IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volume 52, Number 1, Feb 2005 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

Special Section Papers on Modern Rectifiers - Part 1

52.1.1	J.R. Rodriguez, J.W. Dixon, J.R. Espinoza, J. Pontt, P. Lezana, "PWM regenerative rectifiers: state of the art," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 5- 22, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: New regulations impose more stringent limits on current harmonics injected by power converters that are achieved with pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) rectifiers. In addition, several applications demand the capability of power regeneration to the power supply. This work presents the state of the art in the field of regenerative rectifiers with reduced input harmonics and improved power factor. Regenerative rectifiers are able to deliver energy back from the dc side to the ac power supply. Topologies for single- and three-phase power supplies are considered with their corresponding control strategies. Special attention is given to the application of voltage- and current-source PWM rectifiers in different processes with a power range from a few kilowatts up to several megawatts. This paper shows that PWM regenerative rectifiers are a highly developed and mature technology with a wide industrial acceptance.
52.1.2	G. Moschopoulos, P. Jain, "Single-phase single-stage power-factor-corrected converter topologies," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 23- 35, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Single-phase single-stage power-factor-corrected converter topologies are reviewed in this paper. The topologies discussed in the paper are related to ac-dc and ac-ac converters that are classified on the basis of the frequency of the input ac source, the presence of a dc-link capacitor, and the type of control used (resonant or pulsewidth modulation). The general operating principles and strengths and weaknesses of the converters, which the authors have investigated over the last decade, are discussed in detail, and their suitability in practical applications is stated. Considering practical design constraints, it is possible to effectively employ many single-stage converter topologies in a wide range of applications.
52.1.3	J.-C. Crebier, B. Revol, J.P. Ferrieux, "Boost-chopper-derived PFC rectifiers: interest and reality," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 36- 45, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This work presents an overview of single-phase boost-chopper-derived power-factor-correction rectifiers. Converters are presented for several control strategies in continuous and discontinuous current mode operations. The presentation highlights the main characteristics of the converters and underlines harmonic content over a wide frequency range. A methodology is derived to compute these harmonics in order to facilitate the analysis and performance evaluation of the converters. Based on this methodology, a comparison is conducted in order to highlight advantages and drawbacks of the most popular converters and control strategies. A table is given where main converter critical parameters are summarized in order to help the designer, in converter and operating mode selections. Practical results are provided to validate the modeling technique.
52.1.4	A. Fernandez, J. Sebastian, M.M. Hernando, P. Villegas, J. Garcia, "Helpful hints to select a power-factor-correction solution for low- and medium-power single-phase power supplies," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 46- 55, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This work presents a review of power-factor-correction (PFC) circuits for low- and medium-power single-phase power supplies. The main idea is not just to show the state of the art of this topic but to select the most interesting topologies for each application depending on the power level, the input voltage range, and the output voltage. Since IEC 61000-3-2 regulations came into force, many new topologies have been presented trying to obtain a cost-effective solution to reduce the input current harmonic content. Each one of them has its application range due to the inherent characteristics of the topology. Obviously, not every converter is useful for the same application. This is especially perceptible in PFC circuits due to the large amount of different solutions. Hence, this paper tries to show the most appropriate topologies for each application, being the input power and the IEC 61000-3-2 Class some of the main parameters to select it. The scope of the paper is focused on single-phase power supplies belonging to IEC 61000-3-2 Class A and Class D with an input power level below 4 kW.
52.1.5	F.J. Azcondo, C. Branas, R. Casanueva, S. Bracho, "Power-mode-controlled power-factor corrector for electronic ballast," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 56- 65, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Medium- to high-power electronic ballasts are designed with two power conversion stages. The power-factor corrector (PFC) stabilizes the voltage supplied to the second stage and forces the utility current to meet the required standard. The inverter section stabilizes the arc in the lamp, and keeps the lamp power under the specified values. This paper proposes that the PFC section is to provide the power stability of the system while the inverter section operates in open loop. Consequences of this solution are: the power variation in the lamp caused by its aging is prevented, the complex dynamic of the lamp has no influence in the design, some extra voltage is available to achieve the lamp ignition, warmup time is reduced, and dimming control is easily implemented by modifying either the power reference or the bias value in the PFC control circuit. The inverter section is a half-bridge LC/sub p/C/sub s/ resonant inverter designed to require minimum variation of the input voltage to supply constant power to the lamp. In this way the operation point suffers little changes and no overdimensioning of the PFC and inverter components is necessary to meet the power source condition.
52.1.6	E. Figueres, J.-M. Benavent, G. Garcera, M. Pascual, "Robust control of power-factor-correction rectifiers with fast dynamic response," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 66- 76, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a new robust control technique for single-phase boost high-power-factor rectifiers. The proposed circuit significantly improves the dynamic response of the converter to load steps without the need of a high crossover frequency of the voltage loop, so that a low distortion of the input current is easily achieved. A 250-W power-factor-correction rectifier with the proposed control scheme has been designed and implemented, validating the concept both analytically and experimentally.
52.1.7	A. Fernandez, J. Sebastian, P. Villegas, M.M. Hernando, D.G. Lamar, "Dynamic limits of a power-factor preregulator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 77- 87, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Power-factor correction has been one of the hottest topics during the last few years and, hence, many new circuits have appeared. In general, it is assumed that preregulators based on multiplier circuits have poor dynamics and, then, a second stage is needed to improve the output voltage dynamic behavior. The other option is the use of single-stage topologies which have fast output voltage regulation although the input current waveform is not sinusoidal. This work presents an analysis of the dynamic behavior of a conventional power-factor preregulator. The objective is to find the limits of the dynamic characteristics of these circuits when the priority is to improve the output voltage regulation and not the total harmonic distortion or the power factor. A large-signal model is presented and the theoretical results are validated with a prototype.
52.1.8	Koen De Gusseme, D.M. Van de Sype, A.P.M. Van den Bossche, J.A. Melkebeek, "Digitally controlled boost power-factor-correction converters operating in both continuous and discontinuous conduction mode," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 88- 97, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Whereas power-factor-correction (PFC) converters for low-power ranges (less than 250 W) are commonly designed for operation in the discontinuous conduction mode, converters for higher power levels are operated in the continuous conduction mode. Nevertheless, when these converters are operated at reduced power, discontinuous conduction mode will appear during parts of the line period, yielding input current distortion. This distortion can be eliminated by employing a dedicated control algorithm, consisting of sample correction and duty-ratio feedforward. The reduction of the harmonic distortion of the input current and the increase of the power factor are demonstrated by experiments on a 1-kW boost PFC converter.
52.1.9	Z.Z. Ye, M.M. Jovanovic, "Implementation and performance evaluation of DSP-based control for constant-frequency discontinuous-conduction-mode boost PFC front end," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 98- 107, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A digital signal processor (DSP) implementation of digital control for constant-frequency, discontinuous-conduction-mode boost power-factor-correction converter for universal line-voltage (90-264 V/sub rms/) applications is presented. A step-by-step design procedure based on digital redesign technique is also provided. The performance evaluation of the proposed DSP control is performed on a 400-W prototype. It was shown that the implemented DSP-based control can achieve a power factor higher than 0.99 in the entire line range.
52.1.10	D.M. Van de Sype, Koen De Gusseme, A.P.M. Van den Bossche, J.A. Melkebeek, "Duty-ratio feedforward for digitally controlled boost PFC converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 108- 115, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: When a "classical" current control scheme is applied, the line current of a boost power-factor-correction (PFC) converter leads the line voltage, resulting in a nonunity fundamental displacement power factor and in important zero-crossing distortion in applications with a high line frequency (e.g., 400-Hz power systems on commercial aircraft). To resolve this problem, a current-control scheme is proposed using duty-ratio feedforward. In this paper, the input impedance of the boost PFC converter for both the classical current-loop controller and the controller using duty-ratio feedforward are derived theoretically. A comparison reveals the advantages of the proposed control scheme: a low total harmonic distortion of the line current, a resistive input impedance, virtually no zero-crossing distortion, and a fundamental displacement power factor close to unity. The theoretical results obtained are verified using an experimental setup of a digitally controlled boost PFC converter.
52.1.11	M. Ferdowsi, A. Emadi, "Pulse regulation control technique for integrated high-quality rectifier-regulators," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 116- 124, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The pulse regulation control scheme is presented and applied to the boost integrated flyback rectifier/energy storage dc/dc (BIFRED) converter as the most popular member of the integrated high-quality rectifier-regulators (IHQRR). In contrast to the conventional control techniques, the principal idea of pulse regulation is to regulate the output voltage using a series of high- and low-power pulses generated by the current of the input inductor, which is operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). Analysis of the BIFRED converter operating in DCM is presented. Fundamentals of pulse regulation as well as its stability analysis and the estimation of the output voltage ripple are introduced. Experimental results on a prototype converter are also presented to validate the analytical and simulation results.
52.1.12	Lon-Kou Chang, Hsing-Fu Liu, "A novel forward AC/DC converter with input current shaping and fast output voltage regulation via reset winding," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 125- 131, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This work presents a novel simple forward AC/DC converter with harmonic current correction and fast output voltage regulation. In the proposed AC/DC converter, a transformer incorporating reset winding provides two main advantages. First, the bulk inductor used in the conventional boost-based power-factor-correction cell is omitted in the proposed converter, allowing significant volume and weight of magnetic material to be saved. Second, the voltage across the bulk capacitor can be held under 450 V by adjusting the transformer winding ratio, despite the converter operating in a wide range of input voltages (90/spl sim/265 V/AC). This new converter complies with IEC 61000-3-2 under a load range of 200 W and has fast output voltage regulation.
52.1.13	N. Vazquez, J. Lopez, J. Arau, C. Hernandez, E. Rodriguez, "A different approach to implement an active input current shaper," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 132- 138, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In recent years, several AC/DC converters have been presented in order to meet the power quality regulations, while maintaining the lowest number of components with the purpose of minimizing the cost and complexity; for this purpose the active input current shaping technique was proposed. A new active input current shaper (AICS) is presented. Differently from the traditional series AICS, the proposed scheme connects the auxiliary output of the main converter in parallel with the rectified AC mains instead of the series connection. The proposed parallel scheme demands a current with a low harmonic content where the standard specifications are fulfilled. The operation, simulation, and experimental results of the proposed scheme are presented.
52.1.14	Tsai-Fu Wu, Jin-Chyuan Hung, Sheng-Yu Tseng, Yaow-Ming Chen, "A single-stage fast regulator with PFC based on an asymmetrical half-bridge topology," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 139- 150, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This work presents single-stage regulators with power-factor correction (PFC) based on an asymmetrical half-bridge topology. The proposed regulator is formed from a boost converter with two coupled inductors and an asymmetrical half-bridge converter with the synchronous switch technique, and it is controlled with pulsewidth modulation to achieve zero-voltage switching (ZVS). The boost converter is operated in discontinues conduction mode to achieve PFC. With the coupled inductors, input current ripple and power factor can be improved significantly. The proposed regulator has the features of constant-frequency operation, ZVS, and low voltage stress imposed on the active switches. Moreover, the regulator can achieve high power factor, high power density, high efficiency, low switching loss, and low component count, which makes its applications at medium-power levels feasible. Experimental results have verified the discussed features of the proposed regulator.
52.1.15	F. Forest, T.A. Meynard, S. Faucher, F. Richardeau, J.-J. Huselstein, C. Joubert, "Using the multilevel imbricated cells topologies in the design of low-power power-factor-corrector converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 151- 161, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Power-factor-corrector (PFC) converters are now commonly used in low-power supply systems connected to AC networks. In addition to their basic PFC properties, they constitute the best technical solution to directly obtain the compatibility with a large range of AC voltages provided by different distribution networks around the world (typically, from 85 to 265 V rms). It is the main application of these converters. This function is achieved with an additional cost and volume, and this extra price to pay needs to be minimized. In this context, we first recall the main approaches of the design of conventional PFCs based on the boost converter topology. We emphasize the different critical points of the sizing that mainly concern the input choke and the silicon devices, in regard with the choice of the switching frequency. Few ways of improvement are then presented for these conventional PFCs. In a second part, always in the context of a large input voltage range, we consider the possibility to introduce the multi-level concept to reduce the input choke and filters. A solution using a multi-level flying capacitor two-cell converter is presented. It is shown that it can lead to a significant increase of the performances, with several options of sizing which can be suited to different requirements of the applications.
52.1.16	J. Minibock, J.W. Kolar, "Novel concept for mains voltage proportional input current shaping of a VIENNA rectifier eliminating controller multipliers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 162- 170, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a novel mains voltage proportional input current control concept eliminating the multiplication of the output voltage controller output and the mains ac phase voltages for the derivation of mains phase current reference values of a three-phase/level/switch pulsewidth-modulated (VIENNA) rectifier system. Furthermore, the concept features low input current ripple amplitude as, e.g., achieved for space-vector modulation, a low amplitude of the third harmonic of the current flowing into the output voltage center point, and a wide range of modulation. The practical realization of the analog control concept as well as experimental results for application with a 5-kW prototype of the pulsewidth-modulated rectifier are presented. Furthermore, a control scheme which relies only on the absolute values of the input phase currents and a modified control scheme which does not require information about the mains phase voltages are presented.
52.1.17	M.A. Perez, J.R. Espinoza, J.R. Rodriguez, P. Lezana, "Regenerative medium-voltage AC drive based on a multicell arrangement with reduced energy storage requirements," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 171- 180, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Multicell power circuit topologies have proved to be an effective alternative to medium-voltage ac drives. The main advantage is the improved power quality at both the ac system and the motor sides. However, several drawbacks are present in these configurations, such as a lack of sustained regenerative operating mode, uncontrolled input reactive power, and a large second current harmonic that is injected by the load into the dc link of each cell, which leads to a bulky electrolytic capacitor. This paper proposes to replace the input diode-based front-end rectifier with an active front-end rectifier in all cells of the topology and a novel control strategy in order to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks. In fact, the active front-end rectifier allows the topology to regenerate and the control strategy handles the reactive input power and reduces the large second current harmonic from the dc-link capacitor, thus reducing its size. These features are achieved without any penalties in the quality of both the ac input current and the motor voltage waveforms. Experimental results confirm the theoretical considerations.
52.1.18	In-Dong Kim, Eui-Cheol Nho, "Module-type switching rectifier for cathodic protection of underground and maritime metallic structures," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 181- 189, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Cathodic protection is widely used to prevent corrosion of steel materials buried underground and in seawater. As a rectifier for cathodic protection, the conventional phase-controlled rectifiers with 50- or 60-Hz isolation transformers have been used so far in spite of such shortcomings as large volume, heavy weight, and poor power factor. In order to overcome such disadvantages, this paper proposes a new module-type switching rectifier for cathodic protection, which is composed of two parts, namely, ac/dc converter and module-type dc/dc converter. The ac/dc converter is a single-phase insulated gate bipolar transistor pulsewidth-modulation rectifier, thus resulting in almost unity power factor and controlled dc output voltage. The module-type dc/dc converter operates under zero-voltage switching/zero-current switching condition to permit high-frequency switching operation. It enables the use of a high-frequency transformer for electrical isolation, thus reducing volume and weight of the overall system and improving system efficiency. It is anticipated that the proposed rectifier techniques will apply to the similar technical areas such as multiple-module power supply systems and modular converter-fed dc motor drives. Power Electronics
