IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 49,  Number 1, Feb 2002           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



                 Special Section on SRM and Drives

49.1.1    M. Ehsani, "Guest Editorial," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 2-2, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

49.1.2    D.A. Torrey, "Switched reluctance generators and their control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 3-14, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper discusses how the switched reluctance generator (SRG) converts energy as directed by a controller. Beginning with a review of the electromechanics of generation, the paper identifies the implications of the energy conversion process on how the SRG is controlled. The structure of the SRG controller for speed-control and power-control applications is discussed. Practical implementation details for commutation of the SRG are reviewed. Concepts are illustrated with a 6-kW SRG designed to serve as a starter/alternator in automotive applications

49.1.3    T.J.E. Miller, "Optimal design of switched reluctance motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 15-27, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The fundamental theory of the switched reluctance motor is presented with a number of new equations. It is used to show how the practical development of a design calculation should proceed, and this leads to a discussion of physical characteristics required to achieve satisfactory performance and to reduce acoustic noise. The paper makes a few generic observations on the characteristics of successful products that use switched reluctance motors. It is written at a basic engineering level and makes no attempt to apply sophisticated optimization theory

49.1.4    I. Husain, "Minimization of torque ripple in SRM drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 28-39, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The torque pulsations in switched reluctance motors (SRMs) are relatively higher compared to sinusoidal machines due to the doubly salient structure of the motor. The magnetization pattern of the individual phases together with the T-i-&thetas; characteristics of the motor dictate the amount of torque ripple during operation. Both machine design and electronic control approaches have been used to minimize the torque ripple in SRMs. This paper presents an extensive review of the origin of torque ripple and the approaches adopted over the past decade to minimize the torque ripple. A hybrid torque-ripple-minimizing controller that incorporates the attractive features of some of the techniques developed in the past decade is presented along with simulation and experimental results

49.1.5    M. Ehsani, B. Fahimi, "Elimination of position sensors in switched reluctance motor drives: state of the art and future trends," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 40-47, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper covers the range of topics related to sensorless control of switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives from their fundamentals to their limitations and state of the art and future trends. This should help the reader to develop a systematic understanding of the sensorless techniques that have been developed over the past two decades. The inherent vulnerability to mechanical failures, extra cost, and size associated with external position sensors such as optical encoders, resolvers, and custom-designed Hall-effect sensors has motivated many researchers to develop sensorless control techniques for SRM drives. Ideally, it is desirable to have a sensorless scheme, which uses only terminal measurements and does not require additional hardware or memory while maintaining a reliable operation over the entire speed and torque range with high resolution and accuracy. Advances in the development of low-cost digital-signal-processor-based microcontrollers have paved the way for the fulfillment of this objective. It is, furthermore, our view that the existing trends in the development of more powerful processors will ultimately replace the concept of sensorless controls with the concept of eliminating the need for position sensing, a concept that will further revolutionize the motor drive technology

49.1.6    R.B. Inderka, M. Menne, R.W.A.A. De Doncker, "Control of switched reluctance drives for electric vehicle applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 48-53, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Dynamic controllers of switched reluctance drives adjust at least three variables, i.e., current amplitude, turn-on, and turn-off angles. In electric vehicle (EV) applications high efficiency of the drive over a wide speed range, wide torque bandwidth, and low torque ripple under varying DC-bus voltage conditions are important design goals. Hence, controllers of switched reluctance drives for EVs usually have a complex structure. In this paper, the demands on control accuracy of switched reluctance machine traction drives and the traction controller sampling frequency, which are necessary to take advantage of the switched reluctance machine dynamic capabilities, are discussed. To integrate the traction drive, the control commands need to be actualized with a sampling frequency of at least 100 Hz to meet the high-dynamic requirements of modern vehicle control systems, e.g., active cruise control, antislip control, and active damping of mechanical drivetrain oscillations. It is found that the switching angles have to be adjusted within one-tenth of a mechanical degree. This study shows that switched reluctance drives can fulfill all requirements needed for electric propulsion using standard microcontrollers or digital signal processors

49.1.7    J. Reinert, S. Schroder, "Power-factor correction for switched reluctance drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 54-57, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper evaluates the need for power-factor correction (PFC) in switched reluctance drive systems supplied from single-phase mains. The aim is to achieve interference values lower than the prescribed norms at minimal system costs and volume. It is shown that for certain applications, a PFC circuit has to be implemented, but simpler technical solutions are often possible. Finally, a suggestion is presented as to how a low-cost power-factor-corrected system should be built for high-volume production


Drive Control
49.1.8    M. El-Habrouk, M.K. Darwish, "A new control technique for active power filters using a combined genetic algorithm/conventional analysis," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 58-66, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the computational problems associated with the optimization techniques used to evaluate the switching patterns for controlling variable-characteristics active power filters are presented and critically analyzed. Genetic algorithms (GAs) are introduced in this paper to generate a fast and accurate initial starting point in the highly nonlinear optimization space of mathematical optimization techniques. GAs tend to speed up the initialization process by a factor of 13. A combined GA/conventional technique is also proposed and implemented to reduce the associated computational burden associated with the control and, consequently, increasing the speed of response of this class of active filters. Comparisons of these techniques are discussed and presented in conjunction with simulation and practical results for the filter operation

49.1.9    Tsang-Li Tai, Jian-Shiang Chen, "UPS inverter design using discrete-time sliding-mode control scheme ," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 67-75, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a novel discrete-time sliding-mode control algorithm for an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) inverter design. The approach offers a dual-loop design, in which a current predictor utilizes the tracking error of output voltage to estimate the desired inductor current, while a current controller is adopted to regulate the inductor current and, thus, produces a control command to the pulsewidth modulation inverter. An explicit condition for stable controller design is derived. The efficacy of this scheme is validated via a successful implementation on a digital-signal-processor-based UPS inverter. The proposed scheme has shown its robustness on low output voltage distortion, excellent voltage regulation, and it is insensitive to load variation, even under nonlinear loads. Experimental studies were performed to further validate the effectiveness of this scheme

49.1.10    T. Suntio, I. Gadoura, K. Zenger, "Input filter interactions in peak-current-mode-controlled buck converter operating in CICM," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 76-86, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Peak-current-mode (PCM) control is a widely used method to control switched-mode converters. Most often an input filter is necessary to meet electromagnetic interference requirements. The input filter can cause instability and degradation of input and output dynamics if not properly designed. The input filter design from the output dynamics viewpoint has been addressed in numerous papers, resulting in well-agreed results in the case of direct duty-ratio control. The same methods and criteria have also been applied to PCM control, but the results have turned out to be conflicting. This paper shows that the adverse effect of the input filter on the output performance of a peak-current-controlled buck converter in continuous inductor-current mode is insignificant. The input performance is, however, significantly affected, necessitating the use of proper damping. It is also shown that the instability is caused solely by the instability of the input filter under negative incremental resistance. The methods used are unified in nature, but the results obtained in this study cannot be generalized to be valid for types of converters other than a buck converter

49.1.11    M. Rodic, K. Jezernik, "Speed-sensorless sliding-mode torque control of an induction motor ," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 87-95, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Novel induction motor control optimizing both torque response and efficiency is proposed in the paper. The main contribution of the paper is a new structure of rotor flux observer aimed at the speed-sensorless operation of an induction machine servo drive at both low and high speed, where rapid speed changes can occur. The control differs from the conventional field-oriented control. Stator and rotor flux in stator fixed coordinates are controlled instead of the stator current components in rotor field coordinates isd and isq. In principle, the proposed method is based on driving the stator flux toward the reference stator flux vector defined by the input command, which are the reference torque and the reference rotor flux. The magnitude and orientation angle of the rotor flux of the induction motor are determined by the output of the closed-loop rotor flux observer based on sliding-mode control and Lyapunov theory. Simulations and experimental tests are provided to evaluate the consistency and performance of the proposed control technique

49.1.12    Hong-Zhou Tan, N. Sepehri, "Parametric fault diagnosis for electrohydraulic cylinder drive units," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 96-106, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel model-based methodology for fault diagnosis (FD) of nonlinear hydraulic drive systems is presented in this paper. Due to its linear dependence upon parameters, a second-truncated Volterra nonlinear model is first used to characterize such systems. The versatile order-recursive estimation scheme is employed to determine the values of parameters in the Volterra model. The scheme also avoids separate determination of the model order; thus, the complexity of the search process is reduced. Next, it is shown that the estimated parameters, representing different states of the system, normal as well as faulty conditions, can be used to detect and isolate system faults in a geometric domain. Very promising results are exhibited via simulations as well as laboratory experiments. It is concluded that the developed parametric FD technique has potential to provide efficient condition monitoring and/or preventive maintenance in hydraulic actuator circuits

49.1.13    F. Grasser, A. D'Arrigo, S. Colombi, A.C. Rufer, "JOE: a mobile, inverted pendulum," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 107-114, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The Industrial Electronics Laboratory at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland, has built a prototype of a revolutionary two-wheeled vehicle. Due to its configuration with two coaxial wheels, each of which is coupled to a DC motor, the vehicle is able to do stationary U-turns. A control system, made up of two decoupled state-space controllers, pilots the motors so as to keep the system in equilibrium

49.1.14    Chih-Min Lin, Chun-Fei Hsu, "Neural-network-based adaptive control for induction servomotor drive system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 115-123, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A neural-network-based adaptive control (NNAC) design method is proposed to control an induction servomotor. In this NNAC design, a neural network (NN) controller is investigated to mimic a feedback linearization control law; and a compensation controller is designed to compensate for the approximation error between the feedback linearization control law and the NN controller. The interconnection weights of the NN can be online tuned in the sense of the Lyapunov stability theorem; thus, the stability of the control system can be guaranteed. Additionally, in this NNAC system design, an error estimation mechanism is investigated to estimate the bound of approximation error so that the chattering phenomenon of the control effort can be reduced. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed NNAC servomotor control systems can achieve favorable tracking and robust performance with regard to parameter variations and external load disturbances

49.1.15    K.L. Shi, T.F. Chan, Y.K. Wong, S.L. Ho, "Speed estimation of an induction motor drive using an optimized extended Kalman filter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 124-133, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a novel method to achieve good performance of an extended Kalman filter (EKF) for speed estimation of an induction motor drive. A real-coded genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the noise covariance and weight matrices of the EKF, thereby ensuring filter stability and accuracy in speed estimation. Simulation studies on a constant V/Hz controller and a field-oriented controller (FOC) under various operating conditions demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. The experimental system consists of a prototype digital-signal-processor-based FOC induction motor drive with hardware facilities for acquiring the speed, voltage, and current signals to a PC. Experiments comprising offline GA training and verification phases are presented to validate the performance of the optimized EKF

