y Jin, "Elimination of Subharmonic Oscillation of Digital Average Current Controlled Switching DC-DC Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Subharmonic oscillations exist in digital average current controlled switching dc-dc converters with trailing-edge modulation and leading-edge modulation. To eliminate these subharmonic oscillations, digital triangle compensation (DTC) method is proposed in this letter. DTC method can be easily implemented in digital way without extra compensation circuit. Experimental results are given to verify the analysis results.

282    J Alegre, B Calvo, S Celma, "A High Performance CMOS Feedforward AGC Circuit for a WLAN Receiver," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a fast settling compact feedforward automatic gain control (AGC) circuit suitable for use in wireless local-area network receivers with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The use of these signals introduces stringent settling time constraints which limit the use of traditional closed loop feedback amplifiers. Furthermore, the amplitude detection of OFDM signals can not be performed by a typical peak detector due to their high peakto- average power ratio; as a consequence, a novel fast-settling peak detector is employed to solve this task. The AGC has been implemented in a low-cost 0.35 ¿m CMOS technology. Supplied at 1.8 V, it operates with a power consumption of 2.4 mW at frequencies as high as 100 MHz, while its gain ranges from 0 to 22 dB in 2 dB steps through a 5-bit word. The settling time of the circuit is below 2.4 ¿s (3 symbols).

283    W Song, A Huang, "Fault Tolerant Design and Control Strategy for Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converter Based STATCOM," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Cascaded H-bridge multilevel converter (CHMC) is a promising topology for Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) such as static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) applications. Attention was drawn to the issue of converter reliability due to the large number of power devices used in CHMC applications. This paper proposed an effective fault tolerant strategy by using H-bridge building block (HBBB) redundancy in CHMC-based STATCOM. The operating principle and control strategy of the fault tolerance are proposed and discussed. The controller design consideration for the fault tolerant STATCOM is presented. The proposed fault tolerant control strategy is implemented on a 7-level CHMC-based STATCOM simulation platform and a 5-level CHMC-based STATCOM hardware prototype. Simulation results and experimental results are illustrated to verify the feasibility of the proposed fault tolerant design with the HBBB redundancy.

284    Y Liu, Y Luo, "Search for an Optimal Rapid Charging Pattern for Li-Ion Batteries Using the Taguchi Approach," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. ?, pp. 1-1, . 2009.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Lithiumion batteries are playing important roles as energy storage solutions for portable devices, automotive electronics and renewable energy systems. In order to maximize the performance of lithiumion batteries, an advanced rapid charging pattern is required. In this paper, a Taguchi-based algorithm is presented. Orthogonal arrays are implemented to determine the optimal rapid charging pattern for multistage constant current charging method. Experimental results show that the obtained rapid charging pattern is capable of charging the lithiumion batteries to 75 % capacity in 40 minutes. The obtained pattern also provides 60 % more cycle life than the conventional constant currentconstant voltage method.