52.1.19	J. Pou, R. Pindado, D. Boroyevich, "Voltage-balance limits in four-level diode-clamped converters with passive front ends," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 190- 196, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Multilevel diode-clamped converters with more than three levels cannot maintain voltage balance in the dc-link capacitors for some operating conditions due to the existence of dc currents in the middle points. Since capacitors are either completely charged or discharged for those conditions, this circumstance severely limits practical application of these converters. The limit explored in this paper is that the four-level converter cannot achieve voltage balance. Proper redundant vectors are selected in the space-vector diagram so that a quadratic parameter related to the currents in the middle points is minimized.
52.1.20	L. Yacoubi, K. Al-Haddad, F. Fnaiech, L.-A. Dessaint, "A DSP-based implementation of a new nonlinear control for a three-phase neutral point clamped boost rectifier prototype," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 197- 205, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This work presents the design and implementation of a nonlinear control strategy for a three-phase three-level neutral-point-clamped boost rectifier. The adopted control consists of nonlinear feedback linearization technique. The nonlinear state-space model of the rectifier was obtained in the dq0 reference frame. The input/output feedback linearization is then applied and the linearizing control law is derived. Therefore, the resulting model is linearized and decoupled in three independent subsystems. Afterwards, the stabilizing controllers are designed based on linear techniques to control line currents, output, and neutral point voltages. The control law is designed using Simulink/Matlab and applied to the converter via a 1.8-kHz pulsewidth modulator (PWM). Both control law and PWM signals are executed in real time using the DS1104 DSP of dSPACE. A 1.2 kW laboratory prototype is built for validation purposes. The proposed control law robustness is validated for diverse severe load and system parameter variations. It shows robust performance in terms of high power factor, low total harmonic distortion and output voltage ripples, small overshoot, and short settling time.
52.1.21	P. Mattavelli, "An improved deadbeat control for UPS using disturbance observers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 206- 212, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A digital control technique for the inverter stage of uninterruptible power supplies is proposed, which is based on a predictive regulator on both output voltage and inductor current. Its aim is to achieve a deadbeat dynamic response for the controlled variables (output voltage and inverter current). Besides the linear state feedback which allocates system poles at the origin so as to achieve deadbeat response for all state variables, the use of a disturbance observer for the estimation of the load current and of any other source of errors (such as dead-times, parameter, and model mismatches) is investigated. The proposed solution is able to guarantee a fast dynamic response and also a precise compensation of any source of unpredictable disturbance. Moreover, with a proper design of observer parameters, it is possible to reduce control sensitivity to model uncertainties, parameter mismatches, and noise on sensed variables, which usually characterizes existing deadbeat control techniques. Finally, the control algorithm is quite simple and requires only the measurements of the output voltage and inductor current. Experimental results on a single-phase 2 kVA prototype show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
52.1.22	Xinbo Ruan, Bin Li, "Zero-voltage and zero-current-switching PWM hybrid full-bridge three-level converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 213- 220, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a zero-voltage and zero-current-switching pulsewidth modulation hybrid full-bridge three-level (ZVZCS PWM H-FB TL) converter, which has a TL leg and a two-level leg. The voltage stress of the switches of the TL leg is half of the input voltage, and the switches can realize ZVS, so MOSFETs can be adopted; the voltage stress of the switches of the two-level leg is the input voltage, and the switches can realize ZCS, so IGBT can be adopted. The secondary rectified voltage is a TL waveform having lower high-frequency content compared with that of the traditional FB converters, which leads to the reduction of the output filter inductance. The input current of the converter has quite little ripple, so the input filter can also be significantly reduced. The operation principle of the proposed converter is analyzed and verified by the experimental results. Several ZVZCS PWM H-FB TL converters are also proposed in this paper.
52.1.23	L.H.S.C. Barreto, M.G. Sebastiao, L.C. de Freitas, E.A.A. Coelho, V.J. Farias, J.B. Vieira, "Analysis of a soft-switched PFC boost converter using analog and digital control circuits," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 221- 227, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This work presents a comparison between analog and digital (PIC16c73a) control types applied to the boost converter with a nondissipative snubber. Both control types use the bang-bang hysteresis current waveshaping control technique in order to achieve a quasi-unity power factor. The analog control applied presented a high power factor (0.998), high efficiency (92.87%), and low harmonic distortion [total harmonic distortion of current (THDI =2.84% and total harmonic distortion of current (THDV) =2.83%]. The digital control presented a high power factor (0.990), high efficiency (92.46%), and low harmonic distortion (THDI=5.09% and THDV=2.84%).
52.1.24	Gwan-Bon Koo, Gun-Woo Moon, Myung-Joong Youn, "New zero-voltage-switching phase-shift full-bridge converter with low conduction losses," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 228- 235, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) phase-shift full-bridge (PSFB) converter with low conduction losses is proposed. It is based on the PSFB converter with series-connected two transformers, which features wide ZVS ranges. By adding a capacitor, the proposed converter overcomes the disadvantage of the based converter, such as the high circulating energy. Furthermore, the turns ratio of the transformers can be increased as well. Therefore, high efficiency of the proposed converter can be achieved. Operational principles and experimental results for a 100-W (5 V, 20 A) prototype are presented to validate the proposed converter.
52.1.25	E. Dallago, G. De Leo, G. Sassone, "A current-mode power sigma-delta modulator for audio applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 236- 242, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Linear and switching techniques are currently adopted to implement current-mode power stages. Pulsewidth modulation (PWM) is usually employed with the switching technique for both industrial and audio applications. In this paper, the Sigma-Delta modulation is considered as an alternative to the PWM in devising a switching current-mode power stage suitable for audio amplification. The proposed modulator is analyzed and simulated. The whole system was realized on an experimental breadboard. The results carried out on the prototype are reported and discussed. The electrical characterization presents interesting features in terms of linearity, noise, and power efficiency.
52.1.26	P. Poulichet, F. Costa, E. Laboure, "A new high-current large-bandwidth DC active current probe for power electronics measurements," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 243- 254, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper is focused on the design and the realization of two high-current probes (up to 100 A) whose bandwidths range from dc to 50 MHz. The performance has been met by the association of an active Hall sensor and a passive current transformer. This association will be named an "active current transformer". It will be shown that it has better frequency performance than the classical closed-loop current transducer, usually used for high-current measurements but frequency limited. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues, due to the sensor electrical environment are respected thanks to the shielded structure and special inner arrangements of the Hall sensors. Because of its large bandwidth, its large current range, and its EMI ruggedness, this current probe is well matched to power electronics measurements. Drive Control
52.1.27	O. Wallmark, L. Harnefors, O. Carlson, "An improved speed and position estimator for salient permanent-magnet synchronous motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 255- 262, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: An improved phase-locked-loop-type speed and position estimator for permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives is considered. Particular attention is put on salient-rotor PMSMs with fast mechanical dynamics. A method is presented, whereby significantly improved tracking is achieved. While saliency makes nominal-speed stability more difficult to guarantee (an analysis of this is presented), a benefit is that signal-injection methods can be used at low speeds for accurate position estimation, which is also included in the modified estimator.
52.1.28	H. Rehman, "Elimination of the stator resistance sensitivity and voltage sensor requirement problems for DFO control of an induction Machine," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 263- 269, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper focuses on a method for achieving robust direct field orientation control of an induction machine using a closed-loop voltage model flux observer that is insensitive to stator resistance variation and does not require voltage signal information, thereby eliminating the need for a voltage sensor. In contrast, the conventional voltage model observer topology requires voltage sensors and is highly sensitive to stator resistance variation, especially at low speed. The closed-loop sliding-mode voltage model flux observer presented here is based on current estimation error including a sliding-mode function which is a derivative of the stator flux. The newly designed sliding-mode function will not only drive the estimated current to the measured one, it will also directly give the estimation results for the terms (stator flux) replaced by the sliding-mode function. The constructed observer and chosen sliding-mode function also do not require information about parameters contained in the terms replaced by the sliding-mode function, i.e., voltage signal and stator resistance. The observer stability is verified in the paper. Simulation and experimental results are also used to illustrate features of the proposed observer.
52.1.29	Kwangjin Yang, Youngjin Choi, Wan Kyun Chung, "On the tracking performance improvement of optical disk drive servo systems using error-based disturbance observer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 270- 279, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: There are many control methods to guarantee the robustness of a system. Among them, the disturbance observer (DOB) has been widely used because it is easy to apply and the cost is low due to its simplicity. Generally, an output signal of the system is required to construct a DOB, but for some systems such as magnetic/optical disk drive systems, we cannot measure the position output signal, but only the position error signal (PES). In order to apply a DOB to such systems, we must use an error signal instead of an output signal. We call it the error-based disturbance observer (EDOB) system. We analyze the differences between a conventional DOB system and EDOB system, and show the effectiveness of the proposed EDOB through simulations and experiments. Also, this paper proposes criteria to enhance the robustness of an EDOB system, and reveals the disturbance rejection property of the EDOB system. Finally, we propose a new method of a double Q system to improve the track-following performance. This is also verified through experiments for a DVD 12/spl times/ optical disk drive system. Emerging Technology
52.1.30	D. Villacci, G. Bontempi, A. Vaccaro, M. Birattari, "The role of learning methods in the dynamic assessment of power components loading capability," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 280- 290, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The need for dynamic loading of power components in the deregulated electricity market demands reliable assessment models that should be able to predict the thermal behavior when the load exceeds the nameplate value. When assessing network load capability, the hot-spot temperature of the components is known to be the most critical factor. The knowledge of the evolution of the hot-spot temperature during overload conditions is essential to evaluate the loss of insulation life and to evaluate the consequent risks of both technical and economical nature. This paper discusses an innovative grey-box architecture for integrating physical knowledge modeling (a.k.a. white-box) with machine learning techniques (a.k.a. black-box). In particular, we focus on the problem of forecasting the hot-spot temperature of a mineral-oil-immersed transformer. We perform a set of experiments and we compare the predictions obtained by the grey-, white-, and black-box approaches.
52.1.31	Kuan-Hung Chen, Tzi-Dar Chiueh, Shi-Chung Chang, P.B. Luh, "A 1600-MIPS parallel processor IC for job-shop scheduling," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 291- 299, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A job shop is a typical environment for manufacturing low-volume and high-variety discrete parts, where parts are of various due dates, priorities, and sequences of production operations. Good scheduling of when to do what using which resource is critical and challenging for the competitiveness of job shops. The Lagrangian relaxation neural network (LRNN) presented by Luh et al. provides an effective solution to this problem. To further speed up the scheduling of large problems, the parallelism of the LRNN approach is exploited in this paper for hardware implementation. A parallel processor based on the single-instruction multiple-data-stream architecture and its associated instruction set are designed. The architecture is implemented in a single-poly quadruple-metal 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. Test results shows that the fabricated chip achieves 10 and 30 times speed-up when compared with several commercial digital signal processor chips and a 600-MHz PC, respectively.
52.1.32	M. Iwasaki, M. Miwa, N. Matsui, "GA-based evolutionary identification algorithm for unknown structured mechatronic systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 300- 305, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Soft computing techniques, e.g., neural networks, fuzzy inference, evolutionary computation, and chaos theory, have been applied to a wide variety of control systems in industry because of their control capability and flexibility. They are also powerful to handle the complicated mechatronic systems with various nonlinearities which are difficult to model using mathematical formulas. In order to achieve the system identification of unknown structured mechatronic systems, This work presents a novel evolutionary algorithm using genetic algorithms (GAs), where the optimal mathematical structure of plant mechanisms and the combination of parameters can be autonomously determined by means of the optimization ability of the GA. The effectiveness of the proposed identification has been verified by experiments with comparative studies, using the typical mechanical systems with velocity controller. Robotics and Vision
52.1.33	M.A. Al-Mouhamed, O. Toker, A. Al-Harthy, "A 3-D vision-based man-machine interface for hand-controlled telerobot," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 306- 319, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This work presents a robust telerobotic system that consists of a real-time vision-based operator hand tracking system (client) and a slave robot (server) which are interconnected through a LAN. The tracking system: 1) monitors the operator hand motion and 2) determines its position and orientation which are used to control the slave robot. Two digital cameras are used to monitor a four-ball-based feature frame that is held by the operator hand. To determine the three-dimensional (3-D) position a tracking algorithm based on uncalibrated cameras with weak perspective projection model is used. This allows finding 3-D differential position and orientation of the operator hand. The features of the proposed system are: 1) a metric for color matching to discriminate the balls from their background; 2) a uniform and spiral search approach to speed up the detection; 3) tracking in the presence of partial occlusion; 4) consolidate detection by using shape and geometric matching; and 5) dynamic update of the reference colors. The operator can see the effects of the previous motion which enables making the necessary corrections through repetitive operator hand-eye interactions. Evaluation shows that the static and dynamic errors of the tracking algorithm are 0.1% and 0.6% for a centered workspace of 20/sup 3/ in/sup 3/ that is 40-60 in away from the cameras. Running the tracking algorithm on two PCs in parallel allowed: 1) a parallel image grabbing delay of 60 ms; 2) a stereo matching delay of 50 ms; and 3) a global refresh rate of 9 Hz.
52.1.34	Choon-Young Lee, J.-J. Lee, "Multiple neuro-adaptive control of robot manipulators using visual cues," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 320- 326, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new adaptive controller based on multiple neural networks (NNs) for an uncertain robot manipulator system is developed in this paper. The proposed multiple neuro-adaptive controller (MNAC) switches to a memorized control skill or blends multiple skills by using visual information on the given job to improve the transient response at the time of task variation like a change of manipulating object. MNAC is a type of adaptive feedback controller where system nonlinearity terms are approximated with multiple NNs. The proposed controller is effective for a job where some tasks are repeated but information on the load cannot be scheduled before the operation. During the learning phase, MNAC memorizes a control skill for each load with each NN. For a new task, most similar existing control skills may be used as a starting point of adaptation, which improves the performance of learning. Lyapunov-function-based design of MNAC guarantees the stability of the closed-loop system to be independent of switching or blending law. Simulation results on a two-link manipulator for changing the mass of the given load were illustrated to show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme by comparison with the conventional neuro-adaptive controller. Signal Processing and Control
52.1.35	Tzung-Her Chen, G. Horng, Wei-Bin Lee, "A publicly verifiable copyright-proving scheme resistant to malicious attacks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 327- 334, Feb 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A wavelet-based copyright-proving scheme that does not require the original image for logo verification is proposed in this paper. The scheme is strong enough to resist malicious manipulations of an image including blurring, JPEG compression, noising, sharpening, scaling, rotation, cropping, scaling-cropping, and print-photocopy-scan attacks. The proposed scheme is also resistant to StirMark and unZign attacks and it is not only a robust method but also a lossless one. Experiments are conducted to show the robustness of this method. Moreover, cryptographic tools, such as digital signature and timestamp, are introduced to make copyright proving publicly verifiable.