49.1.16    Faa-Jeng Lin, Rong-Jong Wai, Wen-Der Chou, Shu-Peng Hsu, "Adaptive backstepping control using recurrent neural network for linear induction motor drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 134-146, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An adaptive backstepping control system using a recurrent neural network (RNN) is proposed to control the mover position of a linear induction motor (LIM) drive to compensate the uncertainties including the friction force in this paper. First, the dynamic model of an indirect field-oriented LIM drive is derived. Then, a backstepping approach is proposed to compensate the uncertainties including the friction force occurred in the motion control system. With the proposed backstepping control system, the mover position of the LIM drive possesses the advantages of good transient control performance and robustness to uncertainties for the tracking of periodic reference trajectories. Moreover, to further increase the robustness of the LIM drive, an RNN uncertainty observer is proposed to estimate the required lumped uncertainty in the backstepping control system. In addition, an online parameter training methodology, which is derived using the gradient-descent method, is proposed to increase the learning capability of the RNN. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by both the simulated and experimental results

49.1.17    R. Leidhold, G. Garcia, M.I. Valla, "Field-oriented controlled induction generator with loss minimization," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 147-156, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a strategy to control an induction generator (IG) working with variable speed and load is presented and discussed. An inverter and a field-oriented controller are used in order to excite the induction machine (IM) efficiently, minimizing copper and iron losses, and to regulate the generated voltage. The proposed IG system is a stand-alone (not grid connected) system. It is used to produce electrical DC energy, to charge a battery bank, and/or to supply DC loads with maximum efficiency. A laboratory setup, based on a conventional 4 kW squirrel-cage IM, has been implemented. Experimental results are presented in order to validate the proposed strategy


Power Electronics
49.1.18    H.A. Toliyat, L. Hao, D.S. Shet, T.A. Nondahl, "Position-sensorless control of surface-mount permanent-magnet AC (PMAC) motors at low speeds," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 157-164, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A position-sensorless field-oriented control scheme for a surface-mount permanent-magnet AC (PMAC) motor is presented. A digital signal processor is used to implement the sensorless scheme. The PMAC stator is wound like that of a conventional three-phase induction motor. The coils of the motor are all brought out and it is possible to connect the motor in different configurations. Taps are also provided which are used for voltage measurements. By measuring the tap voltages, absolute position of the PMAC motor is estimated. The estimated position information is independent of the stator resistance, thus, this scheme is even applicable at low speeds. Results are presented to show the effectiveness of the new sensorless scheme

49.1.19    Hang-Seok Choi, Bo Hyung Cho, "Novel zero-current-switching (ZCS) PWM switch cell minimizing additional conduction loss," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 165-172, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a new zero-current-switching (ZCS) pulsewidth modulation (PWM) switch cell that has no additional conduction loss of the main switch. In this cell, the main switch and the auxiliary switch turn on and turn off under zero-current condition. The diodes commutate softly and the reverse-recovery problems are alleviated. The conduction loss and the current stress of the main switch are minimized, since the resonating current for the soft switching does not flow through the main switch. Based on the proposed ZCS PWM switch cell, a new family of DC-to-DC PWM converters is derived. The new family of ZCS PWM converters is suitable for the high-power applications employing insulated gate bipolar transistors. Among the new family of DC-to-DC PWM converters, a boost converter was taken as an example and has been analyzed. Design guidelines with a design example are described and verified by experimental results from the 2.5 kW prototype boost converter operating at 40 kHz

49.1.20    Bor-Ren Lin, Yi-Lang Hou, "Single-phase integrated power quality compensator based on capacitor-clamped configuration," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 173-185, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A control scheme of an integrated power quality compensator, which employs an active rectifier to work simultaneously as an active power filter (APF) to decrease current harmonics, is proposed. The employed rectifier is based on a capacitor-clamped configuration to produce multilevel pulsewidth modulation waveforms which result in low voltage stress and low conduction loss on the power switches. The proposed active rectifier is controlled to track the supply current to be a sinusoidal wave with low current harmonics. The advantages of the proposed control scheme are high power factor, low current harmonics, no complicated calculations for current harmonics elimination, and no dedicated APF needed for harmonic elimination. The experimental results are used to verify the validity and effectiveness of the proposed control scheme

49.1.21    Keliang Zhou, Danwei Wang, "Relationship between space-vector modulation and three-phase carrier-based PWM: a comprehensive analysis [three-phase inverters]," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 186-196, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper comprehensively analyzes the relationship between space-vector modulation and three-phase carrier-based pulse width modulation (PWM). The relationships involved, such as the relationship between modulation signals (including zero-sequence component and fundamental components) and space vectors, the relationship between the modulation signals and the space-vector sectors, the relationship between the switching pattern of space-vector modulation and the type of carrier, and the relationship between the distribution of zero vectors and different zero-sequence signal are systematically established. All the relationships provide a bidirectional bridge for the transformation between carrier-based PWM modulators and space-vector modulation modulators. It is shown that all the drawn conclusions are independent of the load type. Furthermore, the implementations of both space-vector modulation and carrier-based PWM in a closed-loop feedback converter are discussed

49.1.22    C. Chakraborty, M. Ishida, Y. Hori, "Novel half-bridge resonant converter topology realized by adjusting transformer parameters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 197-205, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper shows a new direction as to how the transformer parameters may be best utilized and presents the performance and control of novel DC/DC and AC/DC converter topologies. All three inductances of a transformer have been utilized to realize a CL3 topology having excellent characteristics and requiring no external inductor. For the half-bridge topology, the capacitor used for the purpose of input voltage splitting also serves as the resonating capacitor. Thus, in the half-bridge version, the topology is realized only with a specially designed transformer and no other external components. A laboratory setup is produced and experiments conducted for DC/DC and AC/DC applications. A new design procedure and control technique for the converters are also presented. These topologies are very promising in small-power applications

49.1.23    Feel-Soon Kang, Sung-Jun Park, Cheul-U Kim, "ZVZCS single-stage PFC AC-to-DC half-bridge converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 206-216, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A zero-voltage- and zero-current-switched single-stage AC-to-DC half-bridge converter with high power factor is presented to reduce the switching losses and to achieve sinusoidal, unity power factor input currents. The single-stage approach, which combines a boost converter used as power-factor correction with a half-bridge converter used as DC-to-DC conversion into one power stage, has a simple structure and low cost. At the same time, the switching losses could be considerably reduced, because the switches of the proposed converter are designed to be turned on at zero voltage and off at zero current. Detailed analysis and experimental results are presented on the proposed converter, which is operated at constant switching frequency and in discontinuous conduction mode

49.1.24    T. Noguchi, S. Togashi, R. Nakamoto, "Short-current pulse-based maximum-power-point tracking method for multiple photovoltaic-and-converter module system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 217-223, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel maximum-power-point tracking (MPPT) method with a simple algorithm for photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems. The method is based on use of a short-current pulse of the PV to determine an optimum operating current where the maximum output power can be obtained and completely differs from conventional hill-climbing-based methods. In the proposed system, the optimum operating current is instantaneously determined simply by taking a product of the short-current pulse amplitude and a parameter k because the optimum operating current is exactly proportional to the short current under various conditions of illuminance and temperature. Also, the system offers an identification capability of k by means of fast power-versus-current curve scanning, which makes the short-current pulse-based MPPT method adaptive to disturbances such as shades partially covering the PV panels and surface contamination. The above adaptive MPPT algorithm has been introduced into a current-controlled boost chopper and a multiple power converter system composed of PV-and-chopper modules. Various operating characteristics have experimentally been examined on this multiple PV-and-chopper module system from a practical viewpoint and excellent MPPT performance has been confirmed through the tests


Robotics and Vision
49.1.25    A. Visioli, G. Legnani, "On the trajectory tracking control of industrial SCARA robot manipulators," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 224-232, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the authors discuss, from an experimental point of view, the use of different control strategies for the trajectory tracking control of an industrial selective compliance assembly robot arm robot, which is one of the most employed manipulators in industrial environments, especially for assembly tasks. Specifically, they consider decentralized controllers such as proportional-integral-derivative-based and sliding-mode ones and model-based controllers such as the classical computed-torque one and a neural-network-based controller. A simple procedure for the estimation of the dynamic model of the manipulator is given. Experimental results provide a detailed framework about the cost/benefit ratio regarding the use of the different controllers, showing that the performance obtained with decentralized controllers may suffice in a large number of industrial applications, but in order to achieve low tracking errors also for high-speed trajectories, it might be convenient to adopt a neural-network-based control scheme, whose implementation is not particularly demanding

49.1.26    B. Nemec, L. Zlajpah, "Force control of redundant robots in unstructured environment," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 233-240, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a method for force control of redundant robots in an unstructured environment is proposed. We assume that the obstacles are not known in advance. Hence, the robot arm has to be compliant with the environment while tracking the desired position and force at the end-effector. First, the dynamic properties of the internal motion of redundant manipulators are considered. The motion is decoupled into the end-effector motion and the internal motion. Next, the dynamic model of a redundant manipulator is derived. Special attention is given to the inertial properties of the system in the space where internal motion is taking place; the authors define a null-space effective inertia and its inverse. Finally, a control method is proposed which completely decouples the motion of the manipulator into the task-space motion and the internal motion and enables the selection of dynamic characteristics in both subspaces separately. The proposed method is verified with simulation and with experimental results of a four-degrees-of-freedom planar redundant robot

49.1.27    Y. Umeda, T. Yakoh, "Configuration and readhesion control for a mobile robot with external sensors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 241-247, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Since a wheeled mobile robot is subject to nonholonomic constraints, the position and the configuration of the robot cannot be derived directly from only the rotation angle of its wheels. In other words, the position and the configuration of a mobile robot cannot be calculated correctly if its wheels skid. For the purpose of the position estimation of a mobile robot, some external sensors are used, in general. This paper uses position information from a position-sensitive detector camera that is a high-speed visual sensor to correct the errors that are due to skid and so on. Also, we estimate a skid of wheels by using its visual information. In this paper, the authors propose a control system that enables control of both the configuration of the robot and the skid of wheels simultaneously by including these estimated values in the control loop of a mobile manipulator

49.1.28    T. Murakami, K. Kahlen, R.W.A.A. De Doncker, "Robust motion control based on projection plane in redundant manipulator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 248-255, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes a novel approach of robust motion control of a redundant manipulator by projection planes. In the proposed approach, a robust controller based on a workspace observer is employed in the selectable projection plane. Then, an adequate selection of the projection planes makes it possible to simplify the controller without deteriorating the tip motion response and to obtain the desired motion in the null space of the manipulator. This is one of the remarkable features of the proposed approach. The validity of the proposed controller is confirmed by several numerical simulations


Emerging Technology
49.1.29    Shyh-Jier Huang, Fu-Sheng Pai, "Design and operation of burn-in test system for three-phase uninterruptible power supplies," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 256-263, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a new approach for the burn-in test of three-phase uninterruptible power supplies is proposed. This method can perform the energy recovery for reducing the test cost, while the current supplied from the utility can be steered to be more sinusoidal. When a large number of burn-in test systems are activated such that harmonic problems may become more serious, the proposed method is also suggested based on its immunity to possible harmonies infiltration coming from the tested product to the utility power supplies. This method has been tested through simulation study and hardware experiments. Test results help consolidate the feasibility of the approach for the applications considered