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volume 52, Number 2, April 2005 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

Special Section Papers on Modern Rectifiers - Part 2

52.2.1	S.K. Mazumder, "Continuous and discrete variable-structure controls for parallel three-phase boost rectifier," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 340- 354, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: We describe three nonlinear control schemes for a parallel three-phase boost rectifier consisting of two modules. The basic idea, however, can be extended to a system with N modules. All of the control schemes are developed in a synchronous frame. Moreover, each of the closed-loop power-converter modules operates asynchronously without any communication with the other module. Based on the dynamical equations of the parallel converter, we find that independent control of both of the modules on the DQ axes is not necessary and possible. Consequently, we develop control schemes that stabilize the dq axes and limit the zero-axis disturbance by preventing the flow of the pure zero-sequence current. One of the control schemes is developed purely in the discrete domain. It combines the space-vector modulation scheme with a variable-structure control, thereby keeping the switching frequency constant and achieving satisfactory dynamic performance. The performances of the other control schemes are also satisfactory.
52.2.2	Guozhu Chen, K.M. Smedley, "Steady-State and dynamic study of one-cycle-controlled three-phase power-factor correction," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 355- 362, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: One-cycle control power-factor correction (OCC-PFC) with vector operation is a promising rectification method that eliminates harmonics and improves the power factor. It features great simplicity, high performance, and excellent stability. This paper performs analysis and design of OCC-PFC in both the steady-state and dynamic transients. The sufficient stability condition for three-phase OCC-PFC is derived. Some typical large-signal perturbations in practice are then used to verify the theoretical predictions. The paper also provides some guidelines for the selection of the circuit parameters in practical application. All analysis results were verified by simulation or experiments based on a three-phase 1-kW pre-industrial OCC-PFC prototype.
52.2.3	R.P. Burgos, E.P. Wiechmann, J. Holtz, "Complex state-space modeling and nonlinear control of active front-end converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 363- 377, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents the modeling and control of active front-end (AFE) converters using complex state-space representation, a technique developed and thus far mostly employed for the analysis of ac machines. Particularly, three-phase PWM voltage-source and current-source rectifiers are thoroughly studied using the graphical capabilities of this approach, namely, complex signal flow graphs. These are used to directly and intuitively derive high-performance nonlinear control laws based on input-output feedback linearization. Specifically, a cascaded and a paralleled control scheme are investigated for the voltage-source rectifier, whereas a cascaded scheme is considered for the current-source rectifier. Under these strategies both converters exhibit linear and decoupled d-q axes dynamics, while also attaining a reactive power compensation capacity. Moreover, linearization of their respective dc-link voltage and current loops utterly enforces and ensures their operating stability. All this is achieved without the elaborate mathematical complexity of input-output linearization, effectively shunned out by the proposed complex state-space approach. Finally, experimental results from 5-kVA digital-signal-processor-based laboratory prototypes verify the analysis and downright performance evinced by these AFE converters.
52.2.4	C. Cecati, A. Dell'Aquila, A. Lecci, M. Liserre, "Implementation issues of a fuzzy-logic-based three-phase active rectifier employing only Voltage sensors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 378- 385, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Switch-mode rectifiers are becoming more and more interesting in those applications where bidirectional power flow, power-factor correction, and electromagnetic interference reduction are required. Typical active rectifiers include current or voltage sensors, however, in order to obtain low-cost systems, their number should be reduced. In this paper, a current-sensorless active rectifier with feedforward fuzzy logic control is presented and discussed. The mathematical description of the system and the design of the fuzzy logic controller are introduced and analyzed; moreover the implementation on a SH7047 microcontroller is presented with emphasis on the most significant implementation issues. Experimental results are reported and discussed.
52.2.5	S. Chattopadhyay, V. Ramanarayanan, "A Voltage-sensorless control method to balance the input currents of a three-wire boost rectifier under unbalanced input Voltages condition," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 386- 398, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a control method that can balance the input currents of the three-phase three-wire boost rectifier under unbalanced input voltage condition. The control objective is to operate the rectifier in the high-power-factor mode under balanced input voltage condition but to give overriding priority to the current balance function in case of unbalance in the input voltage. The control structure has been divided into two major functional blocks. The inner loop current-mode controller implements resistor emulation to achieve high-power-factor operation on each of the two orthogonal axes of the stationary reference frame. The outer control loop performs magnitude scaling and phase-shifting operations on current of one of the axes to make it balanced with the current on the other axis. The coefficients of scaling and shifting functions are determined by two closed-loop proportional-integral (PI) controllers that impose the conditions of input current balance as PI references. The control algorithm is simple and high performing. It does not require input voltage sensing and transformation of the control variables into a rotating reference frame. The simulation results on a MATLAB-SIMULINK platform validate the proposed control strategy. In implementation Texas Instrument's digital signal processor TMS320F240F is used as the digital controller. The control algorithm for high-power-factor operation is tested on a prototype boost rectifier under nominal and unbalanced input voltage conditions.
52.2.6	M. Baumann, J.W. Kolar, "A novel control concept for reliable operation of a three-phase three-switch buck-type unity-power-factor rectifier with integrated boost output stage under heavily unbalanced mains condition," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 399- 409, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper the reliable operation of a three-phase three-switch buck-type pulsewidth-modulation unity-power-factor rectifier with integrated boost output stage under heavily unbalanced mains, i.e., mains voltage unbalance, loss of one phase, short circuit of two phases, or earth fault of one phase is investigated theoretically and experimentally. A brief description of the principle of operation and the most advantageous modulation method are given. The analytical calculation of the relative on-times of the active switching states and of the dc-link current reference value is treated in detail for active and deactivated boost output stage. Based on the theoretical considerations a control scheme which allows for controlling the system for any mains condition without changeover of the control structure is described. Furthermore, digital simulations as well as experimental results are shown which confirm the proposed control concept for different mains failure conditions and for the transition from balanced mains to a failure condition and vice versa. The experimental results are derived from a 5-kW prototype (input voltage range (280...480) V/sub rms/ line-to-line, output voltage 400 V/sub DC/) of the rectifier system, where the control is realized by a 32-bit digital signal processor.
52.2.7	M. Cichowlas, M. Malinowski, M.P. Kazmierkowski, D.L. Sobczuk, P. Rodriguez, J. Pou, "Active filtering function of three-phase PWM boost rectifier under different line voltage conditions," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 410- 419, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Slight hardware and algorithm modifications as well as a higher power ratio of a three-phase pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) rectifier make compensation of neighboring nonlinear power load possible. The active filtering function enlarges the functionality of PWM rectifiers, which decreases the cost of additional installation of compensating equipment. It gives a chance to fulfill both shunt active filter (SAF) and PWM rectifier tasks in a multidrive system by one advanced converter. Thanks to the idea of virtual flux, the direct power control space-vector-modulated (DPC-SVM) and new synchronous double reference frame phase-locked loop approach, the control system is resistant to a majority of line voltage disturbances. This assures proper operation of the system for abnormal and failure grid conditions. Simulation and experimental results have proven excellent performance and verify the validity of the proposed system.
52.2.8	S. Fukuda, R. Imamura, "Application of a sinusoidal internal model to current control of three-phase utility-interface converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 420- 426, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Three-phase voltage-source converters are used as utility interfaces. In such a case, the converter line currents are required to track sinusoidal references synchronized with the utility grid without a steady-state error. In this paper a current control method based on a sinusoidal internal model is employed. The method uses a sine transfer function with a specified resonant frequency, which is called an S regulator. The combination of a conventional proportional-integral (PI) regulator and an S regulator is called a PIS regulator. The PIS regulator ensures that the steady-state error in response to any step changes in a reference signal at the resonant frequency and 0 Hz reduces to zero. An experiment was carried out using a 1-kVA prototype of three utility-interface converters, a voltage-source rectifier, an active power filter, and static synchronous compensator. Almost perfect current-tracking performance could be observed.
52.2.9	Chien-Ming Wang, "A novel zero-Voltage-switching PWM boost rectifier with high power factor and low conduction losses," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 427- 435, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a new single-phase high-power-factor rectifier, which features regulation by conventional pulsewidth modulation (PWM), soft commutation, and instantaneous average line current control. A new zero-voltage-switching PWM (ZVS-PWM) auxiliary circuit is configured in the presented ZVS-PWM rectifier to perform ZVS in the main switches and the passive switches, and zero-current switching in the auxiliary switch. Furthermore, soft commutation of the main switch is achieved without additional current stress by the presented ZVS-PWM auxiliary circuit. A significant reduction in the conduction losses is achieved, since the circulating current for the soft switching flows only through the auxiliary circuit and a minimum number of switching devices are involved in the circulating current path, and the proposed rectifier uses a single converter instead of the conventional configuration composed of a four-diode front-end rectifier followed by a boost converter. Nine transition states for describing the behavior of the ZVS-PWM rectifier in one switching period are described. A prototype rated at 1 kW, operating 80 kHz, with an input ac voltage of 220 V/sub rms/ and an output voltage of 400 V/sub dc/ has been implemented in the laboratory. An efficiency of 96.7% and power factor over 0.99 has been measured. Analysis, design, and the control circuitry are also presented in this paper.
52.2.10	P. Bajec, B. Pevec, D. Voncina, D. Miljavec, J. Nastran, "Extending the low-speed operation range of PM Generator in automotive applications using novel AC-DC converter control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 436- 443, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper outlines a case study on an integrated starter-generator-torque-booster (ISGtB) for a hybrid propulsion system, with a particular focus on the generator operation in the low-speed range. The propulsion system consists of an internal combustion (IC) engine and a brushless dc machine and is intended to drive a street scooter. The complex functionality of the ISGtB, some outstanding characteristics of modern IC engines, stringent demands on the generated supply voltage, and operational principle of the selected electrical machine are the reasons for our research on the generator operation. An ac-dc converter and its control are proposed. By utilizing MOSFET transistor reverse conduction characteristics, the idea of synchronous rectification, and the principle of boost switching conversion, several improvements in the generator characteristics are accomplished. The proposed solution, enabling each of the three-phase converter legs to operate as an autonomous boost converter with synchronously driven upper transistors instead of using body diodes, extends the generator operation range below the nominal rotational speed and offers simple yet efficient energy flow control.
52.2.11	Vitor Fernao Pires, J.F. Silva, "Three-phase single-stage four-switch PFC buck-boost-type rectifier," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 444- 453, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a new three-phase single-stage power-factor corrector buck-boost-type rectifier topology. The typical topology uses a bridge configuration with six switches. This new topology only requires four switches, improving the rectifier efficiency as only one reverse-blocking power semiconductor conducts at any time. A vector-based sliding-mode control method for the three-phase input currents is also proposed. This fast and robust technique uses sliding mode to generate /spl alpha//spl beta/ space-vector modulation, which forces the input line currents to track a suitable sinusoidal reference. A near-unity power-factor operation of the rectifier is obtained using a sinusoidal reference in phase with the input source voltages. A proportional-integral controller is adopted to regulate the output voltage of the converter. This external voltage controller modulates the amplitude of the current references. The characteristics of the new rectifier are verified with experimental results.
52.2.12	H. Ertl, J.W. Kolar, "A constant output current three-phase diode bridge rectifier employing a novel "Electronic Smoothing Inductor"," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 454- 461, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents an improvement of the well-known conventional three-phase diode bridge rectifier with dc output capacitor. The proposed circuit increases the power factor (PF) at the ac input and reduces the ripple current stress on the smoothing capacitor. The basic concept is the arrangement of an active voltage source between the output of the diode bridge and the smoothing capacitor which is controlled in a way that it emulates an ideal smoothing inductor. With this the input currents of the diode bridge which usually show high peak amplitudes are converted into a 120/spl deg/ rectangular shape which ideally results in a total PF of 0.955. The active voltage source mentioned before is realized by a low-voltage switch-mode converter stage of small power rating as compared to the output power of the rectifier. Starting with a brief discussion of basic three-phase rectifier techniques and of the drawbacks of three-phase diode bridge rectifiers with capacitive smoothing, the concept of the proposed active smoothing is described and the stationary operation is analyzed. Furthermore, control concepts as well as design considerations and analyses of the dynamic systems behavior are given. Finally, measurements taken from a laboratory model are presented.
52.2.13	M. Juneesoni, P. Segarich, E. Soressi, "A new control strategy for neutral-point-clamped active rectifiers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 462- 470, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new control strategy has been developed for interfacing a neutral-point-clamped active rectifier with the mains. In particular, a method, based on the modulation of the input currents amplitudes, is proposed to compensate the dc-link capacitors voltages fluctuations. The proposed strategy gives good results in all the operating conditions, but it appears to be very useful especially in no-load or low-load operations, where other methods fail. Analytical, simulation, and experimental results, derived from a reduced-scale prototype, are presented and confirm the validity of the proposed approach.
52.2.14	R. Teichmann, M. Malinowski, S. Bernet, "Evaluation of three-level rectifiers for low-voltage utility applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 471- 481, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper evaluates the benefits of three-level topologies as alternatives to two-level topologies in low-voltage converters primarily operated in rectifier mode. The main evaluation aspects are input filter size, semiconductor losses, maximum switching frequency, part count, initial cost, and life cycle cost. Semiconductor loss characteristics of various three-level topologies are discussed. A detailed converter comparison is based on a 100-kW 400-V/sub rms/ rectifier using commercially available Si insulated gate bipolar transistor modules.
52.2.15	J.R. Rodriguez, J. Pontt, R. Huerta, G. Alzamora, N. Becker, S. Kouro, P. Cortes, P. Lezana, "Resonances in a high-power active-front-end rectifier system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 482- 488, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents the application of high-power three-level active-front-end rectifiers to regenerate energy in a downhill conveyor system. The selective harmonic elimination method is used to eliminate harmonics 11 and 13, working with very low switching frequency, where six-pulse harmonic orders 6k/spl plusmn/1 are eliminated by the delta-wye connection of the transformer. In this way, the input current at the mains is highly sinusoidal with small harmonics starting at frequencies of order 23 and 25. Resonances have been detected, originated mainly by the capacitances of feeding cables and noneliminated harmonics, which produce high-voltage distortion. Theoretical and field measurements present the problem and the solution by using a specially designed high-pass power filter. Drive Control
52.2.16	R. Bettendorf, "Winder software testing with real-time dynamic Simulation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 489- 498, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Large portions of a winder's control system software are tested during commissioning. This is inefficient because production is stopped and financial pressures limit the time available for testing. However, it avoids the cost of integrating the winder and electrical drive system before installation. This paper describes a winder simulator that allowed control system software to be tested before installation. Shipping roll build up, parent roll build down, mechanical brakes, and a two-drum windup model were developed. These models were used to simulate the winder, web, and drive system dynamics in real time with a dedicated programmable logic controller (PLC). This PLC provided signals for the winder PLC that would normally be supplied by the drive system and various sensors. The simulator was verified with data from a previously installed winder. The use of the simulator before installation of a new winder demonstrated the benefits of pre-installation software testing.
52.2.17	C.-K. Lai, Kuo-Kai Shyu, "A novel motor drive design for incremental motion system via sliding-mode control method," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 499- 507, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a particular motor position control drive design via a novel sliding-mode controller. The newly designed controller is especially suitable for the motor incremental motion control which is specified by a trapezoidal velocity profile. The novel sliding-mode controller is designed in accordance with the trapezoidal velocity profile to guarantee the desired performance. A motor control system associated PC-based incremental motion controller with permanent-magnet synchronous motor is built to verify the control effect. The validity of the novel incremental motion controller with sliding-mode control method is demonstrated by simulation and experimental results.
52.2.18	Mengesha Mamo, K. Ide, M. Sawamura, J. Oyama, "Novel rotor position extraction based on carrier frequency component method (CFCM) using two reference frames for IPM drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 508- 514, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper a novel interior permanent-magnet (IPM) motor's rotor position extraction method from the carrier-frequency component signal, derived from pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) inverter switching, using two reference frames is presented. This method has been utilized for IPM motor vector control without a mechanical rotor position detector, extracting rotor position angle from the switching carrier-frequency (10 kHz) component current. It is effective for IPM motors, which have magnetic saliency, sinusoidal distributed stator winding, and are supplied by a PWM voltage-source inverter. The performance of two IPM motors' vector control without mechanical rotor position detector utilizing this method has been investigated. Experimental results demonstrating good dynamic and steady-state performance achieved are presented and discussed.
52.2.19	A.F. Moreira, P.M. Santos, T.A. Lipo, G. Venkataramanan, "Filter networks for long cable drives and their influence on motor voltage distribution and common-mode currents," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 515- 522, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Filter networks for long cable drives have been studied in the last decade to solve the overvoltage problem at the motor terminals. However, little research has been dedicated to analyze their influence on the voltage distribution in the motor stator winding and on the circulation of the common-mode currents. In this paper, the project of dv/dt filters through simulation and analysis from previous work is extended, including the motor voltage distribution and common-mode current analysis. Simulation and experimental results are presented, demonstrating the usefulness of the filter networks on the motor overvoltage mitigation. Three filter topologies will be discussed and compared here: RLC filter at the motor terminals, RLC filter at the inverter output and reactor filter, which is extensively used in the industry. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the RLC filter at the inverter output is the most interesting solution among the main types of passive filter networks.
52.2.20	M. Salo, H. Tuusa, "vector-controlled PWM current-source-inverter-fed induction motor drive with a new stator current control method," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 523- 531, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, the control of the pulsewidth-modulated current-source-inverter-fed induction motor drive is discussed. The vector control system of the induction motor is realized in a rotor-flux-oriented reference frame, where only the measured angular rotor speed and the dc-link current are needed for motor control. A new damping method for stator current oscillations is introduced. The method operates in an open-loop manner and is very suitable for microcontroller implementation, since the calculation power demand is low. Also, the stator current phase error caused by the load filter is compensated without measurement of any electrical variable. With the proposed control methods the motor current sensors can be totally eliminated since the stator current measurements are not needed either for protection in the current-source-inverter-fed drives. The proposed control methods are realized using a single-chip Motorola MC68HC916Y1 microcontroller. The experimental tests show excellent performance in both steady-state and transient conditions.
52.2.21	M. Cirrincione, M. Pucci, "An MRAS-based sensorless high-performance induction motor drive with a predictive adaptive model," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 532- 551, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a new model reference adaptive system (MRAS) speed observer for high-performance field-oriented control induction motor drives based on adaptive linear neural networks. It is an evolution and an improvement of an MRAS observer presented in the literature. This new MRAS speed observer uses the current model as an adaptive model discretized with the modified Euler integration method. A linear neural network has been then designed and trained online by means of an ordinary least-squares (OLS) algorithm, differently from that in the literature which employs a nonlinear backpropagation network (BPN) algorithm. Moreover, the neural adaptive model is employed here in prediction mode, and not in simulation mode, as is usually the case in the literature, with a consequent quicker convergence of the speed estimation, no need of filtering the estimated speed, higher bandwidth of the speed loop, lower estimation errors both in transient and steady-state operation, better behavior in zero-speed operation at no load, and stable behavior in field weakening. A theoretical analysis of some stability issues of the proposed observer has also been developed. The OLS MRAS observer has been verified in numerical simulation and experimentally, and in comparison with the BPN MRAS one presented in the literature. Power Electronics
52.2.22	L.H.S.C. Barreto, E.A.A. Coelho, V.J. Farias, J.C. de Oliveira, L.C. de Freitas, Jr. Joao Batista Vieira, "A quasi-resonant quadratic boost converter using a single resonant network," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 552- 557, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a quadratic boost converter using a single quasi-resonant network to reach soft commutation. A resonant inductor, a resonant capacitor, and an auxiliary switch form the resonant network and the main switch operates in a zero-current-switching way. A complete analysis of this converter is presented. According to the simulation and experimental results, this quadratic boost converter provides a larger conversion ratio than that provided by the conventional boost converter (for a given duty ratio D), and presents optimum performance, which operates with soft-switch commutation using a single resonant network.
52.2.23	A. Kotsopoulos, P.J.M. Heskes, M.J. Febsen, "Zero-crossing distortion in grid-connected PV inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 558- 565, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Zero-crossing distortion has been observed in the ac output current produced by some grid-connected photovoltaic inverters and this can cause a resonant response between the grid impedance and the inverter filter capacitor. In some cases, particularly with large numbers of parallel-connected inverters and with weak grids, the resonance can cause voltage distortion that may be large enough to disturb other nearby equipment. A number of commercially available inverters were tested to investigate the mechanisms of this distortion. A model was then developed to allow further simulations with different numbers of inverters and varying levels of distortion to be performed.
52.2.24	M. Castilla, L. Garcia_de_Vicuna, J.M. Guerrero, J. Matas, J. Miret, "Sliding-mode control of quantum series-parallel resonant converters via input-output linearization," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 566- 575, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to explore the problem of designing proper sliding-mode controllers to regulate the output voltage of the dc-to-dc quantum series-parallel resonant converter. A control-oriented dynamic model, which appropriately describes the large-signal behavior of the power circuit by average state variables, is first developed. Using input-output feedback linearization, a control design methodology is then presented, which leads to a family of sliding surfaces that make the output voltage behave following a particular large-signal linear dynamics. Among these surfaces, the final configuration is selected taking into account control circuit simplicity as the basic premise. Besides exhibiting the absence of output-voltage errors in steady state, the control solution leads to robust operation with respect to parameter variations and external disturbances. Simulations and experimental results are reported to validate the expected features of the proposed control solution. Signal Processing and Control
52.2.25	Byung-Moon Han, Byong-Yeul Bae, S.J. Ovaska, "Reference signal generator for active power filters using improved adaptive predictive filter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 576- 584, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The performance of an active power filter (APF) depends on the inverter characteristics, applied control method, and the accuracy of the reference signal generator. The accuracy of the reference generator is the most critical item in determining the performance of APFs. This paper introduces an efficient reference signal generator composed of an improved adaptive predictive filter. The performance of the proposed reference signal generator was first verified through a simulation with MATLAB. Furthermore, the application of feasibility was evaluated through experimenting with a single-phase APF prototype based on the proposed reference generator, which was implemented using the TMS320C31 floating-point signal processor. Both simulations and experimental results confirm that our reference signal generator can be used successfully in practical APFs.
52.2.26	Chin-Shyurng Fahn, Herman Sun, "Development of a data glove with reducing sensors based on magnetic induction," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 585- 594, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, we present the development of a data glove system using magnetic induction coils as finger movement sensors. This data glove has the capability of measuring ten degrees of freedom of a hand with only five sensors that are arranged properly on the palmar surface instead of the dorsal surface. Because these sensors are installed on the finger phalange positions, there is no contact point between the sensors and the finger joints. Hence, the shape of the sensors does not change as the fingers are bending, and the quality of measurement and the lifetime of the sensors will not decrease with time. Additionally, the motion constraints of the finger joints are investigated to simplify the development of the data glove. For the convenience of using this glove, a simple and efficient calibration process consisting of two steps is also provided, so that all required parameters can be determined automatically. The theoretical formulation of the bending angles of proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, and thumb interphalangeal joints as well as the calibration equations are derived directly from the positions and orientations of the generator and sensor coils on the data glove. Also described and realized are the circuit block diagram and the construction of the data glove system. To prevent the interference among the generator coils, we adopt the time division method to scan the generator and sensor coils. So far, the experimental results of the sensors performing linear movement and bending angle measurements directly using an oscilloscope in less noisy environments are very satisfactory. It reveals that our data glove is available for a man-machine interface. Emerging Technology
52.2.27	R. Zurawski, "Petri net models, functional abstractions, and reduction techniques: applications to the design of automated manufacturing systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 595- 609, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The use of generic models in the synthesis of flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) systems, which allows for rapid modeling and analysis, does not ease the verification task difficulty. Even though generic modules can be verified separately, the verification of the interconnections between modules requires the whole model to be considered. A potential solution is to replace the generic modules with their functional abstractions which realize the external functional behavior of these modules. The number of places and transitions involved in realizing the required functionality is, typically, a fraction of that used to represent complete components. This reduces the complexity of the components of the modeled system, and thus the complexity of the verification model. The verification task can then focus on the correctness of the interfaces, rather then on the internal nature of the components. This paper presents new results that allow for systematic construction of functional abstractions for a class of Petri net models which can be used to represent the primary components of the automated-guided-vehicle-based FMSs.
52.2.28	Mingxuan Sun, Youyi Wang, D. Wang, "Variable-structure repetitive control: a discrete-time strategy," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 610- 616, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper addresses the problem of periodic disturbance rejection arising from rotational plants following periodic trajectories. Repetitive control is a method usually employed in solving such a problem. The reported analysis results give sufficient conditions for stability of the controlled systems in the frequency domain. In this paper, discrete-time variable-structure repetitive control (VSRC) is proposed, where the periodicity features are taken into account and no disturbance estimate is involved explicitly. The presented VSRC control scheme ensures robust stability of the resultant quasi-sliding-mode dynamics to parameter variations and exogenous disturbances. The complete rejection of periodic disturbances and the perfect tracking of periodic trajectories are achieved. Time-domain sufficient conditions for the robust stability are presented by which the controller parameters can be chosen. A numerical simulation is conducted to illustrate the validity of the developed method.
52.2.29	Leo Ho Wai Yeung, W.K.S. Tang, "A hybrid genetic approach for container loading in logistics industry," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 617- 627, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A hybrid genetic approach is proposed for container loading in order to meet the up-to-date customer requirements in the logistics industry. Container loading is usually modeled as a three-dimensional packing problem which is known to be NP-complete. By combining an order-based genetic algorithm with a novel heuristic placement method, the complicated and highly constrained packing problem is transformed into a simple permutation problem with a much smaller searching domain. It is guaranteed that every box is stable after placement inside the container. From the simulation results, it is demonstrated that optimal results can be duly obtained in a reasonably short period of time.
52.2.30	F. Delgado, M.E. Magana, "A fuzzy logic controller design and simulation for a sawmill bucking system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 628- 634, April 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents an alternative efficient solution to the sawmill bucking problem using a fuzzy logic controller/optimizer. Bucking is one of the first production stations where stems coming from the forests are analyzed and processed in a sawmill. A length and diameter measurement system provides an operator with stem information so he/she can make a decision on what blocks should be cut. Traditional bucking solutions are based on the operator's experience, the data provided by the length and diameter measurement system and the visual inspection on the shape (sweep and taper) of the stem. The decisions of the operator are not exact but good enough or appropriate. The operator's decisions have a common goal: to recover the most wood out of every tree stem. Fuzzy logic controller decisions, if appropriate, try to simulate the best common sense decisions that a human will make after evaluating a set of data. Fuzzy logic control systems, as is already known, are designed with the intention of replacing an expert human operator with an automated ruled-based system.

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volume 52, Number 3, June 2005 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