Letters to the Editor

49.1.30    R.R. Mudholkar, S.R. Sawant, "Fuzzy logic transformer build estimation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 264-267, Feb 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Mechanical fitting of transformer windings tightly into the core ensures an efficient use of window space. Fuzzy logic transformer build estimation is intended to implement approximate solutions suggested in imprecise terms for the better mechanical fit of windings into the core. For imperfect fit, it readjusts the buildup parameters in iterations to optimize mechanical fit. The results have demonstrated the potentiality of usage of fuzzy logic in the mechanical-fit process of a transformer

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

  IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 49,  Number 2, April 2002           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



                Special Section on Matrix Converters

49.2.1    J. Rodriguez, "Guest editorial," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 274-275, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

49.2.2    P.W. Wheeler, J. Rodriguez, J.C. Clare, L. Empringham, A. Weinstein, "Matrix converters: a technology review," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 276-288, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The matrix converter is an array of controlled semiconductor switches that connects directly the three-phase source to the three-phase load. This converter has several attractive features that have been investigated in the last two decades. In the last few years, an increase in research work has been observed, bringing this topology closer to the industrial application. This paper presents the state-of-the-art view in the development of this converter, starting with a brief historical review. An important part of the paper is dedicated to a discussion of the most important modulation and control strategies developed recently. Special attention is given to present modern methods developed to solve the commutation problem. Some new arrays of power bidirectional switches integrated in a single module are also presented. Finally, this paper includes some practical issues related to the practical application of this technology, like overvoltage protection, use of filters and ride-through capability

49.2.3    F. Blaabjerg, D. Casadei, C. Klumpner, M. Matteini, "Comparison of two current modulation strategies for matrix converters under unbalanced input voltage conditions," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 289-296, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the input current performance of matrix converters is analyzed, especially with reference to the operating conditions determined by unbalanced supply voltages. The space-vector modulation (SVM) technique is utilized to calculate the duty cycles of the active voltage vectors that must be applied, in each switching cycle period, in order to satisfy the input and output requirements. A detailed theoretical analysis of the input current harmonic content under unbalanced input voltage conditions is presented for two different current modulation strategies. On the basis of numerical simulations as well as measurements on a laboratory prototype setup, the strategies' performance are compared and the validity of the theoretical investigation confirmed. It is concluded that, when the input voltages are unbalanced to a significant extent, a dynamic input current modulation strategy has to be preferred, since a lower harmonic line current distortion will appear

49.2.4    J. Mahlein, M. Bruckmann, M. Braun, "Passive protection strategy for a drive system with a matrix converter and an induction machine," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 297-303, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the design and testing of a new protection strategy for a matrix power converter feeding an induction motor with a squirrel cage rotor is described. The new protection strategy with excellent overvoltage protection allows the removal of the large and expensive diode clamp

49.2.5    S. Bernet, S. Ponnaluri, R. Teichmann, "Design and loss comparison of matrix converters, and voltage-source converters for modern AC drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 304-314, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper compares a matrix converter (MC) and a DC-voltage link converter with an active front end for a 7.5 kW, 460 V induction motor drive. Part count, semiconductor losses, input filter design, and protection aspects are discussed. It is shown that the matrix converter's semiconductor losses are smaller only at full load operation for the same silicon area in both converters. A 33% reduction of the device current rating of the MC is possible, resulting in comparable thermal device stress. The overall passive component count and rating is only slightly better for the MC

49.2.6    C. Klumpner, F. Blaabjerg, "Experimental evaluation of ride-through capabilities for a matrix converter under short power interruptions," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 315-324, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The matrix converters, which are direct power electronic converters, are able to provide important benefits such as bidirectional power flow, sinusoidal input currents with adjustable displacement angle, and a great potential for size reduction. Still, two major disadvantages exist: a lower than unity voltage transfer ratio and high sensitivity to power grid disturbances. Many solutions to provide continuous operation of adjustable speed drives (ASDs) during power grid disturbances have been proposed, but they are all applied to DC-link ASD. In this paper, a new solution to provide limited ride-through operation is presented with a matrix converter using a scalar controlled induction motor for a duration of hundreds of milliseconds, without any hardware modification. During the ride-through operation, the drive is not able to develop torque or to control the motor flux. By recovering the necessary power to feed the control hardware of the matrix converter, it is able to keep the ASD operating. When normal grid conditions are reestablished, the matrix converter is able to accelerate the motor from nonzero speed and flux by initializing the modulator with the estimated frequency and the initial angle of the reference output voltage vector. The maximum duration of the ride-through operation depends on the initial motor flux, speed level, rotor time constant, load torque, and inertia. This method is verified on a laboratory setup with a matrix converter

49.2.7    C. Klumpner, P. Nielsen, I. Boldea, F. Blaabjerg, "A new matrix converter motor (MCM) for industry applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 325-335, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The trend in electrical drives is to integrate the frequency converter, the electrical motor, and even the gear or the pump into a single unit, in order to reduce the costs, to increase the overall efficiency and the equipment reliability. This paper presents the first integrated regenerative frequency converter motor for industry applications, based on a matrix converter topology. The low volume, the sinusoidal input current, the bidirectional power flow, and the lack of the bulky and limited-lifetime electrolytic capacitors recommend this topology for this application. This paper shows how the matrix converter disadvantages-the lack of bidirectional power devices, the lower voltage transfer ratio, and the overvoltages caused by the input filter during power-up-that have delayed the industrial implementation have been overcome. In order to demonstrate the validity of the solution, a 4-kW matrix converter motor prototype is built using a standard frequency converter motor enclosure for testing the requirements for an industrial drive. The tests demonstrate the good performance of the drive

49.2.8    C. Klumpner, P. Nielsen, I. Boldea, F. Blaabjerg, "New solutions for a low-cost power electronic building block for matrix converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 336-344, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper analyzes some aspects of integrating the matrix converter (MC) bidirectional switches into a power module. The analysis produces two optimal topologies for a power module: one for low-power and another for medium/high-power MCs. A new power module topology for a low-power three-phase-to-three- phase MC is proposed. By using bootstrap circuits to feed the gate-drivers, the proposed configuration requires only three insulated power supplies for a complete MC. This proposal constitutes a solution recommended in the low-power range, where low cost and low volume are the main objectives. Furthermore, a configuration of a power electronic building block for MCs is proposed. This includes the commutation control logic and the overcurrent protection, provides safe operation, and eliminates the specific problem of operating the bidirectional switches

49.2.9    Jie Chang, T. Sun, Anhua Wang, "Highly compact AC-AC converter achieving a high voltage transfer ratio," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 345-352, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper reports a new, highly integrated modular design approach for pulsewidth-modulation AC-AC converters based on a modular phase-bank structure. Novel high-power 3-in-1 integrated bi-directional power modules (IBPM) rated at 1200-V AC and 150 A and the 3-to-1 phase bank circuits have been successfully developed, fabricated and tested. This enables the modularity design of the multiphase converter systems and reduces the critical parasitic inductance. A theoretical analysis of the IBPM's silicon utilization for this new breed of direct power converters has been outlined. A lab prototype at medium power level has been successfully designed, implemented, and tested with good results. A nearly 460-VRMS out voltage at a 1:0.955 voltage transfer ratio, which, perhaps, is the highest performance reported so far in the literature, has been achieved by the novel two-side modulation control system. The converter-fed AC motor system is able to operate over the 0-240 Hz range with inherent regenerative capability and four-quadrant operation. Potential industrial applications are also briefly highlighted in this paper

49.2.10    R. Teichmann, J. Oyama, "ARCP soft-switching technique in matrix converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 353-361, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An alternative concept used to avoid the need for staggered switching in matrix converters is discussed. The features of the auxiliary resonant commutated pole (ARCP) soft switching technique are used to reduce the number of active switches and gate drives in comparison to conventional matrix converter technology, avoid commutation voltage spikes, and reduce switching losses. Three different ARCP matrix converters are reviewed and their operational boundaries are discussed. The ARCPMC technology is critically evaluated with respect to a potential industrial application

49.2.11    P. Mutschler, M. Marcks, "A direct control method for matrix converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 362-369, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Until now, direct control methods have been mainly investigated and used in conjunction with voltage source converters. In this paper, the authors develop a direct current control method for matrix converters. There are two objectives for the direct current control: the desired current has to be impressed into the load, and the current, drawn from the mains, should be in phase with the voltage and should be (nearly) sinusoidal. This implies active damping of the 400 Hz resonance or the line filter. The method is implemented on a DSP and tested on a 10 kVA matrix converter

49.2.12    D. Casadei, G. Serra, A. Tani, L. Zarri, "Matrix converter modulation strategies: a new general approach based on space-vector representation of the switch state," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 370-381, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a novel representation of the switch state of a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter is presented. This approach, based on space-vector notation, simplifies the study of the modulation strategies, leading to a complete general solution of the problem and providing a very useful unitary point of view. The already established strategies can be considered as particular cases of the proposed general solution. Using this approach, it can be verified that the space-vector modulation technique, owing to the intrinsic two degrees of freedom, represents the general solution of the modulation problem of matrix converters. This technique can be considered the best solution for the possibility to achieve the highest voltage transfer ratio and to optimize the switching pattern through a suitable use of the zero configurations

49.2.13    P.W. Wheeler, J.C. Clare, L. Empringharn, M. Bland, M. Apap, "Gate drive level intelligence and current sensing for matrix converter current commutation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 382-389, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper is concerned with the process of current commutation in matrix converters. The mechanisms involved in the commutation process are described and practical waveforms are presented. A novel commutation strategy is described that uses gate drive level intelligence in the form of a field-programmable gate array. Current direction is determined using device voltages and, therefore, the measurement problems associated with all other commutation methods are overcome. Practical results from an 18-kW matrix converter induction motor drive are presented

49.2.14    E.P. Wiechmann, R.P. Burgos, J. Rodriguez, "Continuously motor-synchronized ride-through capability for matrix-converter adjustable-speed drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 390-400, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The ride-through capability of adjustable-speed drives has become an important issue due to its direct impact on production and revenue losses. Moreover, different industrial surveys have shown that voltage sags are the main cause of converter tripping. Disturbances such as swells, distortion, and impulses were found far less common and did not cause any tripping nor production losses. Matrix-converter (MC) drives are also prone to voltage sags, furthermore the lack of the DC-link capacitor renders them somehow more vulnerable. This paper presents a ride-through strategy for MC adjustable-speed drives. The strategy is based on the reduced speed/load approach for conventional drives and is capable of enforcing constant volts/hertz operation regardless of the supply voltage conditions by first regulating the modulation index of the matrix converter, which counteracts the supply voltage drop, and second by reducing the speed reference if required. This reduction seeks to maintain the maximum torque capability of the drive and not to reduce the motor load as in conventional drives. Hence, the proposed strategy is suitable for both variable and constant torque loads. Moreover, the converter never loses synchronization with the motor, so it is capable of immediate acceleration to its former speed after the disturbance disappears. The proposed strategy was experimentally verified under typical industry disturbances using a TMS320C32 DSP based system. Particularly, three-phase and single-phase sags varying from 10% to 60% were tested. Results obtained showed the effectiveness of the proposed strategy for MC adjustable-speed drives