Special Section Papers on Modern Rectifiers - Part 3

52.3.1	C. Rech, J.R. Pinheiro, "Line current harmonics reduction in multipulse connection of asymmetrically loaded rectifiers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 640- 652, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a new arrangement for the multipulse connection of asymmetrically loaded six-pulse rectifiers. This arrangement is, therefore, particularly suitable for implementing the dc voltage sources of hybrid multilevel inverters in applications with active power transfer, such as medium-voltage adjustable-speed drives. A new design methodology is proposed to determine the phase shifts among the secondaries of the isolation transformer, even when the active power levels processed by each rectifier and their input and output impedances are different. A set of phase angles is obtained to minimize, and even to eliminate, undesired low-order harmonics of the input current, in particular, the 5th harmonic, because this harmonic component presents an amplitude considerably higher than the amplitude of the other harmonics. In consequence, the proposed design methodology increases the input power factor and reduces the input current total harmonic distortion. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed structure.
52.3.2	J. Dixon, L. Moran, "A clean four-quadrant sinusoidal power rectifier using multistage converters for subway applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 653- 661, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A special 27-level four-quadrant rectifier for subway applications is analyzed. The arrangement uses only three H-bridges per phase, common dc bus, and independent input transformers for each H-bridge. The transformers allow galvanic isolation and power escalation to obtain high-quality voltage waveforms, with total harmonic distortion of less than 1%. Some advantages of this 27-level rectifier are: 1) only one of the three H-bridges, called the main converter, manages more than 80% of the total active power in each phase and 2) it switches at fundamental frequency, reducing the switching losses at a minimum value. The rectifier analyzed in this paper is a current-controlled voltage-source type, with a conventional feedback control loop. Some simulations in a rectifier substation, including power reversal at full load are displayed (750 Vdc, 1200 A). The rectifier shows the ability to produce clean ac and dc waveforms without any ripple, and fast reversal of power. Some experimental results with a small prototype, showing voltage and current waveforms, are finally displayed.
52.3.3	M. Glinka, R. Marquardt, "A new AC/AC multilevel converter family," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 662- 669, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new ac/ac modular multilevel converter (M/sup 2/LC) family will be introduced. The new concept stands out due to its modularity and superior control characteristics. The stringent modularity results in a very cost-efficient and versatile converter construction. This new M/sup 2/LC concept is well suited to a wide range of multiphase ac/ac converters. The basic working principle together with the static and dynamic behavior are explained in detail on a single-phase ac/ac converter enabling four-quadrant operation. It is demonstrated that this converter concept fulfils the demanding requirements for future ac-fed traction vehicles very well.
52.3.4	A. Dell'Aquila, M. Liserre, V.G. Monopoli, P. Rotondo, "An energy-based control for an n-H-bridges multilevel active rectifier," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 670- 678, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper deals with the control of a multilevel n-H-bridges front-end rectifier. This topology allows n distinct dc buses to be fed by the same ac source offering a high loading flexibility suitable for traction applications as well as for industrial automation plants. However, this flexibility can lead the system to instability if the dc buses operate at different voltage levels and with unbalanced loads. Thus, linear controllers, designed on the basis of the small-signal linearization, are not effective any longer and stability can not be ensured as large-signal disturbances occur. The use of a passivity-based control (PBC) designed via energy considerations and without small-signal linearization properly fits stability problems related to this type of converter. The system has been split into n subsystems via energy considerations in order to achieve the separate control of each dc bus and its stability in case of load changes or disturbances generated by other buses. Then, a set of n passivity-based controllers (one for each subsystem) is adopted: the controllers are linked using dynamical parameters computed through energy balance equations. Hence, the system dc buses are independent and stable as experimental results demonstrate.
52.3.5	E. Sanchis, E. Maset, J.A. Carrasco, J.B. Ejea, A. Ferreres, E. Dede, V. Esteve, J. Jordan, R. Garcia-Gil, "Zero-current-switched three-phase SVM-controlled buck rectifier," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 679- 688, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A zero-current-transition (ZCT) cell is analyzed and designed to be used with a three-phase pulsewidth-modulation buck rectifier. This rectifier was space-vector controlled and used unidirectional current switches. The proposed ZCT circuit is load independent and achieves a high noise and voltage stress reduction and provides ZCTs to almost all transitions of the rectifier's switches and to the additional auxiliary switches. Theoretical equations have been obtained for design purposes. The circuit is easy to design and the driving signals for the auxiliary switches are also easy to obtain, as demonstrated in this paper.
52.3.6	Chien-Ming Wang, "A novel ZCS-PWM power-factor preregulator with reduced conduction losses," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 689- 700, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a new single-phase high-power-factor rectifier, which features regulation by conventional pulsewidth modulation (PWM), soft commutation, and instantaneous average line current control. A new zero-current-switching PWM (ZCS-PWM) auxiliary circuit is configured in the presented ZCS-PWM rectifier to perform ZCS in the active switches and zero-voltage switching in the passive switches. Furthermore, soft commutation of the main switch is achieved without additional current stress by the presented ZCS-PWM auxiliary circuit. A significant reduction in the conduction losses is achieved, since the circulating current for the soft switching flows only through the auxiliary circuit and a minimum number of switching devices are involved in the circulating current path and the proposed rectifier uses a single converter instead of the conventional configuration composed of a four-diode front-end rectifier followed by a boost converter. Nine transition states for describing the behavior of the ZCS-PWM rectifier in one switching period are described. The PWM switch model is used to predict the system performance. A prototype rated at 1 kW, operating 50 kHz, with an input ac voltage of 220 V/sub rms/ and an output voltage 400 V/sub dc/ has been implemented in laboratory. An efficiency of 97.3% and power factor over 0.99 has been measured. Analysis, design, and the control circuitry are also presented in this paper.
52.3.7	M.M. Jovanovic, Y. Febg, "State-of-the-art, single-phase, active power-factor-correction techniques for high-power applications - an overview," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 701- 708, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A review of high-performance, state-of-the-art, active power-factor-correction (PFC) techniques for high-power, single-phase applications is presented. The merits and limitations of several PFC techniques that are used in today's network-server and telecom power supplies to maximize their conversion efficiencies are discussed. These techniques include various zero-voltage-switching and zero-current-switching, active-snubber approaches employed to reduce reverse-recovery-related switching losses, as well as techniques for the minimization of the conduction losses. Finally, the effect of recent advancements in semiconductor technology, primarily silicon-carbide technology, on the performance and design considerations of PFC converters is discussed.
52.3.8	Huang-Jen Chiu, Li-Wei Lin, "A high-efficiency soft-switched AC/DC converter with current-doubler synchronous rectification," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 709- 718, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: An improved ac/dc converter based on asymmetrical half-bridge topology is proposed in this paper. To substantially enhance the efficiency for low-voltage/high-current output applications, a current-doubler synchronous rectifier is combined with a modified asymmetrical half-bridge converter that retains the inherent zero-voltage-switching property. The power losses in the secondary rectification stage and the primary switches can be significantly reduced. The proposed architecture exhibits extreme simplicity and lower cost while providing unity power factor, well-regulated output, and high power density. The detailed operating principles and design procedures for the proposed converter are described in this paper. Simulation and experimental results for a laboratory prototype are discussed to verify the feasibility.
52.3.9	P. Ide, F. Schafmeister, N. Frohleke, H. Grotstollen, "Enhanced control scheme for three-phase three-level rectifiers at partial load," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 719- 726, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A prominent boost-type three-level topology (VIENNA Rectifier I), which proved to represent a cost-effective and highly efficient solution for switched-mode rectifiers is inspected toward its operation at discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). This mode of operation occurs not only at high input voltage in conjunction with low load currents but even at medium loading in the vicinity of mains voltage zero crossings. When this circuit is operated in DCM, additional measures are required for improved behavior to avoid conflicts with requirements on total harmonic distortion and regulations as well as safe operation in terms of voltage balancing and overvoltage protection. A detailed analysis of DCM and associated states is performed enabling determination and location of error voltages. Basic rules for the location of error voltages can be found. This leads to a novel optimized modulation and control scheme, facilitating designs without additional inductance. Selected simulation and measurement results prove the enhanced modulation scheme.
52.3.10	Guanghai Gong, M.L. Heldwein, U. Drofenik, J. Minibock, K. Mino, J.W. Kolar, "Comparative evaluation of three-phase high-power-factor AC-DC converter concepts for application in future More Electric Aircraft," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 727- 737, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A passive 12-pulse rectifier system, a two-level, and a three-level active three-phase pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) rectifier system are analyzed for supplying the dc-voltage link of a 5-kW variable-speed hydraulic pump drive of an electro-hydrostatic actuator to be employed in future More Electric Aircraft. Weight, volume, and efficiency of the concepts are compared for an input phase voltage range of 98-132 V and an input frequency range of 400-800 Hz. The 12-pulse system shows advantages concerning volume, efficiency, and complexity but is characterized by a high system weight. Accordingly, the three-level PWM rectifier is identified as the most advantageous solution. Finally, a novel extension of the 12-pulse rectifier system by turn-off power semiconductors is proposed which allows a control of the output voltage and, therefore, eliminates the dependency on the mains and load condition which constitutes a main drawback of the passive concept.
52.3.11	J.R. Rodriguez, J. Pontt, C. Silva, E.P. Wiechmann, P.W. Hammond, F.W. Santucci, R. Alvarez, R. Musalem, S. Kouro, P. Lezana, "Large current rectifiers: State of the art and future trends," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 738- 746, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents the different technologies used in the generation of large controlled currents, in the kiloamperes range. After a brief review of processes requiring large currents, the paper discusses the working principles of thyristor phase-controlled rectifiers commonly used in these applications. Chopper-rectifiers using high-current insulated gate bipolar transistors are introduced as an alternative being considered in recent projects. The pulsewidth-modulated current-source rectifier, currently used in medium-voltage motor drives, is also analyzed as a future alternative for rectification in industrial processes. In addition, this paper presents the most important requirements and specifications to be considered in the applications of these high-power units. A system comparison is developed between thyristor and chopper-rectifiers in terms of quality of control, harmonics, power factor, losses, and efficiency.
52.3.12	P. Ladoux, G. Postiglione, H. Foch, J. Nuns, "A comparative study of AC/DC converters for high-power DC arc furnace," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 747- 757, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Today, dc arc furnaces are supplied by thyristor rectifiers. Because of the phase control strategy on the rectifiers, the arc voltage swings induce large reactive power variations on the power network and a static VAr compensator (SVC) or a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is always added to avoid flicker effect. In this paper, the authors present a new control strategy which suppresses the flicker effect and increases the furnace productivity. To supply the dc arc furnace, the ac/dc converter is based on diode rectifiers and choppers with a constant power control strategy. Consequently, the ac/dc converter can operate without a STATCOM or an SVC. To evaluate the gain in flicker and furnace productivity, simulations are done with Matlab software. These simulations take into account arc voltage measurements on a 100-MW dc arc furnace and allow for comparison of the different solutions.
52.3.13	J.C. Wiseman, Bin Wu, "Active damping control of a high-power PWM current-source rectifier for line-current THD reduction," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 758- 764, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The use of active damping to reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the line current for medium-voltage (2.3-7.2 kV) high-power pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) current-source rectifiers is investigated. The rectifier requires an LC filter connected at its input terminals, which constitutes an LC resonant mode. The lightly damped LC filter is prone to series and parallel resonances when tuned to a system harmonic either from the utility or from the PWM rectifier. These issues are traditionally addressed at the design stage by properly choosing the filter resonant frequency. This approach may result in a limited performance since the LC resonant frequency is a function of the power system impedance, which usually varies with power system operating conditions. In this paper, an active damping control method is proposed for the reduction in line current THD of high-power current-source rectifiers operating at a switching frequency of only 540 Hz. Two types of LC resonances are investigated: the parallel resonance excited by harmonic currents drawn by the rectifier and the series resonance caused by harmonic pollution in the source voltage. It is demonstrated through simulation and experiments that the proposed active damping control can effectively reduce the line-current THD caused by both parallel and series resonances.
52.3.14	R. Garcia-Gil, J.M. Espi, E.J. Dede, E. Sanchis-Kilders, "A bidirectional and isolated three-phase rectifier with soft-switching operation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 765- 773, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A bidirectional-power-flow three-phase rectifier with high-frequency isolation and all-digital control, based on the matrix converter topology, is analyzed in this paper. The selected topology consists of a bidirectional three-phase-to-single-phase reduced matrix converter with power-factor correction and a bidirectional active rectifier. The inclusion of the isolation transformer at the switching frequency permits the reduction of volume and weight. By synchronizing the commutation of both converters and adding a saturable inductor and a blocking capacitor it is possible to achieve soft commutation for most of the semiconductor elements. An all-digital control based on a digital-signal-processor and a field-programmable gate array was used to implement space-vector modulation and output current regulation. This power converter is intended to feed the low-energy correction magnet of a particle accelerator. Experimental results of a 1.5-kW 20-kHz prototype are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed topology.
52.3.15	S. Rees, "New cascaded control system for current-source rectifiers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 774- 784, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A control method for current-source rectifiers (CSRs), which realizes substantially sinusoidal line currents, unity displacement power factor, and a dc-link current control with excellent dynamic properties is presented. CSRs are usually operated by pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) or space-vector-modulation techniques. However, due to the mains LC filter resonant circuits when using these modulation methods the system stability has to be investigated, resulting in restrictions on the minimum PWM frequency and the minimum size of the LC filter. Furthermore most known dc-link current control loops use dc-link inductors of considerable size. This limits the dynamic performance and, therefore, reduces the attainable efficiency of CSRs. To overcome these problems, a new cascaded dc-link current control system for CSRs is presented. Its inner capacitor voltage controller is based on a time-discrete modulation method, which realizes a fundamentally stable control of the mains LC filter resonant circuits, avoiding the mentioned restrictions. The system controlled by the superimposed dc-link current controller is linearized by a new approach, allowing excellent dynamic performance and, therefore, a comparatively small dc-link inductor to be used. The paper includes guidelines on how to design the mains filter components and the dc-link inductor. The feasibility of the presented cascaded controller is confirmed by measurements taken on a 60-kVA model current-source converter and different loads. Drive Control
52.3.16	A.A. Naassani, E. Monmasson, J.-P. Louis, "Synthesis of direct torque and rotor flux control algorithms by means of sliding-mode theory," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 785- 799, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper is an attempt to synthesize the direct torque and rotor flux control (DTRFC) algorithms of induction motor using sliding-mode theory. The choice of the sliding-mode theory has been motivated by the presence of switches in the voltage-source inverter (VSI). Changes in the state of the switches cause the variation in the topology of the controlled system. In addition, this theory offers a mathematical process that allows rigorous procedures of analysis and synthesis. The developed voltage vector is generated by two methods: direct control of the VSI (hysteresis VSI control), and indirect control of the VSI using space-vector modulation. In addition, taking into account the complementarity of the advantages of each VSI control algorithm, the high dynamic performance of the direct control and the smoothness of the indirect control, the idea of the dynamic reconfiguration of DTRFC algorithms is proposed.
52.3.17	H. Nakai, H. Ohtani, E. Satoh, Y. Inaguma, "Development and testing of the torque control for the permanent-magnet synchronous motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 800- 806, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Hybrid electrical vehicles and electrical vehicles are being actively developed. A hybrid electric vehicle motor design requires high efficiency, high power/weight ratio, and reliability from low rotor speed to high rotor speed. The permanent-magnet synchronous motor is used in order to fulfill these requirements. The purpose of this paper is to develop a permanent-magnet synchronous motor control method for all rotor speeds. This method increases the torque and the efficiency at high speed when compared to the ordinary current error feedback method. A method composed of two compensators is proposed to achieve this objective. One of the compensators controls the torque using the voltage phases. The other one is the ordinary current error feedback. Several correcting methods for the voltage phase compensator have been proposed for the compensator for many control demands. The validity of the proposed method was confirmed using simulation and experimental evaluations.
52.3.18	C. De Angelo, G. Bossio, J. Solsona, G.O. Garcia, M.I. Valla, "A rotor position and speed observer for permanent-magnet motors with nonsinusoidal EMF waveform," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 807- 813, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new nonlinear reduced-order observer to estimate the rotor speed and position for permanent-magnet motors, with arbitrary electromotive force (EMF) waveform, is presented. The proposed observer is suitable for the realization of a torque control with minimum torque ripple. In order to implement the observer, the EMF generated by the motor is first obtained experimentally offline. After that, it is approximated by a Fourier series in order to develop the model to be used in the online estimation. From the estimated EMF, rotor position and speed are calculated using the relationship between the EMF and the rotor variables. The proposal is validated with experimental results.
52.3.19	Y.X. Su, C.H. Zheng, B.Y. Duan, "Automatic disturbances rejection controller for precise motion control of permanent-magnet synchronous motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 814- 823, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A highly robust automatic disturbances rejection controller (ADRC) is developed to implement high-precision motion control of permanent-magnet synchronous motors. The proposed ADRC consists of a tracking differentiator (TD) in the feedforward path, an extended state observer (ESO), and a nonlinear proportional derivative control in the feedback path. The TD solves the difficulties posed by low-order reference trajectories which are quantized at the sensor resolution, and the ESO provides the estimate of the unmeasured system's state and the real action of the unknown disturbances only based on a measurement output of the system. Simulations and experimental results show that the proposed ADRC achieves a better position response and is robust to parameter variation and load disturbance. Furthermore, the ADRC is designed directly in discrete time with a simple structure and fast computation, which make it widely applicable to all other types of derives.
52.3.20	V.T. Somasekhar, K. Gopakumar, M.R. Baiju, K.K. Mohapatra, L. Umanand, "A multilevel inverter system for an induction motor with open-end windings," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 824- 836, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, a multilevel inverter system for an open-end winding induction motor drive is described. Multilevel inversion is achieved by feeding an open-end winding induction motor with two two-level inverters in cascade (equivalent to a three-level inverter) from one end and a single two-level inverter from the other end of the motor. The combined inverter system with open-end winding induction motor produces voltage space-vector locations identical to a six-level inverter. A total of 512 space-vector combinations are available in the proposed scheme, distributed over 91 space-vector locations. The proposed inverter drive scheme is capable of producing a multilevel pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) waveform for the phase voltage ranging from a two-level waveform to a six-level waveform depending on the modulation range. A space-vector PWM scheme for the proposed drive is implemented using a 1.5-kW induction motor with open-end winding structure.
52.3.21	Rong-Jong Wai, Kuo-Min Lin, "Robust decoupled control of direct field-oriented induction motor drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 837- 854, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper focuses on the development of a decoupling mechanism and a speed control scheme based on total sliding-mode control (TSMC) theory for a direct rotor field-oriented (DRFO) induction motor (IM). First, a robust decoupling mechanism including an adaptive flux observer and a sliding-mode current estimator is investigated to decouple the complicated flux and torque dynamics of an IM. The acquired flux angle is utilized for the DRFO object such that the dynamic behavior of the IM is like that of a separately excited dc motor. However, the control performance of the IM is still influenced seriously by the system uncertainties including electrical and mechanical parameter variation, external load disturbance, nonideal field-oriented transient responses, and unmodeled dynamics in practical applications. In order to enhance the robustness of the DRFO IM drive for high-performance applications, a TSMC scheme is constructed without the reaching phase in conventional sliding-mode control (CSMC). The control strategy is derived in the sense of Lyapunov stability theorem such that the stable tracking performance can be ensured under the occurrence of system uncertainties. In addition, numerical simulations as well as experimental results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the developed methodologies in comparison with a model reference adaptive system flux observer and a CSMC system. Power Electronics
52.3.22	T. Bruckner, S. Bernet, H. Guldner, "The active NPC converter and its loss-balancing control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 855- 868, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The three-level neutral-point-clamped voltage-source converter (NPC VSC) is widely used in high-power medium-voltage applications. The unequal loss distribution among the semiconductors is one major disadvantage of this popular topology. This paper studies the loss distribution problem of the NPC VSC and proposes the active NPC VSC to overcome this drawback. The switch states and commutations of the converter are analyzed. A loss-balancing scheme is introduced, enabling a substantially increased output power and an improved performance at zero speed, compared to the conventional NPC VSC.
52.3.23	T. Senanayake, T. Ninomiya, "An improved topology of inductor-switching DC-DC converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 869- 878, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: An improved version of an inductor-switching fast-response dc-dc converter is presented that will provide the requirements and features of the new generation of microprocessor and digital systems. Lower output voltage, higher output current, and smaller output voltage ripple requirements have greatly increased the difficulty of the power supply design. To further increase the problem, power-saving "stop-clock" modes of the microprocessor has demanded faster and more stable transient response from the dc-dc converter. A novel method of inductor switching is applied to a dc-dc converter, and it provides the prominent features of current amplification and absorption during the heavy burden of load transients. The design and simulation of the concept is verified by experiment with a 12-V input and 3.3-V/30-A output converter.
52.3.24	Dae-Wook Kang, Byoung-Kuk Lee, Jae-Hyun Jeon, Tae-Jin Kim, Dong-Seok Hyun, "A symmetric carrier technique of CRPWM for voltage balance method of flying-capacitor multilevel inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 879- 888, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a simple carrier symmetric method for the voltage balance of flying capacitors in flying-capacitor multilevel inverters. The carrier-redistribution pulsewidth-modulation (CRPWM) method was reported as a solution for the voltage balance but it has a drawback at the transition of voltage level. To achieve the voltage balance of flying capacitors, the utilization of each carrier must be balanced during a half-cycle of the switching period such as phase-shifted PWM. However, the CRPWM method causes the fluctuation of flying-capacitor voltages because the balanced utilization of carriers is not achieved. Moreover, it does not consider that the load current change has an influence on flying-capacitor voltages by assuming that the current flows into the load. Therefore, the charging and discharging quantities of flying-capacitor voltages do not become zero during the switching period. To overcome the drawbacks of CRPWM, it is modified by the technique where carriers of each band are disposed of symmetrically at every fundamental period. Firstly, the CRPWM method is reviewed and the theory on voltage balance of flying capacitors is analyzed. The proposed method is introduced and is verified through simulation and experimental results.
52.3.25	Jin-Ha Choi, Jung-Min Kwon, Jee-Hoon Jung, Bong-Hwan Kwon, "High-performance online UPS using three-leg-type converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 889- 897, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A high-performance single-phase online uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is proposed. The UPS is composed of a three-leg-type converter which operates as a battery charger and an inverter. The first leg is controlled to charge the battery, and the third leg is controlled to make the output voltage. The common leg is controlled in line frequency. The charger and the inverter are controlled independently. The charger has the capability of power-factor correction while charging a battery. The inverter regulates output voltage and limits output current under an impulsive load. The three-leg-type converter reduces the number of switching devices. As a result, the system has less power loss and a low-cost structure. In the determination of the charger voltage, the nominal voltage is derived using the feedback linearization concept and then a perturbed voltage is determined for the reactive power control. The disturbance of input voltage is detected using a fast sensing technique of the input voltage. Experimental results obtained with a 3-VA prototype show a normal efficiency of over 87% and an input power factor of over 99%. Robotics and Vision
52.3.26	Meng Joo Er, Chang Deng, "Obstacle avoidance of a mobile robot using hybrid learning approach," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 898- 905, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: in this paper, a hybrid learning approach for obstacle avoidance of a mobile robot is presented. the key features of the approach are, firstly, innate hardwired behaviors which are used to bootstrap learning in the mobile robot system. a neuro-fuzzy controller is developed from a pre-wired or innate controller based on supervised learning in a simulation environment. the fuzzy inference system has been constructed based on the generalized dynamic fuzzy neural networks learning algorithm of Wu and Er, whereby structure and parameters identification are carried out automatically and simultaneously. Secondly, the neuro-fuzzy controller is capable of re-adapting in a new environment. After carrying out the learning phase on a simulated robot, the controller is implemented on a real robot. A reinforcement learning method based on the fuzzy actor-critic learning algorithm is employed so that the system can re-adapt to a new environment without human intervention. In this phase, the structure of the fuzzy inference system and the parameters of the antecedent parts of fuzzy rules are frozen, and reinforcement learning is applied to further tune the parameters in the consequent parts of the fuzzy rules. Through the hybrid learning approach, an efficient and compact neuro-fuzzy system is generated for obstacle avoidance of a mobile robot in the real world.
52.3.27	K.C. Tan, Y.J. Chen, K.K. Tan, T.H. Lee, "Task-oriented developmental learning for humanoid robots," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 906- 914, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a new approach of task-oriented developmental learning for humanoid robots. It is capable of setting up multiple tasks representation automatically using real-time experiences, thereby enabling a robot to handle various tasks concurrently without the need of predefining the tasks. In the approach, an evolvable partitioned tree structure is used for task representation knowledgebase that is partitioned into different task domains. The search/update of task knowledge is focused on a particular task branch, without considering the whole task knowledgebase that is often large and time consuming in the process. A prototype of the proposed task-oriented developmental learning is designed and implemented using a Khepera robot. Experimental results show that the robot can redirect itself to new tasks through interactions with the environment, and a learned task can be easily updated in order to meet varying specifications in the real world.
52.3.28	S. Takagi, N. Uchiyama, "Robust control system design for SCARA robots using adaptive pole placement," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 915- 921, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: SCARA robots generally have two revolute joints and one prismatic joint. One of the fundamental motions of the robots is horizontal transportation of a load by actuating the two revolute joints. Residual vibration of the prismatic joint generally occurs in the transportation, and it should be suppressed. In this paper, we propose an adaptive controller design for the transportation. The controlled object is modeled as a nonlinear double-input quadruple-output system with unknown mass of load. The controlled object is separated into two single-input double-output systems, which allows us to design an integral controller providing performance robustness with respect to estimation error of the mass. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Letters to the Editor
52.3.29	Kune-Shiang Tzeng, D.C. Tzeng, Jian-Shiang Chen, "An enhanced iterative learning control scheme using wavelet transform," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 922- 924, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this letter, an enhanced iterative learning control scheme with wavelet transform is presented. To improve its learning behavior, a wavelet transform is employed to extract the unlearnable dynamics from the measured feedback signal before it can be used to update the control profile.
52.3.30	Xiaoli Li, Xin Yao, "Multi-scale statistical process monitoring in machining," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 924- 927, June 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Most practical industrial process data contain contributions at multiple scales in time and frequency. Unfortunately, conventional statistical process control approaches often detect events at only one scale. This paper addresses a new method, called multiscale statistical process monitoring, for tool condition monitoring in a machining process, which integrates discrete wavelet transform (WT) and statistical process control. Firstly, discrete WT is applied to decompose the collected data from the manufacturing system into uncorrelated components. Next, the detection limits are formed for each decomposed component by using Shewhart control charts. A case study, i.e., tool condition monitoring in turning using an acoustic emission signal, demonstrates that the new method is able to detect abnormal events (serious tool wear or breakage) in the machining process.

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volume 52, Number 4, August 2005 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

Special Section Papers on Optomechatronics

52.4.1	H. Cho, M.Y. Kim, "Optomechatronic Technology: The Characteristics and Perspectives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 932- 943, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In recent years, optical technology has been incorporated into mechatronic systems at an accelerated rate, and as a result, a great number of machines/systems with smart optical components have been introduced. This integrated technology is termed “optomechatronics.” This paper introduces the fundamental concept, definition, and characteristics of the technology by analyzing the characteristics of a variety of practical optomechatronic systems. The introduction describes how optical and mechatronic components are physically coupled to each other to form optomechatronic integration. With this observation, we describe the nature and integration concept of the technology, from which we can derive the technology-driven fundamental functionalities in some detail. Based upon the knowledge on basic optomechatronic integration and functions, we analyze optomechatronic systems in general from the viewpoint of system configuration and design and, thus, the roles of optical technology in overall system performance being learned and the synergistic effects due to its fusion with mechatronics being understood.
52.4.2	W. Baetz, J. Braasch, W. Holzapfel, "Noise-Modulated Optomechatronic Distance-Measuring System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 944- 952, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A novel measuring system for optical distance sensing of solid targets is described. The system simply applies a noise-frequency-modulated laser diode for illuminating the target and an interferometer/photodetector device for coherent beam detection. This configuration is treated here as an optomechatronic correlator. The delay in travel time of the target beam in the interferometer yields a stochastically modulated electrical beat frequency in the photodetector output. Its mean frequency value is a measure for the target distance. Additionally to the required stochastic modulation of the injection current, the natural phase noise modulation of the laser diode also has to be taken into account. Theory delivers nonlinear measurement characteristics with strongly increased slope at the short-distance range. The experimental verification in a distance range up to 4 m shows a relative distance measurement error from$hbox10^-3$to$hbox10^-2(1sigma)$for an averaging time range from 10 to 1 s. The system is potentially qualified for approach sensing in mechatronic devices like tool machinery and robotics.
52.4.3	K.S. Moon, M. Levy, Y.K. Hong, H.K. Park, "Axial Displacement Measurement of a Single-Crystal Actuator Using Phase-Shift Interferometry," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 953- 959, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Due to their superior piezoelectric coefficients, PZN-PT ($(1- x)$Pb(Zn$_1/3$Nb$_2/3$)O$_3- x$PbTiO$_3$) and PMN-PT [$(1- x)$Pb(Mg$_1/3$Nb$_2/3$)O$_3- x$PbTiO$_3$] are viewed as possible substitutes for conventional PZT in advanced piezodevices. This paper presents noncontact displacement measurements in small rectangular PZN-PT and PMN-PT crystal rods. We propose a new phase-shift-interferometry-based technique for static and dynamic axial displacement measurement. The measurement technique makes use of the fact that the sinusoidal intensity data from the same pixels in two interferograms with different phase shifts form an elliptic Lissajous curve. We can accurately estimate phase-shift steps by fitting the elliptic Lissajous curve by least squares. Actuator displacements are then calculated from the estimated phase-shift steps. In this paper, the proposed technique was integrated with a Mirau interferometeric microscope with a machine vision system. This optomechatronic measurement system was used to measure the piezoelectric coefficient$d_31$of$langle 001rangle$-poled PZN-PT and PMN-PT single crystals as well as hysteresis. Simulations and experiments demonstrate that the proposed technique is robust against the influence of intensity noise in interferograms.
52.4.4	Y. Yamada, M. Morizono, U. Umetani, T. Takahashi, "Highly Soft Viscoelastic Robot Skin With a Contact Object-Location-Sensing Capability," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 960- 968, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper concerns the development of robot skin capable of accurately sensing the location of objects in area contact with the skin surface. There has been no report on tactile sensing which attained not only skin deformation detection but also contact object location sensing with high accuracy. In the category of optomechatronics technology, we apply optical fibers to transmit surface deformation information of soft skin for sensing the location of an object in contact with the soft skin accurately. In the paper, we illustrate the structure of the robot skin, and describe the principle of both detecting the position of the reflector chips and sensing the contact location of an object. The robot skin is characterized by the fact that the surface is low cost and easily replacable, and the sensing performance is robust against any electromagnetic disturbance. We then show experimental results for verifying the principles using a wedge-shaped object. For evaluating the sensing accuracy, comparisons are made: 1) between the location of a real convex of the object and that of the corresponding estimated polygon and 2) for the position of two vertices of the object when independent fitting and Lagrangian fitting methods are applied.
52.4.5	C.I. Nitu, B.S. Gramescu, C.D.P. Comeaga, A.O. Trufasu, "Optomechatronic System for Position Detection of a Mobile Mini-Robot," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 969- 973, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents an optomechatronic system which can detect, by triangulation, the position of a light point source, fastened onto a robot part. The sensing system consists of two positioning modules for optical transducers, which automatically follow the direction of the light point source. The system control is accomplished by means of data acquisition boards and LabVIEW programming.
52.4.6	S. He, R. BenMrad, "Large-Stroke Microelectrostatic Actuators for Vertical Translation of Micromirrors Used in Adaptive Optics," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 974- 983, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Two microelectrostatic actuators able to produce a repulsive force in the out-of-plane direction are presented in this paper. The electrostatic actuators use an asymmetric electric field surrounding the top and bottom surfaces of the moving fingers to produce a repulsive force. The displacement of translation micromirrors driven by these actuators is not limited by the “pull-in” effect and, therefore, can achieve a large stroke. In addition, the usage of a repulsive force leads to the elimination of the stiction problem. An analytical model relating the displacement of the first actuator to voltage applied is presented. The analytical model and numerical simulations show that a translation micromirror driven by the first actuator can achieve a stroke as large as 6$muhboxm$at a driving voltage of 50 V. The second actuator, suitable for fabrication using Multi-User-MEMS-Processes (MUMPs), is developed. A prototype translation micromirror driven by the second actuator achieved a vertical stroke of 2$muhboxm$, which is more than three times the stroke of conventional MUMPs translation micromirrors.
52.4.7	T. Oguchi, M. Hayase, T. Hatsuzawa, "Micromachined Display Device Using Sheet Waveguide and Multicantilevers Driven by Electrostatic Force," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 984- 991, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new structure for display devices is proposed and fabricated by the microelectromechanical systems process. The device is based on physical contact and evanescent coupling between a sheet waveguide and electrostatically driven multicantilevers. When incident light is propagated into the waveguide and the cantilevers contact the waveguide by applying a dc voltage, the switched light is emitted from the side edges of the contacted multicantilevers, resulting in a display device. The device contributes to the expansion of the switching area, the removal of unnecessary scattered light, and high contrast due to the simple fabrication and structure with corner spacers for the optical separation between the cantilevers and the waveguide. Based on the experimental results with the device, a contrast of 0.9 is obtained at 170 V, and a stable drive is realized up to 1 kHz. Therefore, the device can be expected to be used for display devices by the fabrication of an array structure.
52.4.8	Y. Katagiri, H. Takesue, E. Hashimoto, "Wavelength-Scanning Optical Bandpass Filters Based on Optomechatronics for Optical-Frequency Sweepers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 992- 1004, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: We propose and demonstrate a method for improving optical-frequency sweepers that uses a disk-shaped optical bandpass filter operated under the synchro-scan mode. We optimize the filter layer structure to achieve high linearity in optical-frequency tuning with the rotation angle of the disk, while maintaining a constant band-inhibition performance. We introduce an optical system that narrows the bandwidth by using an optimized beam coupler and improves the filtering performance by using a multiple-path method. The optimized filter enables a stable linear optical-frequency sweep when it is used with a motor stabilized by phase locking. The improved optical frequency sweepers can extend the sweep range to above 2 THz, while suppressing the accumulation of spontaneous emission noise.
52.4.9	E.T. Enikov, L.L. Minkov, S. Clark, "Microassembly Experiments With Transparent Electrostatic Gripper Under Optical and Vision-Based Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1005- 1012, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper describes the assembly experiments conducted with a novel miniature assembly cell for microelectromechanical systems. The cell utilizes a novel transparent electrostatic gripper and uses several disparate sensing modalities for position control: computer vision for part alignment with respect to the gripper, a fiber-coupled laser, and a position-sensitive detector for part to assembly alignment. The assembly experiments performed indicate that the gripping force and stage positioning accuracy of the gripper are sufficient for insertion of micromachined parts into slots etched in silicon substrates. Details of the cell operation, the control algorithm used, and their limitations are also provided. Potential applications of the developed assembly cell are assembly of miniature optical systems, integration of optoelectronics, such as laser diodes with CMOS, and epitaxial lift-off of thin films used in optoelectronic devices.
52.4.10	G. Yang, J.A. Gaines, B.J. Nelson, "Optomechatronic Design of Microassembly Systems for Manufacturing Hybrid Microsystems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1013- 1023, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Microassembly systems are a class of representative optomechatronic systems that play a critical role in the fabrication, packaging, and interconnection of hybrid microsystems such as hybrid microelectromechanical systems. Optomechatronic integration is essential to the development of microassembly systems due to the basic importance of microscope optics to microassembly. In this paper, the role of microscope optics in microassembly systems is analyzed. The general architecture of microassembly systems is introduced. Unique properties of microscale optomechatronics that differ from macroscale optomechatronics are summarized. These fundamental differences motivate the definition and discussion of microoptomechatronics. Major methodology issues in optomechatronic design of microassembly systems are introduced using examples. A wavelet-based microscopic image segmentation technique is presented to demonstrate the strength of using the unique properties of microoptomechatronics in microscopic image information processing.
52.4.11	L. Deng, F. Febabi-Sharifi, W.J. Wilson, "Hybrid Motion Control and Planning Strategies for Visual Servoing," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1024- 1040, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents two hybrid strategies for robot visual servoing. Two specific image constraints, the image singularities and image local minima, are considered in both strategies. The hybrid motion control strategy consists of a local switching control between the image-based and position-based visual servoing for direct avoidance of image singularities and image local minima. The hybrid motion planning strategy consists of an artificial potential field-based global hybrid trajectory planner, where a complete set of Cartesian, image, and robot joint constraints under a complex visual servoing scenario are considered. In this strategy, the image singularities are resolved using the damped-least-square-based joint trajectory planning, while the image local minima are evaluated only along the planned image trajectories and automatically avoided in the image-based trajectory tracking. Two global planning methods are considered. In the first method, the end-effector trajectory is directly planned with respect to the stationary target object frame, which provides a much shorter translational path compared with the local planning method. In the second method, the target trajectory is planned with respect to the current end-effector frame, which minimizes the chances of image trajectories leaving the camera field of view. Simulation and experimental results are given to demonstrate the efficiency of the two hybrid strategies.
52.4.12	T. Takeguchi, S. Kaneko, "Using Depth Aspect Images for Robust and Efficient Search of Multiple Objects in Optomechatronic Sensing," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1041- 1049, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A system is proposed for robust and efficient search for solid objects in a cluttered depth scene. Since the system is designed for obtaining robustness in real industry applications, it utilizes only depth information without color or texture on the object surfaces. The search is based on image matching of our novel surface representation called depth aspect image (DAI). The representation defined as a basic cue for the search is a two-dimensional orthographic image of local depth distribution and it is created through voxel framing, which gives effective references for definition of various aspects without any prominent features on the surfaces such as vertices or edges. For local coordinates of DAIs, the aspect coordinate frame is defined by 3-tuples of voxels and five constraint conditions on the 3-tuples can be formalized for the efficient selection. These can contribute to a reduction of the number of possible voxel sets. A robust statistical estimator called least quantile of residuals is furthermore introduced for robust matching even in the presence of occlusion and/or lack of data. The estimator can be utilized for both depth matching and model verification. Since the proposed system is following a model-based approach with possible views of local depth distributions, the computation cost for matching has to be reduced by introducing random sampling and an effective hashing. The sufficient number of trial samplings is derived through investigation and modeling of voxel arrangement. Experiments with real scenes show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
52.4.13	Y.-S. Kim, S.-J. Lee, N.-C. Park, Y.-P. Park, "Design of a Superparaboloidal Solid Immersion Mirror for Optomechatronic Near-Field Recording," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1050- 1055, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: We designed a superparaboloidal solid immersion mirror (SP-SIM) using a tilted parabolic mirror that applied total internal reflection to an optical flying head for near-field recording. As an SP-SIM does not need an objective lens or folding mirror, the height and weight of the optical flying head can be reduced. Using theoretical ray tracing, we found the optimal parameters for rotational symmetric beam intensity on a high-numerical-aperture (NA) focus. The effective NA of the SP-SIM was 1.32 for both the sagittal and meridional focuses. A 408-nm laser source and high refractive index material, NbFD13, was used for the simulation. The minimum spot sizes at full width 1/e$^2$intensity were 237 and 232 nm in the sagittal and meridional directions, respectively, at normal incidence. The size of the beam spot was kept nearly uniform within a maximum 5% deviation as the field angle changed within$pmhbox0.15^circ$. The SP-SIM measured 0.83 mm$,times,$0.95 mm$,times,$0.27 mm$(hboxWtimes hboxLtimes hboxH)$and weighed ca. 0.6 mg.
52.4.14	Kyung-Soo Kim, "Analysis of optical data storage systems - tracking performance with eccentricity," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1056- 1062, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The tracking control performance of optical data storage systems is analyzed in the presence of the disc eccentricity. The eccentricity is the maximum deviation from the geometric center of the circular tracks and the rotating center of the disc, which is inevitable in practice. This is mainly caused by the inaccuracy of the tracking forming devices. In the paper, tracking control performance is discussed in terms of pull-in capability and steady track-following ability. Firstly, it will be explicitly shown that the pull-in capability will degrade in proportion to the multiplication of the eccentricity and rotational frequency. This analysis provides a guide for tracking controller design with reliable pull-in actions. Secondly, in order to improve the steady track-following performance, a feedforward compensation method is introduced, which is simple enough to be implemented in practice. Furthermore, an interesting connection to the disturbance observer approach in the time domain is examined.