49.2.15    O. Simon, J. Mahlein, M.N. Muenzer, M. Bruckmarm, "Modern solutions for industrial matrix-converter applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 401-406, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Thus far, matrix converter topology has not reached industrial use. Reasons for this have been complex control schemes, inefficient solutions for overvoltage protection, questionable robustness of the bi-directional switch commutation at disturbed supply voltages, and missing power semiconductor modules. Recent research results concerning these problems have led to innovative solutions and, from a technical point of view, industrial use seems to be reasonable now

49.2.16    J. Mahlein, J. Igney, J. Weigold, M. Braun, O. Simon, "Matrix converter commutation strategies with and without explicit input voltage sign measurement," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 407-414, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper gives an overview to voltage-controlled matrix converter commutation. Conventional converter systems with explicit sign measurement circuits that were necessary for the commutation in the past are discussed. New operation methods eliminating these extra measuring circuits are presented. The paper explains the new methods. Advantages and disadvantages of different approaches are discussed. The robustness of the new methods against disturbance is proved and measurements on a 5.5-kW matrix converter system are shown


Drive Control
49.2.17    B.W. Bomar, "Implementation of microprogrammed control in FPGAs," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 415-422, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The microprogrammed approach to implementing control state machines has been widely used since the early 1960s and has the advantages of structured programming and fixed timing characteristics. This paper presents a microprogrammed control unit that has been tailored to implementation in field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The microsequencer has a novel architecture which takes advantage of the enhancements existing in coarse-grained FPGAs to implement efficiently four basic functions: registers, multiplexers, adders, and counters. The sequencer supports both nested subroutines and nested loops, and can operate in both pipelined and nonpipelined modes. The pipelined mode of operation uses delayed branching in which one additional microinstruction always executes following any instruction that changes program flow. It is found that in a typical medium-sized (50 K gates) FPGA, the sequencer can be clocked at over 60 MHz nonpipelined and over 100 MHz pipelined while using less than 5% of the available FPGA logic resources. This leaves the bulk of the FPGA resources available for implementing other digital circuitry that is to be controlled by the microsequencer. While not attractive for a small number of states, the microprogrammed approach has some significant advantages for complex controllers with a large number of states

49.2.18    M. Moallem, "Electron-beam position monitoring and feedback control in Duke Free-Electron Laser Facility," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 423-432, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper addresses data acquisition and feedback control of electron-beam positions in the Duke University Free-Electron Laser Facility. The control system consists of a distributed system of VME-based hardware and processors connected through a network to host workstations. The host workstations provide graphical data presentation to the user and are also used for high-level supervisory control. The electron-beam profile is controlled by electromagnetic forces generated by passing currents through the coils of correction magnets distributed around the ring. A desired control objective is to move the stored electron beam to specific locations in the vacuum chamber and to stabilize the orbit in the presence of disturbances. The technical details of implementing the data acquisition and control scheme and their integration with the existing control system modules are presented along with experimental results

49.2.19    P. Baranyi, Yeung Yam, A.R. Varkonyi-Koczy, R.J. Patton, P. Michelberger, M. Sugiyama, "SVD-based complexity reduction to TS fuzzy models," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 433-443, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: One of the typical important criteria to be considered in real-time control applications is the computational complexity of the controllers, observers, and models applied. In this paper, a singular value decomposition (SVD)-based complexity reduction technique is proposed for Takagi Sugeno (TS) fuzzy models. The main motivation is that the TS fuzzy model has exponentially growing computational complexity with the improvement of its approximation property through, as usually practiced, increasing the density of antecedent terms. The reduction technique proposed here is capable of defining the contribution of each local linear model included in the TS fuzzy model, which serves to remove the weakly contributing ones as according to a given threshold. Reducing the number of models leads directly to the computational complexity reduction. This work also includes a number of numerical and application examples

49.2.20    S. Suwankawin, S. Sangwongwanich, "A speed-sensorless IM drive with decoupling control and stability analysis of speed estimation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 444-455, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new sensorless drive based on a decoupling control and an adaptive full-order observer is developed. A modified decoupling control is introduced and integrated with the adaptive observer to reduce the complexity of the whole system. The speed estimation based on adaptive control theory is analyzed and the necessary and sufficient conditions for stability of the speed estimation are analytically derived. It is indicated that the system can be unstable in the low-speed region with regenerative loads. However, assigning an appropriate feedback gain to the adaptive observer can restore the stability and reduce the unstable region. Sensitivity of the sensorless drive against parameter and measurement errors is also qualitatively discussed. Simulation and experimental results are then given to verify the validity of the theoretical results


Power Electronics
49.2.21    Jin-Kuk Chung, Gyu-Hyeong Cho, "A new soft recovery PWM quasi-resonant converter with a folding snubber network," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 456-461, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new soft recovery (SR) quasi-resonant converter (QRC) having a multiple-order folding snubber network (MFSN) is introduced. It is obtained by combining a normal QRC with a folding snubber network of which the surrounding components are composed of passive devices only (diodes and capacitors). The reverse recovery loss of the main rectifier diode is eliminated by this method utilizing multiple resonance with a multiple-order folding snubber network. By realizing soft switching conditions, the proposed converter has pulsewidth modulation capability with high efficiency and is suitable for high-voltage and high-power DC to DC converter applications

49.2.22    F. Betin, D. Pinchon, G.-A. Capolino, "A time-varying sliding surface for robust position control of a DC motor drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 462-473, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a new variable-structure position control law for a DC motor is proposed. The algorithm, based on a time-varying switching line, guarantees the existence of a sliding mode from the beginning of the shaft motion. Indeed, the surface is initially designed to pass through the initial representative point and subsequently moved toward a predetermined desired surface via shifting. By this means, the reaching phase is eliminated and the motor behavior is insensitive to unknown mechanical configuration changes. The algorithm has been tested in simulation and the experiment has been performed using a low-cost 16-bit microcontroller. Then, an advanced test bed is used in order to evaluate the tracking properties and the robustness capacities of the variable-structure control law with variations of the mechanical configuration

49.2.23    N. Mutoh, M. Ogata, K. Gulez, F. Harashima, "New methods to suppress EMI noises in motor drive systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 474-485, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: New methods are studied that can suppress EMI noises, especially the common-mode current produced in motor drive systems. One is a packaging technique that forms power converters using a four-layer printed power circuit board. The other is a method based on the generation mechanism of the common-mode current which was developed from experimental analyses. It is proved by experiments that the former can effectively control the common-mode current, including radiated emissions, and the latter can suppress it without any compensators between the inverter and the motor

49.2.24    R.L. Kirlin, M.M. Bech, A.M. Trzynadlowski, "Analysis of power and power spectral density in PWM inverters with randomized switching frequency," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 486-499, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel method for accurate calculation of power spectra of the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) voltage-source inverter with randomized switching frequency is presented. The case of a limited pool of switching frequencies, convenient and adequate for technical purposes, is considered, and a mathematical background for this type of random PWM (RPWM) is provided. It is shown that the limited-pool RPWM gives rise to not only a continuous spectrum, but, also, under certain circumstances, pure power spectral components (harmonics), typical for the deterministic PWM. Criteria for the existence of harmonics are given, and formulae for both the power and the power spectral density are derived and verified experimentally


Signal Processing and Control
49.2.25    R. Canals, A. Roussel, J.-L. Famechon, S. Treuillet, "A biprocessor-oriented vision-based target tracking system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 500-506, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The design and realization of a vision-based target tracking system is proposed. The objective is to derive the orientation of a pan-tilt camera fitting a drone in order to track a target and to maintain its position in the middle of the image. Image data and drone attitude are the only information available for the camera control to be achieved correctly. This embedded system requires low-cost hardware for surveillance or attack drone applications: a digital signal processor for the image processing, and a microcontroller for the camera control. To ensure real-time video operation, an algorithmic solution integrating a successive-step and multi-block search method is implemented, thus allowing complex target displacements. The microcontroller uses this information to manage the camera orientation. Experiments have been conducted in real, conditions and acceptable target tracking results have been obtained on the prototype hardware

49.2.26    M. Kamiya, H. Ikeda, S. Shinohara, "Wavelength-division-multiplexed analog transmission through plastic optical fiber for use in factory communications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 507-510, April 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A simple inexpensive analog transmission system is realized using a dual-channel-color LED assembly, a plastic optical fiber, a dual-channel-color sensor assembly, and a crosstalk elimination circuit. The transmission system, covering DC to 10 kHz, has a distortion factor of less than 2% and a crosstalk of less than -40 dB, and is suitable for use in factory communications

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

  IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 49,  Number 3, June 2002           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



                 Drive Control
49.3.1    M.C. Saaj, B. Bandyopadhyay, H. Unbehauen, "A new algorithm for discrete-time sliding-mode control using fast output sampling feedback," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 518-523, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new approach for sliding-mode control (SMC) of discrete-time systems using the reaching law approach together with the fast output sampling (FOS) feedback technique. This method does not need the system states for feedback as it makes use of only the output samples for designing the controller. Thus, this methodology is more practical and easy to implement. A numerical example demonstrates the design technique. Simulation results show that the proposed FOS SMC technique produces the same results as obtained by state feedback SMC technique

49.3.2    Kyeong-Hwa Kim, Myung-Joong Youn, "A nonlinear speed control for a PM synchronous motor using a simple disturbance estimation technique," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 524-535, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A nonlinear speed control for a permanent-magnet (PM) synchronous motor using a simple disturbance estimation technique is presented. By using a feedback linearization scheme, the nonlinear motor model can be linearized in the Brunovski canonical form, and the speed controller can be easily designed based on the linearized model. This technique, however, gives an undesirable output performance under the mismatch of the system parameters and load conditions. An adaptive linearization technique and a sliding-mode control technique have been reported. Although good performance can be obtained, the controller designs are quite complex. To overcome this drawback, the controller parameters are estimated by using a disturbance observer theory where the disturbance torque and flux linkage are estimated. Since only the two reduced-order observers are used for the parameter estimation, the observer designs are considerably simple and the computational load of the controller for parameter estimation is negligibly small. The nonlinear disturbances caused by the incomplete linearization can be effectively compensated by using this control scheme. Thus, a desired dynamic performance and a zero steady-state error can be obtained. The proposed control scheme is implemented on a PM synchronous motor using a digital signal processor (TMS320C31) and the effectiveness is verified through the comparative simulations and experiments

49.3.3    A.J. Chipperfield, B. Bica, P.J. Fleming, "Fuzzy scheduling control of a gas turbine aero-engine: a multiobjective approach," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 536-548, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper investigates the use of a nonconventional approach to control a gas turbine aero-engine. The rationale behind this study is the need to develop advanced tools and techniques that can assist in improving the performance of the system and simultaneously enhance the flexibility of the control strategy. Modern techniques are required for many complex systems where increasingly strict performance and regulatory requirements must be achieved. This is particularly true of aerospace systems where consideration of safety, reliability, maintainability, and environmental impact are all necessary as part of the control requirements. This paper investigates a combination of two such potential techniques: fuzzy logic and evolutionary algorithms. Emerging from new requirements for gas turbine aero-engine control, a flexible gain scheduler is developed and analyzed. A hierarchical multiobjective genetic algorithm is employed to search and optimize the potential solutions for a wide envelope controller covering idle, cruise, and full-power conditions. The overall strategy is demonstrated to be a straightforward and feasible method of refining the control system performance and increasing its flexibility

49.3.4    Sangcheol Lee, Kwanghee Nam, "An overvoltage suppression scheme for AC motor drives using a half DC-link voltage level at each PWM transition," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 549-557, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Passive filters are conventionally used to suppress overvoltage in the motor terminal, either by reducing the voltage rise rate at the inverter output, or by decreasing the motor terminal impedance. We propose an overvoltage suppression scheme that renders the use of passive filters unnecessary. This approach differs from general filter methods, in that it is independent,of dυ/dt and does not try to reduce dυ/dt. Our scheme utilizes the middle voltage level VDC /2 at each pulsewidth modulation voltage transition, where VDC represents the DC-link voltage. The duration of the middle voltage level is controlled in such a way that reflected voltages are cancelled out at the motor terminal. Optimal cancellation is achieved when the duration of VDC/2 is equal to twice the transport delay of the cable. Further, if reflection coefficients at the motor terminal and the inverter output are equal to ±1, no overvoltage takes place. The proposed scheme requires the use of six auxiliary insulated gate bipolar transistor switches. Simulation as well as experimental results are presented here

49.3.5    Kuo-Kai Shyu, Chiu-Keng Lai, Yao-Wen Tsai, Ding-I Yang, "A newly robust controller design for the position control of permanent-magnet synchronous motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 558-565, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A robust controller which is designed by employing variable-structure control and linear-quadratic method is presented for a permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) position control system. It is to achieve accurate control performance in the presence of plant parameter variation and load disturbance. In addition, it possesses the design flexibility of the conventional state feedback control. It is applied to the position control of a PMSM. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed approach gives a better position response and is robust to parameter variations and load disturbance

49.3.6    Qing-Guo Wang, Yong Zhang, Xiao-Gang Huang, "Virtual feedforward control for asymptotic rejection of periodic disturbance," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 566-573, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a novel, simple yet effective control scheme, called virtual feedforward control (VFC), is proposed for asymptotic disturbance rejection. The VFC control is an add-on function on top of normal feedback control, and it is activated when a periodic disturbance is found to be present in the system, based on output measurements and detection of output periodic behavior. It is shown that the proposed control can reject the periodic disturbances asymptotically under the perfect plant modeling. Furthermore, the closed-loop stability is not affected by the proposed control and, thus, there is no design tradeoff between disturbance rejection and stability. The robustness of the proposed control to model mismatch is analyzed. The effectiveness of the proposed method is sustained by simulation and comparison

49.3.7    A.M. Khambadkone, J. Holtz, "Compensated synchronous PI current controller in overmodulation range and six-step operation of space-vector-modulation-based vector-controlled drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 574-580, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Overmodulation enhances the power utilization of the installed capacity of a voltage-source inverter. A space-vector strategy is used for constant-switching-frequency inverters. In order to achieve the overmodulation, a modified reference signal with nonuniform angular velocity is generated using a preprocessor. Such a reference wave produces low-frequency harmonics in currents. The presence of current harmonics restricts the bandwidth of the synchronous proportional plus integral current controller in the overmodulation range. A compensating current control is presented to allow for high-bandwidth current control in synchronous coordinates during overmodulation and six-step. The proposed scheme allows for an easy upgrade of a conventional vector control scheme to include overmodulation and, thus, reduce the design-to-market time


Power Electronics
49.3.8    G. Garcera, A. Abellan, E. Figueres, "Sensitivity study of the control loops of DC-DC converters by means of robust parametric control theory," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 581-586, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Robust parametric control theory is a powerful tool for the research of linear control systems robustness against simultaneous changes in the parameters that define the plant and controller transfer functions. The purpose of this paper is to show how those techniques can be applied to the sensitivity study of DC-DC power converters control loops with respect to simultaneous variations of all the parameters defining the power stage: line voltage, load, and passive elements of the power stage

49.3.9    Chang-Ming Liaw, Wen-Chin Yu, Thin-Huo Chen, "Random vibration test control of inverter-fed electrodynamic shaker ," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 587-594, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The random vibration control of an inverter-fed electrodynamic shaker is presented in this paper. First, the dynamic model of the shaker is found and a current-controlled pulsewidth modulation inverter is designed and implemented. The feedback controller is augmented with a command feedforward controller and a disturbance feedforward controller to let the armature exciting current have low harmonic content and possess excellent waveform tracking performance. Then, an acceleration controller and its random vibration command are arranged. In the proposed acceleration control scheme, a command feedforward controller and a robust disturbance feedforward controller are also employed to let the shaker have close random acceleration command waveform tracking control performance, and the performance be insensitive to the system parameter variations. It follows that the acceleration control with desired frequency response in a vibration test could be achieved through properly setting the command signal. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by simulation and measured results

49.3.10    Tsu-Hua Ai, Jiann-Fuh Chen, Tsorng-Juu Liang, "A random switching method for HPWM full-bridge inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 595-597, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: To overcome the problem of unequal switching loss in power switches, in conventional hybrid pulse width modulation (HPWM) full-bridge inverters, a random switching method for HPWM full-bridge inverters is proposed. The proposed method equalizes switching losses of the four switches, while also providing good output performance

49.3.11    A. Fernandez, J. Sebastian, P.J. Villegas, M.M. Hernando, L. Alvarez Barcia, "Low-power flyback converter with synchronous rectification for a system with AC power distribution," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 598-606, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: IEC 1000-3-2 regulations impose a reduced harmonic content on any converter with an input power higher than 75 W. However, if the power architecture of the system is based on small on-board converters, and the total power is higher than 75 W, IEC regulations must be fulfilled although each individual converter need not comply with the regulations. In this paper, one of the different possible solutions is presented. Each on-board converter has an active input current shaper (AICS) in order to reduce the input current harmonic content of each converter and, hence, to comply with IEC 1000-3-2 regulations. Moreover, two different types of AICSs were compared: the conventional one and a new type of AICS based on a full-wave rectifier

49.3.12    T.M. Wolbank, R. Wohrnschimmel, H. Hauser, "Transient simulation of lamination material properties in electrical machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 607-612, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: All zero-speed-sensorless control schemes of electrical drives use a high-frequency excitation of the machine to determine local differences of the leakage inductances and to estimate the flux or the rotor position. One of these methods detects the local differences by evaluating the change of the stator current space phasor due to stator voltage test phasors. To get a deeper insight into the transient electric behavior of the machine, it is necessary to take into account also dynamic processes in the lamination material. To achieve this, a model has been developed to simulate the magnetization process in an induction motor fed by a voltage-source inverter. The proposed model calculates the current change due to voltage pulses taking into account the hysteresis as well as eddy currents. In order to limit the computation time, the model has to be kept simple. Measurements on an inverter-fed induction machine as well as on a stator lamination are presented. to verify the applicability of the model

49.3.13    C.K. Lee, S.Y. Ron Hui, Henry Shu-Hung Chung, "A 31-level cascade inverter for power applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 613-617, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Power inverter modules fed with separate DC voltage sources of voltage ratio 1:2:4:8 are connected to form a cascade multilevel inverter. This new proposal combines the advantages of the static phase-shifter and chain-cell converter concept. Using the same number of power devices as a standard nine-level inverter, the proposed converter operates as a high-power digital-to-analog converter with 31-level resolution. Electrolytic capacitors used in the proposed inverter for providing the DC voltage sources will never be connected in opposite polarity in all cases, thus ensuring high reliability. The proposal has the potential for uninterruptible power supply and flexible AC transmission applications

49.3.14    K.K. Tse, Henry Shu-Hung Chung, S.Y. Ron Hui, H.C. So, "A comparative study of carrier-frequency modulation techniques for conducted EMI suppression in PWM converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 618-627, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A rigorous mathematical analysis and a comparative study of carrier-frequency modulation (CFM) techniques for the conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) suppression in pulsewidth-modulated converters is presented. CFM techniques dither the switching period with a small amplitude variation around the nominal value, so that the harmonic power is redistributed over the spectrum of concern. Two types of dithering signals, including the periodic and random signals, are investigated in this paper. The operational characteristics as well as the input and output power spectra of the converters with the two modulating signals are compared. In particular, their characteristics in the low- and high-frequency harmonic power redistribution will be depicted. It is shown that random CFM (RCFM) gives a more effective way to disperse the harmonics around the switching frequency than the periodic CFM (PCFM) with the same frequency deviation. However, RCFM introduces higher low-frequency harmonics than the PCFM at the converter output. Furthermore, effects of the resolution filter bandwidth in the electromagnetic compatibility analyzer on conducted EMI measurement is discussed. The validity of the analyses is confirmed experimentally by using a dc/dc buck converter operating in continuous conduction mode

49.3.15    J.M. Quero, J.M. Carrasco, L.G. Franquelo, "Implementation of a neural controller for the series resonant converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 628-639, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A neural controller implementing an energy feedback control law is proposed as an alternative to classic control of resonant converters. The properties of the energy feedback control, and particularly the optimal trajectory control law, are analyzed. As a result, the state space is considered to be divided into two subspaces, that correspond to different states of the switches in the converter. An analog neural network learns to classify these two classes by means of a learning algorithm. A simple electronic implementation of this controller is proposed and applied to a series resonant converter (SRC). Results based on prototype measurements show a good improvement in the SRC response versus classical control methods based on the linearization of the state variable equations around a working point and confirm the validity of the neural approach

49.3.16    Jiabin Wang, Weiya Wang, G.W. Jewell, D. Howe, "A low-power, linear, permanent-magnet generator/energy storage system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 640-648, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes the design, analysis and characterization of a linear permanent magnet generator and capacitive energy storage system for generating electrical power from a single stroke of a salient-pole armature. It is suitable for applications that require relatively low levels of electrical power, such as remote electronic locks. An electromagnetic analysis of the generator is described, and a design optimization methodology for the system is presented. Finally, the performance of a prototype is validated against measurements

49.3.17    Jeong-il Kang, Chung-Wook Roh, Gun-Woo Moon, Myung-Joong Youn, "Phase-shifted parallel-input/series-output dual converter for high-power step-up applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 649-652, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new phase-shifted parallel-input/series-output dual converter is proposed. It features a low-output voltage ripple, a low rms current in the output capacitor, and a greatly reduced constant switch turn-off stress, whereby the efficiency is significantly improved. This converter is considered to be well suited to high-power step-up applications