52.4.15	S.J. Hong, G.S. Oct, "Neural-Network-Based Sensor Fusion of Optical Emission and Mass Spectroscopy Data for Real-Time Fault Detection in Reactive Ion Etching," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1063- 1072, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: To achieve timely and accurate fault detection in reactive ion etching, neural networks (NNs) have been applied for the fusion of data generated by two in-situ sensors: optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and residual gas analysis (RGA). While etching is performed, OES and RGA data are simultaneously collected in real time. Several pre-determined, statistically significant wavelengths (for OES data) and atomic masses (for RGA signals) are monitored. These data are subsequently used for training NN-based time series models of process behavior. Such models, referred to herein as time series NNs (TSNNs), are realized using multilayered perceptron NNs. Results indicate that the TSNNs not only predict process parameters of interest, but also efficiently perform as sensor fusion of the in-situ sensor data.
52.4.16	C.-S. Cho, B.-M. Chung, M.-J. Park, "Development of Real-Time Vision-Based Fabric Inspection System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1073- 1079, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Quality inspection of textile fabric products is an important problem for fabric manufacturers. This paper presents an automatic vision-based system for the quality control of web textile fabrics. Typical web material is 1–3 m wide and is driven with speeds ranging from 20 to 200 m/min. At present, the quality inspection process is manually performed by experts. However, they cannot detect more than 60% of the overall defects for the fabric if it is moving faster than 30 m/min. To increase the quality and homogeneity of fabrics, an automated visual inspection system is needed for better productivity. Currently, the existing inspection systems are too expensive for small companies. In this paper, a PC-based real-time inspection system is proposed with benefits of low cost and high detection rate. The proposed algorithm showed good results for several types of fabric defects. Power Electronics
52.4.17	J. Rodriguez, P.W. Hammond, J. Pontt, R. Musalem, P. Lezana, M.J. Escobar, "Operation of a Medium-Voltage Drive Under Faulty Conditions," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1080- 1085, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a method for operating cascaded multilevel inverters when one or more power cells are damaged. The method is based on the use of additional switches in the power circuit to bypass the faulty cell. To control the cells, the angle of phase shifting in the carrier signals is modified according to the number of operating cells, to minimize the load voltage distortion, when the inverter operates in failure mode. The reference signals of the pulsewidth-modulation modulators are also modified to increase the output voltage. Simulation and experimental results show the effectiveness of this method, which significantly increases the reliability of the drive.
52.4.18	R.P. Burgos, E.P. Wiechmann, "Extended Voltage Swell Ride-Through Capability for PWM Voltage-Source Rectifiers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1086- 1098, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Voltage swells are one of the most harmful disturbances present in industrial power systems, being capable of severely damaging, breaking, or tripping converters. In the case of pulsewidth-modulation voltage-source rectifiers (PWM-VSRs), swells first saturate their control system and then force them into six-pulse operation if no precautions are taken. This paper presents an extended ride-through strategy enabling these converters to deal and cope with swells of up to 1.8 p.u. (IEEE Std. 1159 swell definition). The proposed strategy first fully exploits the dc-link voltage capacity by dynamically entering the overmodulation region, and secondly by drawing inductive current in case the former action does not suffice. Dynamic overmodulation makes possible the straight ride-through of 15% and 42% three-phase and single-phase swells, whereas the modulation index supervisor/control loop drawing inductive current enables the ride-through for greater magnitude disturbances, all the while avoiding saturation of the converter control system. This is realized using decision-making space vector modulation, and a control system built over a nonlinear control law directly obtained from the converter complex state variable model. In this way, linear and decoupled$d$–$q$axes dynamics are attained, ensuring a constant dynamic response throughout the whole operating range. Finally, experimental results from a TMS320C32 digital-signal-processor-based 5-kVA laboratory prototype subjected to typical industry single- and three-phase swells ranging from 5% to 50% are presented. These confirm the predicted performance and feasibility of the proposed voltage swell ride-through strategy for PWM-VSRs.
52.4.19	C.-M. Wang, "A Novel Single-Stage Series-Resonant Buck–Boost Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1099- 1108, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A novel single-stage series-resonant buck–boost inverter (SRBBI) is proposed in this paper. The main attribute of the novel inverter topology is the fact that it generates an ac output voltage larger or lower than the dc input one, depending on the instantaneous duty cycle. This property is not found in the classical voltage-source inverter, which produces an ac output instantaneous voltage which always lower than the dc input voltage. The state-space averaging approach is used to estimate and examine the steady-state and dynamic character of the new single-stage SRBBI. The principle of operation, theoretical analysis, and experimental results of the proposed inverter, rated 500 W and operating at 40 kHz, are provided in this paper to verify the performance of the SRBBI.
52.4.20	A.K.S. Bhat, R. Venkatraman, "A Soft-Switched Full-Bridge Single-Stage AC-to-DC Converter With Low-Line-Current Harmonic Distortion," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1109- 1116, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A single-phase high-frequency transformer-isolated soft-switching single-stage ac-to-dc converter with low-line-current distortion is presented. The circuit configuration is obtained by integrating two discontinuous current mode (DCM) boost converters with a DCM full-bridge buck converter. The zero-voltage switching for the top switches is achieved automatically, whereas bottom switches are aided by zero-voltage transition circuits. The output voltage is regulated by duty-cycle control at constant switching frequency. The intervals of operation and steady-state analysis are presented. A systematic design procedure is presented with a 1-kW converter design example. PSPICE simulation and experimental results obtained from a 1-kW laboratory prototype are presented for a wide variation in line and load conditions.
52.4.21	C.-M. Wang, "A New Family of Zero-Current-Switching (ZCS) PWM Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1117- 1125, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new family of zero-current-switching (ZCS) pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) converters which uses a new ZCS-PWM switch cell is presented in this paper. The main switch and auxiliary switch operate at ZCS turn-on and turn-off, and all the passive semiconductor devices in the ZCS-PWM converter operate at zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) turn-on and turn-off. Besides operating at constant frequency and with reduced commutation losses, these new converters have no additional current stress in comparison to the hard-switching converter counterpart. The new family of ZCS-PWM converters is suitable for high-power applications using insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). The PWM switch model and state-space averaging approach is used to estimate and examine the steady-state and dynamic character of the system. The principle of operation, theoretical analysis, and experimental results of the new ZCS-PWM boost converter, rated 1 kW and operating at 30 kHz, are provided in this paper to verify the performance of this new family of converters.
52.4.22	J.M. Guerrero, L. GarciadeVicuna, J. Matas, M. Castilla, J. Miret, "Output Impedance Design of Parallel-Connected UPS Inverters With Wireless Load-Sharing Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1126- 1135, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper deals with the design of the output impedance of uninterruptible power system (UPS) inverters with parallel-connection capability. In order to avoid the need for any communication among modules, the power-sharing control loops are based on the$P/Q$droop method. Since in these systems the power-sharing accuracy is highly sensitive to the inverters output impedance, novel control loops to achieve both stable output impedance and proper power balance are proposed. In this sense, a novel wireless controller is designed by using three nested loops: 1) the inner loop is performed by using feedback linearization control techniques, providing a good quality output voltage waveform; 2) the intermediate loop enforces the output impedance of the inverter, achieving good harmonic power sharing while maintaining low output voltage total harmonic distortion; and 3) the outer loop calculates the output active and reactive powers and adjusts the output impedance value and the output voltage frequency during the load transients, obtaining excellent power sharing without deviations in either the frequency or the amplitude of the output voltage. Simulation and experimental results are reported from a parallel-connected UPS system sharing linear and nonlinear loads.
52.4.23	L. Asiminoaei, R. Teodorescu, F. Blaabjerg, U. Borup, "Implementation and Test of an Online Embedded Grid Impedance Estimation Technique for PV Inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1136- 1144, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: New and stronger power quality requirements are issued due to the increased amount of photovoltaic (PV) installations. In this paper different methods are used for continuous grid monitoring in PV inverters. By injecting a noncharacteristic harmonic current and measuring the grid voltage response it is possible to evaluate the grid impedance directly by the PV inverter, providing a fast and low-cost implementation. This principle theoretically provides an accurate result of the grid impedance but when using it in the context of PV integration, different implementation issues strongly affect the quality of the results. This paper also presents a new impedance estimation method including typical implementation problems encountered, and it also presents adopted solutions for online grid impedance measurement. Practical tests on an existing PV inverter validate the chosen solution.
52.4.24	N. Kasa, T. Iida, L. Chen, "Flyback Inverter Controlled by Sensorless Current MPPT for Photovoltaic Power System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1145- 1152, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a flyback inverter controlled by sensorless current maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for a small photovoltaic (PV) power system. Although the proposed system has small output power such as 300 W, a few sets of small PV power systems can be easily connected in parallel to yield higher output power. When a PV power system is constructed with a number of small power systems, the total system cost will increase and will be a matter of concern. To overcome this difficulty, this paper proposes a PV system that uses no expensive dc current sensor but utilizes the method of estimating the PV current from the PV voltage. The paper shows that the application of this novel sensorless current flyback inverter to an MPPT-operated PV system exhibits satisfactory MPPT performance similar to the one exhibited by the system with a dc current sensor as well. This paper also deals with the design method and the operation of the unique flyback inverter with center-tapped secondary winding. Drive Control
52.4.25	C. Cavallaro, A.O. DiTommaso, R. Miceli, A. Raciti, G.R. Galluzzo, M. Trapanese, "Efficiency Enhancement of Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives by Online Loss Minimization Approaches," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1153- 1160, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, a new loss minimization control algorithm for inverter-fed permanent-magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), which allows for the reduction of the power losses of the electric drive without penalty on its dynamic performance, is analyzed, experimentally realized, and validated. In particular, after a brief recounting of two loss minimization control strategies, namely, the “search control” and the “loss-model control,” both a new modified dynamic model of the PMSM (which takes into account the iron losses) and an innovative “loss-model” control strategy are presented. Experimental tests on a specific PMSM drive employing the proposed loss minimization algorithm have been performed, aiming to validate the actual implementation. The main results of these tests confirm that the dynamic performance of the drive is maintained, and in small motors enhancement up to 3.5% of the efficiency can be reached in comparison with the PMSM drive equipped with a more traditional control strategy.
52.4.26	Y.X. Su, C.H. Zheng, D. Sun, B.Y. Duan, "A Simple Nonlinear Velocity Estimator for High-Performance Motion Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1161- 1169, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Based on the fact that numerical integration can provide more stable and accurate results than numerical differentiation in the presence of noise, a constructive nonlinear velocity estimator (NVE) with simple computation is developed for high-quality instantaneous velocity estimation, based on the position measurement only. The attraction of the new velocity estimator is that it is very effective as well in the low-velocity ranges, it has high robustness against noise and design parameters, and it is easy to implement. Furthermore, the developed approach is model free. Both simulation and experimental tests have been run to verify its effectiveness and efficiency. The proposed new simple NVE has built a solid base for high-performance control of servo systems.
52.4.27	A. Derdiyok, "Speed-Sensorless Control of Induction Motor Using a Continuous Control Approach of Sliding-Mode and Flux Observer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1170- 1176, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a continuous approach of sliding-mode current and flux observers for an induction machine. The proposed observer structure both decouples machine equations and makes them completely insensitive to rotor resistance variation. An estimation algorithm based on these observers is proposed to calculate speed and rotor resistance independently. In the proposed algorithm, the speed and rotor resistance are considered to be unknown constants, because the speed and rotor resistance change slowly compared to the electrical variables such as currents and fluxes. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate the good performance of the proposed observer and estimation algorithm and of the overall indirect-field-oriented-controlled system.
52.4.28	G.K. Singh, K. Nam, S.K. Lim, "A Simple Indirect Field-Oriented Control Scheme for Multiphase Induction Machine," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1177- 1184, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Multiphase (more than three phases) drives possess several advantages over conventional three-phase drives, such as reducing the amplitude and increasing the frequency of torque pulsations, reducing the rotor harmonic currents, reducing the current per phase without increasing the voltage per phase, lowering the dc-link current harmonics, and higher reliability. By increasing the number of phases it is also possible to increase the power /torque per rms ampere for the same volume machine. This paper, therefore, presents a simple and straightforward approach to develop an indirect field-oriented control (FOC) scheme for a six-phase induction machine with an arbitrary displacement between the two three-phase winding sets. The two current-controlled pulsewidth-modulation three-phase voltage-source inverter independently feeds the two sets of three-phase stator windings. The scheme is based on simple two-axis ($d$–$q$) model of the six-phase induction machine, and can be easily extended to any number of phases, which are multiples of three. The unbalanced current sharing between the two three-phase stator-winding sets observed in earlier schemes is automatically eliminated, and the practical implementation of the scheme is simple. Necessary experimental and simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed indirect FOC scheme. In the study, online analysis has been performed using$hboxC ^++$, while MATLAB /SIMULINK has been used to perform the offline analysis. Letters to the Editor
52.4.29	K. Sridharan, T.K. Priya, "The Design of a Hardware Accelerator for Real-Time Complete Visibility Graph Construction and Efficient FPGA Implementation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1185- 1187, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A valuable geometric structure in mobile robot path planning is the complete visibility graph. This letter proposes new parallel algorithms that can be mapped to reconfigurable hardware for construction of the complete visibility graph in an environment with: 1) multiple convex polygonal objects and 2) multiple nonconvex polygonal objects. Results of implementation in a Xilinx Virtex field-programmable gate array demonstrate that the proposed approach is area–time efficient: the design for an environment with roughly 60 vertices fits on one XCV3200E device and operates at close to 60 MHz.
52.4.30	H.-W. Kim, M.-J. Youn, K.-Y. Cho, "New Voltage Distortion Observer of PWM VSI for PMSM," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1188- 1192, August 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new online voltage distortion observation method against the motor parameter uncertainty of a permanent-magnet synchronous motor is proposed to estimate time-varying voltage distortion of a pulsewidth-modulation voltage-source inverter. This new estimation method is based on the model reference adaptive system.