49.3.18    Seok Ho Jeon, Kwang Kyo Oh, Jin Young Choi, "Flux observer with online tuning of stator and rotor resistances for induction motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 653-664, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes an adaptive flux observer for induction motors, where stator and rotor resistances are estimated in online environments. The variation of motor parameters during operation degrades the performance of the controller and the flux observer. Among the parameters of induction motors, rotor resistance is a crucial one for flux estimation, and stator resistance also becomes critical in the low-speed region. Under the persistent excitation condition, the proposed method estimates the actual values of stator and rotor resistances simultaneously, which guarantees the exact estimation of the rotor flux. The persistent excitation condition is not satisfied when the electric torque of an induction motor is absent due to the lack of rotor currents. Even in this case, the proposed method achieves the correct estimation of the rotor flux. Simulations and actual experiments show that the rotor flux is estimated in all operating conditions and that both resistances converge to their actual values when the electrical motor torque exists


Emerging Technology
49.3.19    L.O.A.P. Henriques, P.J. Costa Branco, L.G.B. Rolim, W.I. Suemitsu, "Proposition of an offline learning current modulation for torque-ripple reduction in switched reluctance motors: design and experimental evaluation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 665-676, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new offline current modulation using a neuro-fuzzy compensation scheme for torque-ripple reduction in switched reluctance motors is presented. The main advantage of the proposed technique is that the torque signal is unnecessary. The compensating signal is learned prior to normal operation in a self-commissioning run, capturing the necessary current shape to reduce the torque ripple. Simulation results verify first the effects of speed and then load changes on the compensator performance. Implementation of the proposed technique in a laboratory prototype shows the feasibility and accuracy of the respective offline scheme

49.3.20    W.X. Shen, C.C. Chan, E.W.C. Lo, K.T. Chau, "Adaptive neuro-fuzzy modeling of battery residual capacity for electric vehicles," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 677-684, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes and implements a new method for the estimation of the battery residual capacity (BRC) for electric vehicles (EVs). The key of the proposed method is to model the EV battery by using the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Different operating profiles of the EV battery are investigated including the constant current discharge and the random current discharge as well as the standard EV driving cycles in Europe, the US, and Japan. The estimated BRCs are directly compared with the actual BRCs, verifying the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed modeling method. Moreover, this method can be easily implemented by a low-cost microcontroller and can readily be extended to the estimation of the BRC for other types of EV batteries

49.3.21    P.T. Chan, A.B. Rad, K.M. Tsang, "Optimization of fused fuzzy systems via genetic algorithms," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 685-692, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the problem of optimization of fused fuzzy systems via genetic algorithms is addressed. The proposed architecture separates a large fuzzy rule optimization problem into a series of more manageable and smaller problems through rule-table transformation. The algorithm is applied to the cart-pole system to demonstrate its characteristics

49.3.22    Suk Lee, Kyung Chang Lee, Man Hyung Lee, F. Harashima, "Integration of mobile vehicles for automated material handling using Profibus and IEEE 802.11 networks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 693-701, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper focuses on a method to integrate mobile devices such as a mobile robot, automated guided vehicle, and unmanned container transporter to form an automated material handling system. In this paper, the stationary devices are connected via a Profibus network while the mobile devices are communicating via an IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN. In order to integrate these two networks, a protocol converter is developed on a PC platform that runs two interacting processes with shared internal buffers. The protocol converter performs a role of translator between two different protocols by converting the format of a data frame. In addition to this basic conversion function, the protocol converter has a virtual polling algorithm to reduce the uncertainty involved in accessing the wireless network. Finally, the integrated network. of Profibus and IEEE 802.11 is experimentally evaluated for its data latency and throughput, which shows the feasibility of the Profibus-IEEE 802.11 network for industrial applications involving mobile devices


Signal Processing and Control
49.3.23    O. Vainio, S.J. Ovaska, "Harmonics-resistant adaptive algorithm for line-frequency signal processing," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 702-706, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Adaptive filters are often used in signal processing tasks related to line-frequency signals in power distribution systems. In this paper, we discuss a computationally efficient adaptive algorithm for transversal discrete-time filters. The algorithm, which is based on the so-called general parameter method, uses only two dynamically adjusted parameters, each to be added to a block of coefficients of a fixed basis finite-impulse response filter. The parameter updating formula involves running addition of the data samples, causing suppression of certain frequencies. Therefore, the algorithm can be designed to adapt mainly according to the primary input frequency while being tolerant against specific harmonic components. This is advantageous, for instance, when processing 50/60-Hz line-frequency signals. The properties and stability of the algorithm are analyzed

49.3.24    Y. Fujimoto, T. Yakoh, K. Ohnishi, "Dynamic model of decentralized systems with informational connection," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 707-715, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a design method of decentralized systems with informational connection. The informational connection in this paper denotes an event link which establishes a signal links among physical controlled plants via a communication network. A dynamic transition of an informational connection among decentralized systems is considered and the mathematical structures are discussed using a concept of eigenvalues and eigen-connections over the Galois field GF(2). The global system has variable-structure characteristics due to the transition of informational connection. Examples of decentralized variable-structure systems are shown. In industry, there are many engineering systems that have a dynamic transition of an informational connection. The mathematical model would be useful for analysis and synthesis of various informationally connected systems


Letters to the Editor
49.3.25    K. Sundareswaran, M. Chandra, "Evolutionary approach for line current harmonic reduction in AC/DC converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 716-719, June 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This letter explains the application of genetic algorithms (GAs) for line current harmonic reduction in a buck-type converter. Harmonic reduction/elimination is redrafted as an optimization problem and steps of the GA are applied. Compared to conventional optimization techniques, the steps of the GA are very simple and global optimum is guaranteed in most cases. Theoretical and experimental results are provided to validate the method

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

  IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 49,  Number 4, August 2002           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



                 Special section on Multilevel Inverters

49.4.1    J. Rodriguez, "Guest editorial," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 722- 723, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

49.4.2    J. Rodriguez, Jih-Sheng Lai, Fang Zheng Peng, "Multilevel inverters: a survey of topologies, controls, and applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 724- 738, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multilevel inverter technology has emerged recently as a very important alternative in the area of high-power medium-voltage energy control. This paper presents the most important topologies like diode-clamped inverter (neutral-point clamped), capacitor-clamped (flying capacitor), and cascaded multicell with separate DC sources. Emerging topologies like asymmetric hybrid cells and soft-switched multilevel inverters are also discussed. This paper also presents the most relevant control and modulation methods developed for this family of converters: multilevel sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation, multilevel selective harmonic elimination, and space-vector modulation. Special attention is dedicated to the latest and more relevant applications of these converters such as laminators, conveyor belts, and unified power-flow controllers. The need of an active front end at the input side for those inverters supplying regenerative loads is also discussed, and the circuit topology options are also presented. Finally, the peripherally developing areas such as high-voltage high-power devices and optical sensors and other opportunities for future development are addressed.

49.4.3    A. von Jouanne, S. Dai, H. Zhang, "A multilevel inverter approach providing DC-link balancing, ride-through enhancement, and common-mode voltage elimination," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 739- 745, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a simple control method for balancing the DC-link voltage of three-level neutral-point-clamped inverters, while providing enhanced ride-through and common-mode voltage (CMV) elimination. The method uses DC-DC power converter technology on the DC link for balancing and ride-through enhancement, and a modified pulsewidth-modulation switching algorithm for CMV elimination. Simulation and experimental results are supplied to confirm the validity of the proposed method, which includes full digital signal processor control.

49.4.4    K.A. Corzine, J. Yuen, J.R. Baker, "Analysis of a four-level DC/DC buck converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 746- 751, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a four-level DC/DC buck power converter is introduced. The primary application for this converter is to regulate the center capacitor voltage in a four-level inverter system. The steady-state and average-value models for the proposed converter are developed and compared in simulation. The converter was constructed in the laboratory and verified on a four-level motor drive system. It was shown that the four-level DC/DC converter provides capacitor voltage balancing and allows higher output voltage utilization from the inverter.

49.4.5    M. Juneesoni, P. Tenca, "Diode-clamped multilevel converters: a practicable way to balance DC-link voltages," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 752- 765, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The converter topologies identified as diode-clamped multilevel (DCM) or, equivalently, as multipoint clamped (MPC), are rarely used in industrial applications, owing to some serious drawbacks involving mainly the stacked bank of capacitors that constitutes their multilevel DC link. The balance of the capacitor voltages is not possible in all operating conditions when the MPC converter possesses a passive front end. On the other hand, in AC/DC/AC power conversion, the back-to-back connection of a multilevel rectifier with a multilevel inverter allows the balance of the DC-link capacitor voltages and, at the same time, it offers the power-factor-correction capability at the mains AC input. An effective balancing strategy suitable for MPC conversion systems with any number of DC-link capacitors is presented here. The strategy has been carefully studied to optimize the converter efficiency. The simulation results related to a high-power conversion system (up to 10 MW) characterized by four intermediate DC-link capacitors are shown.

49.4.6    K.A. Corzine, J.R. Baker, "Reduced-parts-count multilevel rectifiers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 766- 774, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multilevel power converters have gained much attention in recent years due to their high power quality, low switching losses, and high-voltage capability. These advantages make the multilevel converter a candidate topology for the next generation of naval ship prolusion systems. The primary disadvantage of these systems is the large number of semiconductors involved. This paper presents a reduced-parts-count rectifier which is well suited for naval rectifier applications where bidirectional power flow is not required. The proposed converter is analyzed and experimentally verified on an 18-kW four-level rectifier/inverter system.

49.4.7    T. Ishida, K. Matsuse, T. Miyamoto, K. Sasagawa, L. Huang, "Fundamental characteristics of five-level double converters with adjustable dc voltages for induction motor drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 775- 782, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, two kinds of control strategies for a three-phase five-level double converter are described on the assumption that the converter is applied to an induction motor drive system. The purposes of the proposed control strategies are to correct voltage imbalance of the DC-bus capacitors, to keep the input power factor at near unity, and to achieve an adjustable-speed drive. Characteristics of the converter operated by each of the two control strategies are examined and the validity is verified by experiments using a 3.7-kW induction motor.

49.4.8    Y. Kawabata, M. Nasu, T. Nomoto, E.C. Ejiogu, T. Kawabata, "High-efficiency and low acoustic noise drive system using open-winding AC motor and two space-vector-modulated inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 783- 789, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The combining of the outputs of two inverters using interphase reactors is a widely used method for supplying large AC drives rated at more than several thousands kilowatts. Certain drawbacks are associated with this method, such as high acoustic noise and high losses due to the interphase reactors. To overcome these problems, the authors propose a new high-efficiency drive system using an open-winding motor and two space-vector-modulated inverters. This configuration consists of a three-level inverter with switching at once every cycle and a two-level inverter of about 1-kHz switching frequency, connected, respectively, to the opposite terminals of the open-winding AC motor. With the proposed configuration, good current waveforms, high efficiency, and low acoustic noise can be obtained.