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volume 52, Number 5, Oct 2005 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

Special Section Papers on Human-Adaptive Mechatronics

52.5.1	S. Katsura, Y. Matsumoto, K. Ohnishi, "Realization of "Law of action and reaction" by multilateral control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1196- 1205, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In recent years, the realization of a haptic system has been strongly desired in the fields of medical treatment and expert's skill acquisition. The key point of haptics is to realize a vivid presentation of reactive force, particularly in applications that involve touching action. In this paper, a realization of the "law of action and reaction" by multilateral control is introduced. First, an analysis and a design of bilateral control based on the disturbance observer are discussed. A disturbance observer is a basic technology for quarrying of disturbance torque and attainment of robust acceleration control. This paper shows that a four-channel controller which is composed of position control and force control in the acceleration dimension is decomposed into two modes: common and differential modes. A design of bilateral control is treated as position and force control in a single joint. The proposed method generates a good realization of reactive force for the slave side at the master side in bilateral force control. Second, bilateral control is extended and multilateral control is generalized. Multilateral control is designed similarly as bilateral control based on the modal decomposition. Robots with a haptic ability will have an important role in human adaptive mechatronics.
52.5.2	J. Kofman, Xianghai Wu, T.J. Luu, S. Verma, "Teleoperation of a robot manipulator using a vision-based human-robot interface," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1206- 1219, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Remote teleoperation of a robot manipulator by a human operator is often necessary in unstructured dynamic environments when human presence at the robot site is undesirable. Mechanical and other contacting interfaces used in teleoperation require unnatural human motions for object manipulation tasks or they may hinder human motion. Previous vision-based approaches have used only a few degrees of freedom for hand motion and have required hand motions that are unnatural for object manipulation tasks. This paper presents a noncontacting vision-based method of robot teleoperation that allows a human operator to communicate simultaneous six-degree-of-freedom motion tasks to a robot manipulator by having the operator perform the three-dimensional human hand-arm motion that would naturally be used to complete an object manipulation task. A vision-based human-robot interface is used for communication of human motion to the robot and for feedback of the robot motion and environment to the human operator. Teleoperation under operator position control was performed with high accuracy in object placement on a target. Semi-autonomous traded and shared control using robot-vision guidance aided in achieving a more accurate positioning and orientation of the end-effector for object gripping tasks.
52.5.3	Jin-Shyan Lee, Meng-Chu Zhou, Pau-Lo Hsu, "An application of Petri nets to supervisory control for human-computer interactive systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1220- 1226, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In a distributed robotic system, both human-controlled (semi-autonomous) and computer-controlled (fully autonomous) robots may simultaneously exist. From the global system's point of view, supervisory control for the interactions between the human and computer are important and necessary. For such human-computer interactive systems, this paper proposes a supervisory framework to guarantee that both human and computer commands meet collision-free and deadlock-free requirements. In the presented approach, Petri nets are applied to construct a system model and synthesize a desired supervisor. An application to a two-robot remote surveillance system is provided to demonstrate the practicability of the developed supervisory control approach. It is believed that the technique developed in this paper is significant in the industrial practice.
52.5.4	F. Miyawaki, K. Masamune, S. Suzuki, K. Yoshimitsu, J. Vain, "Scrub nurse robot system-intraoperative motion analysis of a scrub nurse and timed-automata-based model for surgery," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1227- 1235, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The goal of the project described in this paper is to develop a human-adaptive Scrub Nurse Robot (SNR) that can adapt to surgeons with various levels of skill and experience in order to compensate for the present severe shortage of scrub nurses. To determine the specifications of the SNR, we analyzed real intraoperative behavior of a scrub nurse, and then modeled the entire surgical procedure with key participants by a multilevel modeling approach using the extended timed-automata-based formalism of Uppaal. Specifically, first, we videotaped the intraoperative motions of a scrub nurse and a surgeon in a thoracoscopic surgery performed on an infant pig, and analyzed their motions during the skin incision. Second, the motions of the nurse's right wrist, elbow, and shoulder were modeled with the timed automata. Third, the entire surgical procedure as well as actions and statuses of key participants was also modeled. Finally, it is shown that the proposed multilevel modeling approach also facilitates the model checking that is considered efficient in the SNR motion analysis and its adaptive motion planning.
52.5.5	K. Furuta, M. Iwase, S. Hatakeyama, "Internal model and saturating actuation in human operation from view of human-adaptive mechatronics," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1236- 1245, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Human-adaptive mechatronics (HAM) is the area of mechatronics which adapts to the operator skill and assists its improvement. The analysis of human control action is one of the fundamental problems in the study of HAM. A special feature of human control action is the action being saturated with respect to the amplitude and velocity. At the same time, the human does not pay attention continuously to the response but intermittently scans and gets the information. In this paper, the continuous control action based on the scanned information is studied, and the desired trajectory of the human control action is considered to be generated by the closed-loop system including the internal model in the feedback path. Since the visual information is scanned intermittently, the closed-loop reference generator is considered as a sampled-hold system. The feedforward function of the cerebellum can be interpreted as the reference generator with a long scanning interval for the skilled operation. The saturating control action causing the pilot-induced oscillation is studied by taking the swing-up control of a single pendulum from the pendant to the upright position as an example. The two swing-up control laws are studied for reachability of the unstable nonlinear pendulum. One is the linear combination of sine function of the position and angular velocity, and the other is the variable-structure control for the sliding-mode function similar to the linear combination control law. The reachability is analyzed successfully by the color map. Power Electronics
52.5.6	Leung-Pong Wong, D.K.-W. Cheng, M.H.L. Chow, Yim-Shu Lee, "Interleaved three-phase forward converter using integrated transformer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1246- 1260, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: An interleaved three-phase forward converter using an integrated transformer is proposed in this paper. This type of converter has the attractive features of flexible voltage conversion ratio, high output current (due to the parallel connection of outputs), near-zero output-current ripple (due to the output-current-ripple cancellation), fast transient response (due to the small effective output-filtering inductance), and is particularly suitable for high-output-current and low-output-voltage applications such as telecommunication and computer systems. The integrated transformer of the proposed converter consists of three step-down transformers on a single magnetic core. The z-parameter (gyrator) model and the equivalent-circuit model of the integrated transformer are derived. Based on the equivalent-circuit model, the principle of operation of the proposed converter is explained. The analysis and design criteria of the basic circuit, the operation of the regenerative LC snubber circuit, the simulation, and experimental verification are also described.
52.5.7	J.L. Russi, M.Ld.S. Martins, H.A. Grundling, H. Pinheiro, J.R. Pinheiro, H.L. Hey, "A unified design criterion for ZVT DC-DC PWM converters with constant auxiliary Voltage source," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1261- 1270, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a design criterion for calculating the resonant auxiliary elements of zero-voltage transition dc-dc pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) converters that use a dc auxiliary voltage source. The proposed criterion is based on stored energy in resonant auxiliary elements and takes into account the influence of the auxiliary voltage source value. Using this criterion, the reactive energy can be kept at a minimum level and a reduction of the auxiliary elements current ratings is achieved, which leads to lower conduction losses and improved converter efficiency. In addition, a reduction in size of auxiliary magnetic elements can be accomplished. To illustrate the usefulness of the proposed design criterion, the paper compares results obtained from the True-PWM Zero-Voltage Switching pole boost converter designed according to the proposed criterion, and from the original design guidelines. Experimental results show an efficiency gain of about 1% for a wide load range and 1.5% at full load. In addition, a reduction of about 52% in the auxiliary transformer volume for the implemented prototype was achieved, ensuring a reduction in overall converter size. Experimental results were obtained using a 1-kW 100-kHz laboratory prototype.
52.5.8	Bosheng Sun, Zhiqiang Gao, "A DSP-based active disturbance rejection control design for a 1-kW H-bridge DC-DC power converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1271- 1277, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents the design and implementation of an advanced digital controller for a 1-kW H-bridge dc-dc power converter. A new control algorithm based on the active disturbance rejection concept is developed to cope with the highly nonlinear dynamics of the converter and the disturbances. An experimental digital control system is used to implement the new control strategy. It consists of a digital control board based on the TMS320C6711 digital signal processor chip, an analogy I/O board, and a complex programmable logic device pulsewidth-modulation generation board. Using a newly developed bandwidth-parametrization technique, an autotuning method based on noise quantification is also developed and tested. Experimental results show the advantages and flexibilities of the new control method for the H-bridge dc-dc power converter.
52.5.9	R.M.F. Neto, F.L. Tofoli, L.C. de Freitas, "A high-power-factor half-bridge doubler boost converter without commutation losses," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1278- 1285, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a high-power-factor half-bridge doubler boost converter without commutation losses, which provides high output voltages, i.e., from 600 to 900 V. The voltages across the semiconductor devices are low and approximately equal to the output voltage, as doubled output voltages and reduced high-frequency ripple can be achieved. A detailed mathematical analysis concerning its operation is presented, and simulation and experimental results describe the converter performance.
52.5.10	Jie Chang, "High-frequency and precision three-phase sine/PWM controller with near-zero frequency of MPU intervention-novel design supporting distributed AC drive systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1286- 1296, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Conventional pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) schemes fully depend on a microprocessor (MPU) for extensive real-time computation, intervention, and housekeeping, and are limited to applications at low fundamental frequencies and low precision. At 20-kHz switching, the overhead of a modern 16-bit CPU increases up to 90%, making virtually no time available for regular control tasks. It also has poor cycle-to-cycle accuracy of /spl plusmn/5-10 /spl mu/s. A novel self-managed high-frequency and precision PWM architecture and integrated circuit are developed for distributed drive control systems. This architecture permits near-zero interfacing rate with the coprocessor, thus eliminating the overhead of the MPU's intervention and housekeeping, while being capable of both asynchronous and synchronous PWM at a range of 0-1000 Hz of fundamental frequencies, expandable to several kilohertz. A cycle-to-cycle accuracy of 50 ns is achievable in precision open-loop control. Experimental results verify our new design. This effectively supports distributed ac drive systems with highly coordinated controls.
52.5.11	Yuang-Shung Lee, Ming-Wang Cheng, "Intelligent control battery equalization for series connected lithium-ion battery strings," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1297- 1307, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: An intelligent battery equalization scheme based on fuzzy logic control is presented to adaptively control the equalizing process of series-connected lithium-ion batteries. The proposed battery equalization scheme is a bidirectional dc-dc converter with energy transferring capacitor that can be used to design the bidirectional nondissipative equalizer for a battery balancing system. Furthermore, it can be designed as a ripple-free converter for improving the input current distortion of the battery charge supply power system. A fuzzy-logic-controlled strategy is constructed with a set of membership functions to prescribe the cells equalizing behavior within a safe equalizing region for rapid cell voltage balancing. The simulation and experimental results show the advantage of the predicted equalizing performance of the lithium-ion battery stacks. The proposed fuzzy logic control battery equalization controller can abridge the equalization time about 32%. The proposed method maintains safe operation during the charge/discharge state in each lithium-ion cell of the battery strings.
52.5.12	Chwei-Sen Wang, O.H. Stielau, G.A. Covic, "Design considerations for a contactless electric vehicle battery charger," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1308- 1314, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper overviews theoretical and practical design issues related to inductive power transfer systems and verifies the developed theory using a practical electric vehicle battery charger. The design focuses on the necessary approaches to ensure power transfer over the complete operating range of the system. As such, a new approach to the design of the primary resonant circuit is proposed, whereby deviations from design expectations due to phase or frequency shift are minimized. Of particular interest are systems that are neither loosely nor tightly coupled. The developed solution depends on the selected primary and secondary resonant topologies, the magnetic coupling coefficient, and the secondary quality factor.
52.5.13	K. Kutluay, Y. Cadirci, Y.S. Ozkazanc, I. Cadirci, "A new online state-of-charge estimation and monitoring system for sealed lead-acid batteries in Telecommunication power supplies," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1315- 1327, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a new, online, battery state-of-charge estimation and monitoring system for both the discharge and charge periods of sealed lead-acid batteries, commonly used in telecommunication power systems as backup power supplies. The proposed monitoring system is based on discharge time versus discharge rate data given in manufacturers' data sheets, and coulometric measurements, without the need for any battery voltage measurement under open-circuit conditions. The corresponding battery management system can perform both the online monitoring and battery charging tasks by the use of the same low-cost 8-bit microcontroller. Battery state-of-charge monitoring tests have been carried out under both constant and dynamic load conditions and for alternate charge-discharge cycles of lead-acid batteries of different capacities, and for different operating temperatures. The test results have shown that a very good accuracy (better than 3%-4%) in the estimation of available capacity is obtained for various charge-discharge strategies corresponding to practical operating conditions. Changes in battery characteristics which occur due to aging are also taken into account by estimating the actual capacity of the battery and adopting the corresponding recharacterization of the aged cells automatically.
52.5.14	Yi-Hwa Liu, Jen-Hao Teng, Yu-Chung Lin, "Search for an optimal rapid charging pattern for lithium-ion batteries using ant colony system algorithm," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1328- 1336, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Commercial lithium-ion batteries are playing important roles as supplies for mobile phones, laptop computers, and other electronics. In order to maximize the performance of lithium-ion batteries, an advanced rapid charging pattern is required. In this paper, an Ant-Colony-System (ACS)-based algorithm is presented. The proposed ACS-based algorithm can be integrated into a commercially available battery tester to search for the optimal rapid charging pattern. Experimental results show that the obtained rapid charging pattern is capable of charging the lithium-ion batteries to 70% capacity in 30 min. The obtained pattern also provides 25% more cycle life than the conventional constant current-constant voltage method.
52.5.15	M. Bhatt, W.G. Hurley, W.H. Wolfle, "A new approach to intermittent charging of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries in standby applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1337- 1342, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: For many years, intensive research has been undertaken to increase the life of valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries. Overcharging results in excessive temperature in the battery, which degrades the chemical composition of the electrolyte. When the battery reaches the end-of-charge state, the energy being supplied to the battery is no longer consumed in the charge reaction and this additional energy is dissipated as heat within the battery. At this point, the oxygen cycle accelerates, which leads to temperature rise inside the battery. State-of-the-art control technology is required to control the charging of the battery and prevent the battery going into thermal runaway. This paper discusses the charging strategies for VRLA batteries in standby applications. Intermittent charging decreases the continuous overcharge which arises in the case of float charging. The charging regime used in intermittent charging must ensure the full recharge of the battery. This paper describes a new efficient method of charging batteries employing an intermittent charging technique called "Interrupted Charge Control." Laboratory tests and results are presented.
52.5.16	A. Affanni, A. Bellini, G. Franceschini, P. Guglielmi, C. Tassoni, "Battery choice and management for new-generation electric vehicles," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1343- 1349, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Different types of electric vehicles (EVs) have been recently designed with the aim of solving pollution problems caused by the emission of gasoline-powered engines. Environmental problems promote the adoption of new-generation electric vehicles for urban transportation. As it is well known, one of the weakest points of electric vehicles is the battery system. Vehicle autonomy and, therefore, accurate detection of battery state of charge (SoC) together with battery expected life, i.e., battery state of health, are among the major drawbacks that prevent the introduction of electric vehicles in the consumer market. The electric scooter may provide the most feasible opportunity among EVs. They may be a replacement product for the primary-use vehicle, especially in Europe and Asia, provided that drive performance, safety, and cost issues are similar to actual engine scooters. The battery system choice is a crucial item, and thanks to an increasing emphasis on vehicle range and performance, the Li-ion battery could become a viable candidate. This paper deals with the design of a battery pack based on Li-ion technology for a prototype electric scooter with high performance and autonomy. The adopted battery system is composed of a suitable number of cells series connected, featuring a high voltage level. Therefore, cell equalization and monitoring need to be provided. Due to manufacturing asymmetries, charge and discharge cycles lead to cell unbalancing, reducing battery capacity and, depending on cell type, causing safety troubles or strongly limiting the storage capacity of the full pack. No solution is available on the market at a cheap price, because of the required voltage level and performance, therefore, a dedicated battery management system was designed, that also includes a battery SoC monitoring. The proposed solution features a high capability of energy storing in braking conditions, charge equalization, overvoltage and undervoltage protection and, obviously, SoC information in order to optimize autonomy instead of performance or vice-versa. Drive Control
52.5.17	M. Pacas, J. Weber, "Predictive direct torque control for the PM synchronous machine," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1350- 1356, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper shows that a predictive digital control combined with the principle of direct torque control (DTC) leads to an excellent dynamic behavior of the synchronous machine with surface-mounted permanent magnets and is a real alternative to the classical field-orientated control. The advantages are a DTC control scheme with constant switching frequency and a predictable torque ripple. The settling times of the torque are reduced compared to the classical field-orientated control. The application in servo drives in which the rotor position is always measured can easily be achieved by using a commercial digital signal processor. Numerous simulations and measurements confirm the theoretical work.
52.5.18	Zuo Zong Liu, Fang Lin Luo, M.A. Rahman, "Robust and precision motion control system of linear-motor direct drive for high-speed X-Y table positioning mechanism," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1357- 1363, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, design and implementation of an H/sub /spl infin//-based precision motion control system is presented for a high-speed linear-motor direct-drive X-Y table positioning mechanism in semiconductor wire-bonding applications. The system works with a cascaded robust feedback control, which has an inner loop velocity controller and an outer loop position controller, and an autotuning feedforward compensator. The design aim is to achieve high and consistent tracking performance even in the presence of considerable resonance uncertainties and external disturbances. Toward this aim the velocity controller is designed using H/sub /spl infin// optimization technique, based on reduced-order modeling that considers three significant resonance modes and neglects all other resonance modes having an insignificant amplitude and/or too high frequency. These neglected modes and variations of the three resonance modes from machine to machine (due to manufacturing tolerance) and/or with different operating conditions are taken care of by appropriate additive uncertainty representation in the design phase. The resulting system is validated and implemented with a profile motion of a maximum acceleration of 5.2 g (1g=9.81 m/s/sup 2/) on mass-produced wire bonding machines.
52.5.19	Chih-Yi Huang, Chao-Peng Wei, Jung-Tai Yu, Yeu-Jent Hu, "Torque and current control of induction motor drives for inverter switching frequency reduction," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1364- 1371, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, an indirect field-oriented control (FOC) induction motor (IM) drive with instantaneous current and torque control is presented. This proposed control scheme employs hysteresis current and torque controllers to regulate the stator currents. The torque controller is proposed to serve the current controller so that full advantage of the zero voltage vector can be taken to reduce the switching frequency of the inverter. As a result, the actual stator currents can follow the current references as closely as possible, and the current ripple and torque ripple can be greatly decreased compared with the conventional adaptive pulsewidth modulation control method. To verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme, computer simulations and experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method can obtain a high-performance IM drive system.
52.5.20	K.K. Mohapatra, R.S. Kanchan, M.R. Baiju, P.N. Tekwani, K. Gopakumar, "Independent field-oriented control of two split-phase induction motors from a single six-phase inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1372- 1382, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Split-phase (six-phase) induction motor stator windings consist of two sets of three phase windings, which are spatially phase separated by 30 electrical degrees. Due to mutual cancellation of the air gap flux for all the 6n/spl plusmn/1 (n=1,3,5...) order harmonic voltages, called zero sequence components, large harmonic currents are generated in the stator phases. Only the 12n/spl plusmn/1 (n=0,1,2,3...)-order harmonic voltage components contribute toward the air gap flux and electromagnetic torque production in the machine. In this paper, a novel scheme is proposed where two six-phase induction motors are connected in series with proper phase sequence so that the zero sequence component voltages of one machine act as torque and flux producing components for the other. Thus, the two six-phase motors can be independently controlled from a single six-phase inverter. A vector control scheme for the dual motor drive is developed and experimentally verified in this paper.
52.5.21	Jiabin Wang, Weiya Wang, G.W. Jewell, D. Howe, "Design of a miniature permanent-magnet generator and energy storage system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1383- 1390, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The paper describes a methodology for optimizing the design and performance of a miniature permanent-magnet generator and its associated energy storage system. It combines an analytical field model, a lumped reluctance equivalent magnetic circuit, and an equivalent electrical circuit. Its utility is demonstrated by means of a case study on a 15-mW, 6000-r/min generator, and the analysis techniques are validated by measurements on a prototype system.
52.5.22	M. Cirrincione, M. Pucci, G. Cirrincione, G.-A. Capolino, "Constrained minimization for parameter estimation of induction motors in saturated and unsaturated conditions," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1391- 1402, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents the analytical solution of the application of the constrained least-squares (LS) minimization to the online parameter estimation of induction machines. This constrained minimization is derived from the classical linear dynamical model of the induction machine, and therefore it is able to estimated the steady-state value of the electrical parameters of the induction motor under different magnetization levels. The methodology has been verified in simulation with a dynamical model which takes into account iron path saturation effects. After a description of the experimental setup and its signal processing systems, the methodology is verified experimentally under saturated and unsaturated working conditions, and the results are discussed and compared to those obtained with a classical unconstrained ordinary LS technique.
52.5.23	Xiaoli Li, R. Du, B. Denkena, J. Imiela, "Tool breakage monitoring using motor current signals for machine tools with linear motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1403- 1408, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In recent years, a number of machining centers have been built using linear motors. These machining centers have great potential for precision and high-speed machining. Nevertheless, a number of problems remain unsolved, such as monitoring and control. This paper presents a new tool breakage monitoring method for this type of machining center using the current signal of the linear motor. First, the relationship between the cutting force and the motor current is analyzed. Then, the new tool breakage method is presented. From a mathematical point of view, the new method uses a nonlinear energy operator to capture the abrupt changes of the motor current signal, which is directly related to the tool breakage. The experiment validation is included.
52.5.24	D. Casadei, G. Serra, A. Tani, A. Trentin, L. Zarri, "Theoretical and experimental investigation on the stability of matrix converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1409- 1419, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Matrix converters perform a direct coupling between two ac sources without the need for energy storage components. This characteristic, together with the presence of L-C input filters and the feedforward compensation of the input voltage variations, may determine unstable operation as the power delivered to the load exceeds a limit value. In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the stability of matrix converters is presented with the aim of predicting possible critical operating conditions. It is verified that all of the system parameters affect more or less the stability, including the delay introduced by the digital controller and the power losses. The theoretical analysis is supported by numerical simulations and experimental results carried out on a matrix converter prototype. Emerging Technology
52.5.25	Woei Wan Tan, Hong Huo, "A generic neurofuzzy model-based approach for detecting faults in induction motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1420- 1427, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Many fault detection and diagnosis schemes are based on the concept of comparing the plant output with a model in order to generate residues. A fault is deemed to have occurred if the residue exceeds a predetermined threshold. Unfortunately, the practical usefulness of model-based fault detection schemes is limited because of the difficulty in acquiring sufficiently rich experimental data to identify an accurate model of the system characteristics. This paper aims at developing a generic neurofuzzy model-based strategy for detecting broken rotor bars, which is one of the most common type of faults that may occur in a squirrel-cage induction motor. A neurofuzzy model that captures the generic characteristics of a class of asynchronous motor is the key component of the proposed approach. It is identified using data generated by a simulation model that is constructed using information on the name plate of the motor. Customization for individual motors is then carried out by selecting the threshold for fault detection via an empirical steady-state torque-speed curve. Since data obtained from a practical motor are used to select the threshold and not to build a complete model, the objective of reducing the amount of experimental input-output data required to design a model-based fault detector may be realized. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the viability of the proposed fault detection scheme.
52.5.26	F. Febabi-Sharifi, Jingrong Liu, "Design of a self-adaptive fuzzy tension controller for tandem rolling," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1428- 1438, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is designed to maintain constant tension for tandem rolling mills. Self-adaptive techniques were introduced to optimize the proposed FLC's parameters (i.e., to make it flexible and enable it to generalize). With the inclusion of supervision and concern for generic control criteria, the optimal parameters of the fuzzy inference system were either tuned by a backward propagation algorithm or determined by means of a genetic algorithm. In simulations, the proposed neuro-fuzzy controller exhibited the real-time applicability, while the proposed genetic fuzzy controller revealed outstanding global optimization ability.
52.5.27	K. Viswanathan, R. Oruganti, D. Srinivasan, "Nonlinear function controller: a simple alternative to fuzzy logic controller for a power electronic converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1439- 1448, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Recently, there has been an increase in the application of fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) for control of power electronic converters. Due to the FLCs' complex algorithm, their realization often calls for a compromise between cost and performance. In this paper, it is shown that the rule table of most of the two-input FLCs used with power converters can be approximated into a single nonlinearity. This allows the controller to be easily realized using simple, fast, and inexpensive analog circuits. The simplified "nonlinear function controller (NLFC)" developed in this manner is shown to be equivalent in performance to the original FLC through simulations. The NLFC concept is then applied to PI-FLC, a type of FLC popular in power converter control applications. This results in the PI-FLC being replaced by a simple "nonlinear PI controller (NPIC)". Using this simplification, the design of NPICs to obtain good dynamic performance in power converters is explained. An example design of NPIC for controlling a dc-dc boost power converter is presented. Experimental results are also presented to demonstrate the superior dynamic performance of the converter with NPIC versus that of a linear-PI controller.
52.5.28	H.M. Gutierrez, P.I. Ro, "Magnetic servo levitation by sliding-mode control of nonaffine systems with algebraic input invertibility," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1449- 1455, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Magnetic Servo Levitation (MSL) is an important actuation principle with potential applications ranging from ultrahigh-precision positioning to high-speed rail systems. This paper describes a nonlinear controller design technique for MSL that has inherent robustness to both parametric uncertainties and unmodeled dynamics. Most of the currently available literature on sliding mode considers nonlinear systems that are linear (affine) in the input action. The proposed technique allows designing sliding-mode controllers for the family of nonaffine problems that have an input nonlinearity algebraically invertible with respect to the available control action. This differs from the standard approach of input feedback linearization, and is based on a modified sliding condition that can be used to synthesize a switching control law. An equivalent control term can also be included, substantially enhancing the performance of the controller. Experimental results show that the proposed technique can achieve excellent tracking at high speeds in a fast-tool servo system actuated by MSL. Letters to the Editor
52.5.29	Juing-Huei Su, Bor-Chin Hsu, "Application of small-gain theorem in the dead-time compensation of voltage-source-inverter drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1456- 1458, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A simple and iterative algorithm is devised in this letter with the help of the small-gain theorem to determine the current polarities of pulsewidth-modulation voltage-source-inverter drives. Experimental results are also presented to show the effectiveness of the method when used in the dead-time compensation.
52.5.30	K.L. Shi, Hui Li, "Optimized PWM strategy based on genetic algorithms," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1458- 1461, Oct 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A genetic algorithm is applied to optimize a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) inverter, which cannot only spread harmonic energy but also reduce harmonic distortion. Simulation and experimental results verify that the optimized PWM technique is superior to standard triangular PWM and random PWM techniques.

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volume 52, Number 6, Dec 2005 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