49.4.9    Xinbo Ruan, Dayu Xu, Linquan Zhou, Bin Li, Qianhong Chen, "Zero-voltage-switching PWM three-level converter with two clamping diodes," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 790- 799, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A zero-voltage-switching pulsewidth-modulation three-level (ZVS PWM TL) converter realizes ZVS for the switches with the use of the leakage inductance (or external resonant inductance) and the output capacitors of the switches, however, the rectifier diodes suffer from reverse recovery which results in oscillation and voltage spike. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a novel ZVS PWM TL converter, which introduces two clamping diodes to the basic TL converter to eliminate the oscillation and clamp the rectified voltage to the reflected input voltage; in the meanwhile, all the switches keep to realize ZVS. Furthermore, the proposed ZVS PWM TL converter can be simplified by removing the two freewheeling diodes. The operation principle of the novel converter and the simplified converter are analyzed and are verified by a prototype converter. The experimental results are also included in this paper.

49.4.10    Xiaoming Yuan, I. Barbi, "Zero-voltage switching for the neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 800- 808, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a transformer-assisted pulsewidth-modulation zero-voltage-switching neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter. With the assistance of a transformer-assisted small-rating lossless auxiliary circuit, the main switches work with zero-voltage switching without suffering from any voltage/current spikes, under simple explicit control. The technique allows for higher operating frequency and better device utilization of the NPC inverter. Operation, analysis, design, as well as testing results from a 7-kW prototype are presented in detail.

49.4.11    M.F. Escalante, J.-C. Vannier, A. Arzande, "Flying capacitor multilevel inverters and DTC motor drive applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 809- 815, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the requirements imposed by a direct torque control (DTC) strategy on multilevel inverters are analyzed. A control strategy is proposed in order to fulfill those requirements when a flying-capacitor multilevel inverter is used. Simulation and practical results will confirm the performance of the proposed strategy when using the multilevel inverter to control an induction motor by the DTC principle. Also, the advantages of using a multilevel inverter with a DTC strategy are shown by simulation results.

49.4.12    H. Ertl, J.W. Kolar, F.C. Zach, "Analysis of a multilevel multicell switch-mode power amplifier employing the "flying-battery" concept," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 816- 823, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a novel switch-mode power amplifier based on a multicell multilevel circuit topology. The total output voltage of the system is formed by series connection of several switching cells having a low DC-link voltage. Therefore, the cells can be realized using modern low-voltage high-current power MOSFET devices and the DC link can easily be buffered by rechargeable batteries or "super" capacitors to achieve very high amplifier peak output power levels ("flying-battery" concept). The cells are operated in a phase-shifted interleaved pulsewidth-modulation mode, which, in connection with the low partial voltage of each cell, reduces the filtering effort at the output of the total amplifier to a large extent and, consequently, improves the dynamic system behavior. The paper describes the operating principle of the system, analyzes the fundamental relationships being relevant for the circuit design, and gives guidelines for the dimensioning of the control circuit. Furthermore, simulation results as well as results of measurements taken from a laboratory setup are presented.

49.4.13    A.J. Visser, J.H.R. Enslin, H. de T Mouton, "Transformerless series sag compensation with a cascaded multilevel inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 824- 831, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The use of a cascaded multilevel inverter for transformerless sag/dip compensation is investigated. This topology is investigated as a cost-effective means for series sag compensation by eliminating the large injection transformer and output filter components that are used in conventional series injection devices. This prototype inverter is designed for sag compensation of a 250-kVA load. In this design, cost effectiveness plays a major role in the selection of the energy storage and the switching components. Control schemes are discussed for series sag compensation with this multilevel inverter. New control methods for sag compensation and injection are also introduced. A prototype is developed and the control schemes of this sag compensator are successfully verified in the practical results and show successful compensation for sags for different types of loads. The performance of this compensator makes it promising for future power rating upgrade and industrialization.

49.4.14    R. Teodorescu, F. Blaabjerg, J.K. Pedersen, E. Cengelci, P.N. Enjeti, "Multilevel inverter by cascading industrial VSI," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 832- 838, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the modularity concept applied to medium-voltage adjustable speed drives is addressed. First, the single-phase cascaded voltage-source inverter that uses series connection of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) H-bridge modules with isolated DC buses is presented. Next, a novel three-phase cascaded voltage-source inverter that uses three IGBT triphase inverter modules along with an output transformer to obtain a 3-p.u. multilevel output voltage is introduced. The system yields in high-quality multistep voltage with up to four levels and low dv/dt, balanced operation of the inverter modules, each supplying a third of the motor rated kVA. The concept of using cascaded inverters is further extended to a new modular motor-modular inverter system where the motor winding connections are reconnected into several three-phase groups, either six-lead or 12-lead connection according to the voltage level, each powered by a standard triphase IGBT inverter module. Thus, a high fault tolerance is being achieved and the output transformer requirement is eliminated. A staggered space-vector modulation technique applicable to three-phase cascaded voltage-source inverter topologies is also demonstrated. Both computer simulations and experimental tests demonstrate the feasibility of the systems.

49.4.15    J. Rodriguez, L. Moran, J. Pontt, J.L. Hernandez, L. Silva, C. Silva, P. Lezana, "High-voltage multilevel converter with regeneration capability," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 839- 846, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a multilevel converter with regeneration capability. The converter uses several power cells connected in series, each working with reduced voltage and with an active front end at the line side. This paper presents the following: (1) the control method of each cell; (2) the use of phase-shifting techniques to reduce the current and voltage distortion; and (3) criteria to select the connection of the cells. The converter generates almost sinusoidal currents at the load and at the input and works with very high power factor.

49.4.16    B.P. McGrath, D.G. Holmes, "An analytical technique for the determination of spectral components of multilevel carrier-based PWM methods," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 847- 857, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents an analytical approach for determining the spectral components of multilevel pulsewidth modulation (PWM) strategies, which avoids the problems of spectral leakage, roundoff, and subtle programming errors associated with the more usual approach of using discrete Fourier transforms of simulated switched waveforms. The approach uses a double Fourier integral formulation to analyze the inverter switched output, establishing the inner and outer integral limits of this formulation under conditions of natural sampling, regular sampling, and overmodulation. Closed-form and numerical integration solutions are presented for phase disposition PWM of a diode-clamped inverter to illustrate the technique, together with a comparison of theoretical and experimental spectral results for the naturally and asymmetric regularly sampled cases to confirm the validity of the approach.

49.4.17    B.P. McGrath, D.G. Holmes, "Multicarrier PWM strategies for multilevel inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 858- 867, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Analytical solutions of pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) strategies for multilevel inverters are used to identify that alternative phase opposition disposition PWM for diode-clamped inverters produces the same harmonic performance as phase-shifted carrier PWM for cascaded inverters, and hybrid PWM for hybrid inverters, when the carrier frequencies are set to achieve the same number of inverter switch transitions over each fundamental cycle. Using this understanding, a PWM method is then developed for cascaded and hybrid inverters to achieve the same harmonic gains as phase disposition PWM achieves for diode-clamped inverters. Theoretical and experimental results are presented in the paper.

49.4.18    M. Hashad, J. Iwaszkiewicz, "A novel orthogonal-vectors-based topology of multilevel inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 868- 874, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a novel proposal of developing converter output voltage waveforms and novel converter topologies. The main idea is based on the assumption that the total converter output space vector is composed of two orthogonal space vectors. Two basic proposals are discussed. The first one is related to a converter built of two standard inverters: a main inverter (MI) and an auxiliary one. The converter output voltage space vector is composed of two orthogonal vectors generated by the respective inverters. The total power of the auxiliary inverter does not exceed 20% of the MI power. Thanks to the presented control method, the harmonic content of the output voltage is significantly reduced. The second proposal is related to a novel converter topology denoted as OVT-IHC. The converter is built of one two-level inverter and three isolated H-bridge circuit units. The structure and its performance are also discussed in the paper. The converter in question is able to generate 133 different output space vectors and permits achievement of a stepped adjustment of the RMS output voltage. Both topologies presented in the paper indicate some characteristics and advantages of multilevel inverters. The converters acting on the basis of the orthogonal vectors idea possess promising properties and are suitable to applications in medium-power converters. The paper presents main features and contribution to the theory.

49.4.19    S. Sirisukprasert, Jih-Sheng Lai, Tian-Hua Liu, "Optimum harmonic reduction with a wide range of modulation indexes for multilevel converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 875- 881, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel modulation technique to be applied to multilevel voltage-source converters suitable for high-voltage power supplies and flexible AC transmission system devices. The proposed technique can generate output stepped waveforms with a wide range of modulation indexes and minimized total voltage harmonic distortion. The main power devices switch only once per cycle, as is suitable for high-power applications. In addition to meeting the minimum turn-on and turn-off time requirements for high-power semiconductor switches, the proposed technique excludes from the synthesized waveform any pulses that are either too narrow or too wide. By using a systematic method, only the polarities and the number of levels need to be determined for different modulation levels. To verify the theory and the simulation results, a cascaded converter-based hardware prototype, including an 8-b microcontroller as well as modularized power stage and gate driver circuits, is implemented. Experimental results indicate that the proposed technique is effective for the reduction of harmonics in multilevel converters, and both the theoretical and simulation results are well validated.

49.4.20    J. Rodriguez, L. Moran, P. Correa, C. Silva, "A vector control technique for medium-voltage multilevel inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 882- 888, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a switching strategy for multilevel cascade inverters, based on the space-vector theory. The proposed switching strategy generates a voltage vector with very low harmonic distortion and reduced switching frequency. This new control method is an attractive alternative to the classic multilevel pulsewidth modulation techniques considering the following aspects: (1) voltage and current total harmonic distortion; (2) range of linear operation; and (3) number of commutations.


Drive Control
49.4.21    J. Rodriguez Arribas, C.M. Vega Gonzalez, "Optimal vector control of pumping and ventilation induction motor drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 889- 895, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An original speed control for centrifugal pump and fan drives with squirrel-cage induction motors that seeks the maximum energy saving is proposed. The strategy is based on minimizing the motor and converter losses at the steady state and minimizing the transient time that the motor employs in passing from one steady stage to another. The shortest transient time is achieved by applying the Pontriagin's maximum principle taking into account the parabolic load torque-speed dependence of these types of drives. Short-time transients, which take the motor from one point of maximum efficiency to another, contribute to reduce losses and to extend the application of the energy-saving concept to the drives with frequent changes of load torque and speed.