Special Section Papers on Human-Robot Interface

52.6.1	H. Iwata, S. Sugano, "Human-robot-contact-state identification based on tactile recognition," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1468- 1477, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, we propose a method for designing an identification system for human-robot contact states based on tactile recognition. The following ideas are incorporated: experimentation for human-robot contact, verbalization of contact states, extraction of characteristic parameters from acquired tactile information, quantification of the recipient's tactile recognition incorporating its redundancy (identification confusability among contact states), evaluation of the identification confusability with a new criterion, and identification of contact states based on the received tactile stimulation. The proposed method allows a robot to quantify tactile recognition of a human (recipient) touched by other people (touch initiator), in which the verbal response by the recipient is matched with tactile stimulation acquired during physical contact utilizing a tactile interface. In addition, the method enables a robot that comes into contact with a human to identify contact states nearly similar to that of the recipient, based on the features of the received tactile stimulation. At this point, the reproduction of the identification confusability of the recipient's tactile recognition is also accomplished by using a neural network called modified counterpropagation (MCP). Once a tactile stimulation is induced on the robot body, the probability of corresponding contact states is calculated and outputted by the system, based on the degree of similarity of the characteristics between the newly received and previously stored tactile stimulation. Experimental results indicate that the constructed system allows a successful quantification of the recipient's contact-state recognition incorporating the identification confusability and the accomplishment of a high level of accuracy in contact-state identification. These results confirm that the proposed method is useful for identifying human-robot contact states based on tactile recognition.
52.6.2	A. Chatterjee, K. Pulasinghe, K. Watanabe, K. Izumi, "A particle-swarm-optimized fuzzy-neural network for voice-controlled robot systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1478- 1489, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper shows the possible development of particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based fuzzy-neural networks (FNNs) that can be employed as an important building block in real robot systems, controlled by voice-based commands. The PSO is employed to train the FNNs that can accurately output the crisp control signals for the robot systems, based on fuzzy linguistic spoken language commands, issued by a user. The FNN is also trained to capture the user-spoken directive in the context of the present performance of the robot system. Hidden Markov model (HMM)-based automatic speech recognizers (ASRs) are developed, as part of the entire system, so that the system can identify important user directives from the running utterances. The system has been successfully employed in two real-life situations, namely: 1) for navigation of a mobile robot; and 2) for motion control of a redundant manipulator.
52.6.3	Yoon Sang Kim, Byung Seok Soh, Sang-Goog Lee, "A new wearable input device: SCURRY," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1490- 1499, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new wearable input device named SCURRY, developed by the Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, is introduced in this paper. Based on inertial sensors, this device allows a human operator to select a specified character, an event, or an operation as the input he/she wants spatially through both hand motion and finger clicking. It is a glovelike device, which can be worn on the human hand, composed of a base module, including one controller and two angular-velocity sensors (gyroscopes) on the back of the hand, and four ring-type modules (rings), including two-axis acceleration sensors (accelerometers) on four fingers. The base and the ring modules are integrated modules containing sensors, a transceiver or receiver for communication, and a microcontroller, which makes the device compact and light. The two gyroscopes embedded in the base module have a role in detecting the direction (up, down, right, and left) of the hand motion, and the accelerometers have a role in detecting finger motion generated by finger clicking. An algorithm for the exact finger-click recognition composed of three parts (feature extraction, valid-click discrimination, and crosstalk avoidance) is proposed to improve the recognition performance of finger clicking on SCURRY. The experimental results and discussions are presented. SCURRY can be used as a wearable mouse spatially, by allowing any three fingers to be operated as the left, middle, and right mouse buttons, and in a similar manner, as a wearable keyboard, as it allows a human operator to point and select any character, event, or operation by his hand motion and finger clicking.
52.6.4	Z.Z. Bien, Kwang-Hyun Park, Jin-Woo Jung, Jun-Hyeong Do, "Intention reading is essential in human-friendly interfaces for the elderly and the handicapped," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1500- 1505, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Some major issues of human-friendly man-machine interaction/interfaces in an intelligent residential system are dealt with to cope with increasing needs of the elderly and the handicapped for a higher level of living conditions. Specifically, the existing systems in this area are first examined and the inadequacy of some current remote-control interfaces for the elderly/handicapped is pointed out. Then, some intention-reading techniques are introduced for the elderly and/or the physically handicapped, for easier and more convenient use of machines and engineering systems.
52.6.5	R. Marin, P.J. Sanz, P. Nebot, R. Wirz, "A multimodal interface to control a robot arm via the web: a case study on remote programming," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1506- 1520, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, we present the user interface and the system architecture of an Internet-based telelaboratory, which allows researchers and students to remotely control and program two educational online robots. In fact, the challenge has been to demonstrate that remote programming combined with an advanced multimedia user interface for remote control is very suitable, flexible, and profitable for the design of a telelaboratory. The user interface has been designed by using techniques based on augmented reality and nonimmersive virtual reality, which enhance the way operators get/put information from/to the robotic scenario. Moreover, the user interface provides the possibility of letting the operator manipulate the remote environment by using multiple ways of interaction (i.e., from the simplification of the natural language to low-level remote programming). In fact, the paper focuses on the lowest level of interaction between the operator and the robot, which is remote programming. As explained in the paper, the system architecture permits any external program (i.e., remote experiment, speech-recognition module, etc.) to have access to almost every feature of the telelaboratory (e.g., cameras, object recognition, robot control, etc.). The system validation was performed by letting 40 Ph.D. students within the "European Robotics Research Network Summer School on Internet and Online Robots for Telemanipulation" workshop (Benica/spl grave/ssim, Spain, 2003) program several telemanipulation experiments with the telelaboratory. Some of these experiments are shown and explained in detail. Finally, the paper focuses on the analysis of the network performance for the proposed architecture (i.e., time delay). In fact, several configurations are tested through various networking protocols (i.e., Remote Method Invocation, Transmission Control Protocol/IP, User Datagram Protocol/IP). Results show the real possibilities offered by these remote-programming techniques, in order to design experiments intended to be performed from both home and the campus.
52.6.6	Dong To Nguyen, Sang-Rok Oh, Bum-Jae You, "A framework for Internet-based interaction of humans, robots, and responsive environments using agent technology," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1521- 1529, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, a systematic framework for Internet-based interaction of humans, robots, and environments is proposed by using agent technology. The framework is validated by proposing the concept of slave agents, a virtual directory facilitator (VDF) to control the slave agents, and a responsive multiagent environment. It creates a robot control system in which humans, robots, and environments can interact without much prior knowledge. Finally, a number of experiments have been conducted successfully by adopting JadeLeap middleware and Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA) standard under the environment composed of a personal digital assistant (PDA), a home service robot-intelligent, sweeping security assistant companion (ISSAC), and a video camera network. Experimental results show that the proposed framework increases the availability of whole system, decreases the time for Internet connection of robots and user devices such as PDAs, and provides the responsiveness of environments.
52.6.7	B. Jensen, N. Tomatis, L. Octor, A. Drygajlo, R. Siegwart, "Robots meet Humans-interaction in public spaces," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1530- 1546, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents experiences from Robotics, a long-term project at the Swiss National Exposition Expo.02, where mobile robots served as tour guides. It includes a description of the design and implementation of the robot and addresses reliability and safety aspects, which are important when operating robots in public spaces. It also presents an assessment of human-robot interaction during the exhibition. In order to understand the objectives of interaction, the exhibition itself is described. This includes details of how the human-robot interaction capabilities of the robots have evolved over a 5-month period. Requirements for the robotic system are explained, and it is shown how the design goals of reliability and safe operability, and effective interaction, were achieved through appropriate choice of hardware and software, and the inclusion of redundant features. The modalities of the robot system with interactive functions are presented in detail. Perceptive elements (motion detection, face tracking, speech recognition, buttons) are distinguished from expressive ones (robotic face, speech synthesis, colored button lights). An approach for combining stage-play and reactive scenarios is presented. The authors also explain how an emotional state machine was used to create convincing robot expressions. Experimental results, both technical and those based on a visitor survey, as well as a qualitative discussion, give a detailed report on the authors' experiences in this project. Power Electronics
52.6.8	M. Borage, S. Tiwari, S. Kotaiah, "Analysis and design of an LCL-T resonant converter as a constant-current power supply," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1547- 1554, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: An LCL-T resonant converter (LCL-T RC) is shown to behave as a current source when operated at resonant frequency. A detailed analysis of the LCL-T RC for this property is presented. Closed-form expressions for converter gain, component stresses, and the condition for converter design optimized for minimum size of resonant network is derived. A design procedure is illustrated with a prototype 200-W 20-A current-source power supply and experimental results are presented. The LCL-T RC as a current source offers many advantages such as easy parallel operation and low circulating currents at light load. Additionally, with appropriate phase shift in paralleled modules, the peak-peak ripple in output current is reduced and the ripple frequency is increased, reducing filtering requirements. The leakage inductance of a transformer can be advantageously integrated into the resonant network. These merits make the topology applicable in various applications such as magnet power supply, capacitor charging power supply, laser diode drivers, etc.
52.6.9	Xiaopeng Wang, Ruoping Yao, Fangquan Rao, "Subsystem-interaction restraint in the two-stage DC distributed power systems with decoupling-controlled-integration structure," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1555- 1563, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Subsystem interaction is an important issue in the two-stage dc distributed power system (DPS) featuring many individually regulated subsystems well designed in their standalone mode. This paper investigates not only the mechanism of realizing the subsystem-interaction restraint with the decoupling-controlled-integration (DI) structure, but also the improvement of DPS's small-signal stability and the regulated load converter's input impedance consequent on the subsystem-interaction restraint dependent on DI. DI is different from the conventional integration (CI) structure in that the so-called decoupling operators are developed to map the regulation signal of a source subsystem into the regulation loops of load subsystems. Through classifying the interaction loops in DPS into static and dynamic ones, it is revealed that DI is efficient in eliminating the dominant dynamic-interaction terms in the quasi-static state. Furthermore, with the aid of a three-step impedance criterion, two additional stability-enhancement terms in DPS with DI are picked up. The existence of the stability-enhancement term interprets why an original unstable DPS with CI is possible to become a stable one, provided that the subsystem interaction is restrained through substituting CI with DI. Moreover, as DI is able to improve the low-frequency input impedance character of a tightly regulated load converter, that is, to decrease the negative resistance value or even transform it to a positive one, the possibility of negative impedance instability is definitely decreased.
52.6.10	Yie-Tone Chen, Wen-Ming Lin, Yu-Hsuan Liu, "Analysis and design of a dimmable electronic ballast controlled by a switch-controlled capacitor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1564- 1572, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents the related principle and analysis of the dimmable electronic ballast controlled by the switch-controlled capacitor (SCC). A Fourier-series expansion is used to derive the operational principle of the zero-voltage-switching Class-D series-parallel-load-resonant dimmable electronic ballast regulated by the SCC. By the adaptation of the SCC, the lightness of the system can be adjusted, while the operation frequency of the Class-D converter can be kept constant. The dimmable effect controlled by the variable SCC is examined. The analytical results are verified by simulations and experiments. Furthermore, the design considerations for the dimmable electronic ballast with SCC control are also presented in this paper.
52.6.11	Sung-Jin Choi, Kyu-Chan Lee, Bo Hyung Cho, "Design of fluorescent lamp ballast with PFC using a power piezoelectric transformer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1573- 1581, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: An investigation of a high-power piezoelectric transformer (PT) as a potential component for a fluorescent lamp (FL) ballast with power factor correction (PFC) is discussed. The attractiveness of the PT is primarily the simplicity of the resulting circuit, and it is easy to be produced in mass with a low cost. A single-stage charge-pump PFC ballast using a PT is proposed. The proposed ballast circuit improved the drawbacks of the conventional voltage-source charge-pump PFC (VS-CPPFC) scheme. Empirical PT modeling based on power level excitation is performed to design the proposed circuit, and the experimental and simulation results are provided to verify theoretical analysis.
52.6.12	J. Pou, R. Pindado, D. Boroyevich, P. Rodriguez, "Evaluation of the low-frequency neutral-point voltage oscillations in the three-level inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1582- 1588, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The nearest vectors to the reference vector are commonly used in space-vector modulation (SVM) strategies. The main advantages of these modulation strategies are the low switching frequencies of the devices, the good output voltage spectra, and the low electromagnetic interference. However, when these techniques are applied to the three-level neutral-point (NP)-clamped inverter, low-frequency oscillations appear in the NP voltage for some operating conditions. As a result, the value of the dc-link capacitors must be increased in order to attenuate such oscillations. In this paper, these amplitudes are quantified for two modulation strategies that use nearest vectors to the reference vector. Owing to the nondimensional variables used in the analysis, the information provided will help for the calculation of the dc-link capacitors in a given specific application. Simulated and experimental examples are presented.
52.6.13	J.E. Espinoza, J.R. Espinoza, L.A. Moran, "A systematic controller-design approach for neutral-point-clamped three-level inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1589- 1599, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a simple linear feedback-based control technique that ensures zero-neutral-point (NP) potential in three-level voltage-source inverters. The technique works even under dynamic load conditions and enables the decoupled control of the direct and in-quadrature load currents. The technique is based on the relative-gain-array (RGA) approach, which has been successfully used in the control of chemical-engineering processes. The resulting scheme allows the use of outer control loops to set the direct and in-quadrature load currents as required for the specific application (e.g., adjustable speed drives). Experimental results prove the theoretical considerations and show the simplicity of the proposed control scheme.
52.6.14	Feel-Soon Kang, Sung-Jun Park, Man Hyung Lee, Cheul-U Kim, "An efficient multilevel-synthesis approach and its application to a 27-level inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1600- 1606, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents an efficient multilevel-synthesis scheme and its application to a 27-level inverter. In the proposed multilevel scheme, this can be realized by an array of switching devices composing full-bridge inverter modules and proper mixing of each transformer terminal voltage. The most different aspect, compared to the conventional approach, in the synthesis of the multilevel output waveform is the utilization of a combination of transformers rather than the accumulation of capacitor voltage sources. A 27-level inverter consists of three full-bridge modules and their corresponding transformers. Quasi-sinusoidal voltage waves can be generated from a suitable selection of the turns ratio of the transformer. The validity of the proposed system is verified by computer-aided simulation and experimental results using a 500-W prototype, which can generate a 110-V ac output voltage from a 12-V dc input.
52.6.15	S. Muller, U. Ammann, S. Rees, "New time-discrete modulation scheme for matrix converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1607- 1615, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: While the known modulation strategies for matrix converters are based on pulsewidth modulation (PWM)-or vector modulation-this paper presents a novel time-discrete modulation method based on real-time prediction calculation to select the switching states. The decision about which switching state is to be set for the following sampling period is made by the use of a predictive quality function. Using this approach, unity displacement factor is seen at the supply side with minimum line current distortion while the load currents follow their reference values with good accuracy. The quality function is derived from a mathematical model of the matrix converter and the controlled system. Measurements taken on a model plant, consisting of a matrix converter and a standard induction machine with a rated output power of 11 kW, show that the matrix converter, equipped with the control method presented here, offers advantages over systems with conventional frequency converters, especially in terms of the input current distortion.
52.6.16	M. Salo, H. Tuusa, "A new control system with a control delay compensation for a current-source active power filter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1616- 1624, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, a new control system for the current-source active power filter is presented. The harmonic current compensation is realized using combined feedforward control of the load currents and closed-loop control of the supply currents. The control system includes a simple method for compensating the sampling and calculation delays of the digital control system. The compensation in the proposed method is achieved using the regular LC filter of the active power filter as an energy storage for load currents, and no additional components is needed in the main circuit. Furthermore, the calculation power demand of the compensation method is very low and is, therefore, suitable for single-chip microcontroller implementations. The proposed control system is realized using a 32-bit Motorola MPC555 microcontroller. The simulation and experimental results show effective filtering performance also for higher order harmonics of the distorted load currents. Drive Control
52.6.17	I. Husain, S.A. Hossain, "Modeling, Simulation, and control of switched reluctance motor drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1625- 1634, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents the modeling, simulation, and control aspects of four-quadrant switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives. The design of SRM drive systems must be focused on application-based appropriate control and engineering solutions needed to overcome the practical issues. A complex model is described for the physical motor simulation to incorporate the important dynamics of the SRM. A simpler, but quite accurate, model is presented for the SRM controller. Various practical limitations have been incorporated in the simulation model to make it closer to the experimental setup. The SRM control parameters are chosen based on torque-per-ampere maximization requirement. Experimental results for a 1.0-kW SRM obtained on a digital platform are presented along with useful guidelines for prototype implementation.
52.6.18	B. Parreira, S. Rafael, A.J. Pires, P.J.C. Branco, "Obtaining the magnetic characteristics of an 8/6 switched reluctance machine: from FEM analysis to the experimental tests," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1635- 1643, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper describes the procedure for modeling an 8/6 switched reluctance machine (SRM) step-by-step. First, the geometry and mechanical parameters of the machine are established, when a finite-element modeling (FEM) approach is initially developed to obtain the flux linkage/current/rotor position relationship so that the proper and mutual inductances and also its torque and field distribution characteristics can then be computed. Afterward, a series of experimental tests are performed to obtain the magnetic characteristics of the machine, comparing, correcting, and discussing the results with those of FEM analysis.
52.6.19	J. Pan, N.C. Cheung, Jinming Yang, "High-precision position control of a novel planar switched reluctance motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1644- 1652, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents the position control of a novel two-dimensional (2-D) switched reluctance (SR) planar motor. The planar motor consists of a six-coil moving platform and a flat stator base made from laminated mild steel blocks. Unlike conventional x-y tables, which stack two moving slides on top of each other, the proposed 2-D planar motor has the advantages of simple mechanical construction, high reliability, and the ability to withstand harsh operating conditions. Together with the two linear encoders attached to the x-axis and y-axis, the motor can be controlled under closed-loop mode. To combat the problem of force nonlinearity, this paper proposes a cascade controller with force linearization technique to implement the drive controller. Due to the unique structure of the planar motor's magnetic circuit, there is very little coupling between the x-axis and y-axis, and no decoupling compensation is needed. Preliminary results show that the proposed SR planar motor has a positional accuracy of 5 /spl mu/m and a maximum acceleration/deceleration rate of 2 G.
52.6.20	G.K. Singh, D.K.P. Singh, K. Nam, S.K. Lim, "A simple indirect field-oriented control scheme for multiconverter-fed induction motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1653- 1659, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In multiconverter topology, several voltage-source pulsewidth modulation (PWM) inverters using common sinusoidal modulating signals and phase-shifted triangular carrier are operated in tandem with their outputs coupled through current sharing inductors, with an objective of increasing the overall rating to megawatt range, reducing the harmonic current and torque ripples, increasing the reliability with phase-redundant operation under various fault conditions. The individual PWM voltage-source inverter (VSI) operates with the devices switching at their optimum switching frequency and behaves as a linear power amplifier (LPA). The overall multiconverter exhibits an improved quality of alternating currents (ac) due to the multiplied carrier effects in PWM. This paper, therefore, presents a simple indirect field-oriented control scheme for the multiconverter-fed induction machine. Necessary experimental and simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed indirect field-oriented control scheme. In the study, on-line analysis has been performed using C/sup ++/, while MATLAB/Simulink has been used to perform the off-line analysis. The paper also discusses the design philosophy of the two well-known topologies of the converters used for high-voltage and high-current applications to facilitate the design and development of near-future megavolt ampere rating power converters/conditioners.
52.6.21	E.D. Mitronikas, A.N. Safacas, "An improved sensorless vector-control method for an induction motor drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1660- 1668, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In the present paper, a new improved sensorless vector-control method for an induction motor drive is presented. The proposed method is based on an improved closed-loop stator-flux estimator, based on the dynamic model of the asynchronous motor, which achieves precise stator-flux estimation over a wide area of operation. This new stator-flux estimator ensures stability of the overall control scheme in a very-wide-speed operation area, as it will be shown in this paper. The rotor-speed-estimation method is based on an observer based on the model reference adaptive systems (MRAS) theory. The control scheme is based on a stator-flux-oriented direct vector-control method, where both flux and speed controllers are optimal tuned. In addition, implementation of the proposed method is based on a simplified algorithm capable of running in a low-cost microcontroller, which is discussed in detail. Also, the motor-drive system, including the stator-flux estimator, the speed estimator, and the control logic are simulated and some characteristic simulation results are presented. These results reveal that the proposed method is able to obtain precise flux and speed control over a wide operation area, including very low operating frequencies. Emerging Technology
52.6.22	S. Skoczowski, S. Domek, K. Pietrusewicz, B. Broel-Plater, "A method for improving the robustness of PID control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1669- 1676, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, an effective method is proposed for robust proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control that is easily implementable on commonly used equipment such as programmable logic controller (PLC) and programmable automation controller (PAC). The method is based on a two-loop model following control (MFC) system containing a nominal model of the controlled plant and two PID controllers. Basic features exhibited by the MFC structure are presented, and a technique to tune both component controllers is given. The proposed structures have been implemented in a programmable logic controller and tested on control plants with perturbed parameters. Also, the proposed control system has been checked for its performance in cases when the operation of PID controllers is based on fuzzy logic. Tuning rules for the fuzzy controllers in the presented MFC system have been proposed. Results of tests lend support to the view that the proposed control structures may find wide application to robust control of plants with time-varying parameters.
52.6.23	Chih-Min Lin, Chun-Fei Hsu, "Recurrent-neural-network-based adaptive-backstepping control for induction servomotors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1677- 1684, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This study is concerned with the position control of an induction servomotor using a recurrent-neural-network (RNN)-based adaptive-backstepping control (RNABC) system. The adaptive-backstepping approach offers a choice of design tools for the accommodation of system uncertainties and nonlinearities. The RNABC system is comprised of a backstepping controller and a robust controller. The backstepping controller containing an RNN uncertainty observer is the principal controller, and the robust controller is designed to dispel the effect of approximation error introduced by the uncertainty observer. Since the RNN has superior capabilities compared to the feedforward NN for dynamic system identification, it is utilized as the uncertainty observer. In addition, the Taylor linearization technique is employed to increase the learning ability of the RNN. Meanwhile, the adaptation laws of the adaptive-backstepping approach are derived in the sense of the Lyapunov function, thus, the stability of the system can be guaranteed. Finally, simulation and experimental results verify that the proposed RNABC can achieve favorable tracking performance for the induction-servomotor system, even with regard to parameter variations and input-command frequency variation.
52.6.24	Jung-Wook Park, G.K. Venayagamoorthy, R.G. Harley, "MLP/RBF neural-networks-based online global model identification of synchronous generator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1685- 1695, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper compares the performances of a multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPN) and a radial basis function neural network (RBFN) for online identification of the nonlinear dynamics of a synchronous generator in a power system. The computational requirement to process the data during the online training, local convergence, and online global convergence properties are investigated by time-domain simulations. The performances of the identifiers as a global model, which are trained at different stable operating conditions, are compared using the actual signals as well as the deviation signals for the inputs of the identifiers. Such an online-trained identifier with fixed optimal weights after the global convergence test is needed to provide information about the plant to a neurocontroller. The use of the fixed weights is to provide against a sensor failure in which case the training of the identifiers would be automatically stopped, and their weights frozen, but the control action, which uses the identifier, would be able to continue.
52.6.25	Jun Oh Febg, "Deadzone compensation of an XY-positioning table using fuzzy logic," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1696- 1701, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A deadzone compensator is designed for an XY-positioning table using fuzzy logic. The classification property of fuzzy-logic systems makes them a natural candidate for the rejection of errors induced by the deadzone, which has regions in which it behaves differently. A tuning algorithm is given for the fuzzy-logic parameters, so that the deadzone-compensation scheme becomes adaptive, guaranteeing small tracking errors and bounded-parameter estimates. Formal nonlinear-stability proofs are given to show that the tracking error is small. The fuzzy-logic deadzone compensator is implemented on an XY-positioning table to show its efficacy. Letters to the Editor
52.6.26	Sang-Kyoo Han, Gun-Woo Moon, Myung-Joong Youn, "A novel current-fed energy-recovery sustaining driver for plasma display panel (PDP)," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1702- 1704, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A novel current-fed energy-recovery sustaining driver (CFERSD) for a plasma display panel (PDP) is proposed. It uses the current source to recover the energy stored in a PDP, which also provides zero-voltage switching (ZVS) of all main switches and the improved operational voltage margin. Furthermore, it features a lower conduction loss and faster transition time. It is well suited for wall-hanging color televisions (TVs).
52.6.27	K.K. Chan, N.C. Cheung, "A novel two-finger variable-reluctance gripper for high-speed grasping of delicate objects: an implementation case study," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1705- 1707, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The paper describes the development of a novel two-finger gripper using variable-reluctance (VR) technology. A model is constructed and verified by experimentation. Results show that the proposed gripper inherits many of the advantages of VR actuators, including ease of construction, low cost, high robustness, and high reliability.
52.6.28	F. Jurado, "Novel fuzzy flux control for fuel-cell inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1707- 1710, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Fuel cells probably represent the power-production technology receiving the most development attention. The objective of this paper is to regulate the output voltage of inverters for fuel-cell power plants. This letter describes an effective fuzzy-logic (FL) flux control. The paper demonstrates that the proposed method provides an improved response compared to the conventional flux-control method.
52.6.29	Sewan Choi, "A three-phase unity-power-factor diode rectifier with active input current shaping," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1711- 1714, Dec 2005. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper proposes a new three-phase diode rectifier that actively shapes the input current by means of two direct current dc-dc converters operating at continuous conduction mode. The proposed approach draws sinusoidal input current at unity power factor and has output voltage regulation capability. The size and weight of the magnetic devices is reduced since a low-kilovolt-ampere three-phase autotransformer is incorporated and dc outputs of two bridges are directly connected without using low-frequency interphase transformers (IPTs).