49.4.22    T. Su, M. Ishida, T. Hori, "Suppression control method for torque vibration of three-phase HB-type stepping motor utilizing feedforward control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 896- 904, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a method to reduce the vibration of the three-phase HB-type stepping motor with cogging torque by the feedforward compensation control. The compensation signal to suppress the vibration of the motor frame is obtained by the repetitive controller installing an online Fourier transformer and utilizing an acceleration sensor attached to the motor frame or an acoustic sensor such as a microphone placed close to the frame. The sensor is used only for the acquisition of the feedforward compensation data. The feedforward compensation signal at an arbitrary operating point is derived from the amplitude and phase data of the frequency components and the operating point data. Compensation data obtained by the repetitive controller is applied to the operating point changed by reference frequency and load condition in steady state. The compensation signal for the new operating point will be generated from compensation data utilizing polynomial equation approximation and linear interpolation method. The effectiveness of this proposed method is confirmed by the experimental results.

49.4.23    R.C. Luo, Long-Yeu Chung, "Stabilization for linear uncertain system with time latency," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 905- 910, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Recently, various remote control systems through the public Internet have been broadly applied in factory automation, information appliance (IA), surgery, space exploration, the military, and also in our daily life. However, the time delay is unavoidable when the remote control systems through the Internet are distant from each other in the remote locations. Time delay usually causes control systems to become unstable or fail, even if the system is stable under no time delay. In this paper, stabilization for a class of linear uncertain systems with time latency is considered. The proposed control is based on the optimal control for its delay-free linear system with quadratic performance index. A Lyapunov functional theorem is used in the proof of our main result. A delay-dependent criterion is provided to guarantee asymptotic stabilizability for time-latency systems.

49.4.24    Hou-Tsan Lee, Li-Chen Fu, Hsin-Sain Huang, "Sensorless speed tracking of induction motor with unknown torque based on maximum power transfer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 911- 924, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the authors first derive the maximum power transfer theorem for an induction motor. Then, a nonlinear indirect adaptive sensorless speed tracking controller for the motor with the maximum power transfer is proposed. In this controller, only the stator currents are assumed to be measurable. The rotor flux and speed observers are designed to relax the need of flux and speed measurement. In addition, the rotor resistance estimator is also designed to cope with the problem of the fluctuation of rotor resistance with temperature. Stability analysis based on Lyapunov theory is also performed to guarantee that the controller design here is stable. Finally, the computer simulations and experiments are conducted to demonstrate the satisfactory tracking performance of the authors' design subject to maximum power transfer.


Power Electronics
49.4.25    Byungcho Choi, Jaeyeol Kim, B.H. Cho, Seungwon Choi, C.M. Wildrick, "Designing control loop for DC-to-DC converters loaded with unknown AC dynamics," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 925- 932, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a method for designing the control loop for DC-to-DC power converters when uncertainties exist in the AC characteristics of the converter's load. In the proposed method, a converter is initially considered as a stand-alone module feeding a current sink load and the control loop of the converter is then designed in a way that maximizes the robustness of the converter's closed-loop performance against the unknown AC dynamics of a potential load. As a result, the proposed control design method can provide the predictable closed-loop performance for a converter when it is loaded with an actual load whose AC characteristics are unknown in advance.


Emerging Technology
49.4.26    R.C. Luo, Long-Yeu Chung, Chang-Hua Lien, "A novel symmetric cryptography based on the hybrid Haar wavelets encoder and chaotic masking scheme," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 933- 944, August 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this scheme, the authors use the seven chaotic parameters (a,/spl beta/,a,b,x/sub 0/,y/sub 0/,z/sub 0/) and the dimension of Haar wavelet encoder matrix H/sub n/, the combining form of H/sub n/ with subwavelet basis {h/sub 0/,h/sub 1/,...,h/sub n-1/}, the prespecified time span t/sub s/, as well as the coefficients a/sub i/,i=1,...,n, and the prime number k of the collision-free one-way function to serve as the "encryption keys." The security property of the proposed cryptosystem results from two main parts: first, the high sensitivity of synchronization versus parameter or initial condition with small variation. It is sensitive enough to make the state trajectories separate from each other at an exponential rate. The second part depends on the Haar wavelets encoder H/sub n/ with its various combining form from the subwavelets basis {h/sub 0/,h/sub 1/,...,h/sub n-1/}; it is composed the same way as the lottery. Furthermore, due to the collision-free one-way function, the chaotic behavior control parameters are always different. Therefore, the system can be secured as long as the first chaotic parameters are kept secret. Moreover, the transmitting error-detection function of the proposed cryptosystem is also addressed.

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

  IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 49,  Number 5, Oct 2002           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



                 Special section on Multilevel Inverters
49.5.1    J. Rodriguez, "Guest Editorial," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 946- 947, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

49.5.2    P.W. Hammond, "Enhancing the reliability of modular medium-voltage drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 948- 954, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A method to increase the reliability of modular medium-voltage induction motor drives is discussed, by providing means to bypass a failed module. The impact on reliability is shown. A control, which maximizes the output voltage available after bypass, is described, and experimental results are given.

49.5.3    T.A. Meynard, H. Foch, P. Thomas, J. Courault, R. Jakob, M. Nahrstaedt, "Multicell converters: basic concepts and industry applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 955- 964, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multicell power converters were introduced ten years ago. This paper summarizes the main results obtained through the research done on these converters over this period: topology and derivation of multicell choppers and voltage-source inverters; harmonics cancellation; open-loop modulation techniques; self-balancing understanding; and optimization. During this same period, industrial products using this technique have been developed and the corresponding know-how has contributed to the field in various ways, such as modular design, low inductance busbars, specific drivers, etc.

49.5.4    A. BenAbdelghani, C.A. Martins, X. Roboam, T.A. Meynard, "Use of extra degrees of freedom in multilevel drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 965- 977, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multilevel converters with series connection of semiconductors allow power electronics to reach medium voltages (1-10 kV) with relatively standard components. The increase of the number of semiconductors provides extra degrees of freedom, which can be used to improve different characteristics. This paper is focused on variable-speed drives and it is shown that with the proposed multilevel direct torque control strategy (DiCoIF) the tradeoff between the performances of the drive (harmonic distortions, torque dynamics, voltage step gradients, etc.) and the switching frequency of the semiconductors is improved. Then, a slightly modified strategy reducing common-mode voltage and bearing currents is presented.

49.5.5    T.A. Meynard, H. Foch, F. Forest, C. Turpin, F. Richardeau, L. Delmas, G. Gateau, E. Lefeuvre, "Multicell converters: derived topologies," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 978- 987, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multicell converters were introduced ten years ago and, over this period, their properties have been thoroughly analyzed. Since then, this concept has lead to some other innovative topologies which are briefly presented in this paper. Different ways to introduce soft switching in multicell converters are investigated. The concept of distributing power over several switches, giving more degrees of freedom and using less passive components, is extended further with the stacked multicell topology. Finally, direct AC-AC converters using the multicell approach are described.

49.5.6    C. Turpin, P. Baudesson, F. Richardeau, F. Forest, T.A. Meynard, "Fault management of multicell converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 988- 997, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Component counts and oversimplified reliability rules may lead to the conclusion that multilevel converters are less safe than two-level converters, just because they use more components. A better approach might be to consider that they use a different arrangement of components and also that the consequence of faults may be very different. This paper is focused on the study of the consequences of faults in hard-switching and soft-switching multicell converters. Solutions to minimize the consequences of major faults are described.

49.5.7    G. Gateau, M. Fadel, P. Maussion, R. Bensaid, T.A. Meynard, "Multicell converters: active control and observation of flying-capacitor voltages," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 998- 1008, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The multicell converters introduced more than ten years ago make it possible to distribute the voltage constraints among series-connected switches and to improve the output waveforms (increased number of levels and apparent frequency). The balance of the constraints requires an appropriate distribution of the flying voltages. This paper presents some solutions for the active control of the voltages across the flying capacitors in the presence of rapid variation of the input voltage. The latter part of this paper is dedicated to the observation of these voltages using an original modeling of the converter.

49.5.8    K.A. Corzine, J.R. Baker, "Multilevel voltage-source duty-cycle modulation: analysis and implementation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1009- 1016, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multilevel converters have become increasingly popular due to high power quality, high-voltage capability, low switching losses, and low electromagnetic compatibility concerns. Considering these advantages, the multilevel converter is a suitable candidate for implementation of future naval ship propulsion systems. This paper focuses on modulation techniques for the multilevel converter. In particular, a novel voltage-source method of multilevel modulation is introduced and compared to existing methods. The proposed method is discrete in nature and can therefore be readily implemented on a digital signal processor. The method is also readily extendable to any number of voltage levels. Results of experimental implementation are demonstrated using a four-level rectifier/inverter system, which incorporates diode-clamped multilevel converters and an 11-level cascaded multilevel H-bridge inverter.

49.5.9    H. du Toit Mouton, "Natural balancing of three-level neutral-point-clamped PWM inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1017- 1025, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper explores the natural balancing mechanisms of the three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) multilevel inverter. An equivalent circuit of the three-level NPC inverter is derived that facilitates an understanding of the balancing mechanisms. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the balancing mechanisms. The theory is applied to a three-level NPC inverter under vector control. It is shown that this inverter possesses natural balancing mechanisms in which the load impedance and spectra of the switching functions play an important role. Finally, it is illustrated how the natural balancing can be enhanced by using a passive balancing circuit which provides a low impedance at the sampling frequency.

49.5.10    J. Pou, D. Boroyevich, R. Pindado, "New feedforward space-vector PWM method to obtain balanced AC output voltages in a three-level neutral-point-clamped converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1026- 1034, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In three-level neutral-point-clamped voltage-source inverters, proper modulation allows the average voltages of the DC-link capacitors to be kept at one-half the level of the DC-link voltage. However, in some operating conditions, a low-frequency ripple appears in the neutral-point potential and its frequency is three times that of the output voltages. As a result, the output voltages also have low-frequency distortion, which includes even and odd multiples of the fundamental. In this paper, a new space-vector pulsewidth-modulation strategy is presented to avoid that low-frequency output voltage distortion. This modulation method tries to balance the voltages of the capacitors by using only three vectors per modulation cycle. The duty ratios are directly calculated from the space-vector diagram, even when balance is not achieved. For all cases, the result is a balanced set of three AC output voltages. Some simulated and experimental results are given to validate the method.

49.5.11    G. Venkataramanan, A. Bendre, "Reciprocity-transposition-based sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation for diode-clamped multilevel converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1035- 1047, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Modulation strategies for multilevel inverters have typically focused on synthesizing a desired set of three phase sinusoidal voltage waveforms using a fixed number of DC voltage levels. This results in the average current injection and hence the net power drawn from the multiple DC bus terminals to be unmatched and time varying. Subsequently, the DC-bus voltages are unregulated, requiring corrective control action to incorporated. In this paper, the principle of reciprocity transposition in introduced as a means for modeling the DC-bus current injection simultaneously as the modulation strategy is formulated. Furthermore, a new sinusoidal pulsewidth-modulation strategy that features constant and controllable current injection at the DC-bus terminals while maintaining output voltage waveform quality is introduced. The proposed strategy is general enough to be applied to converters with an even number of levels and an odd number of levels. Analytical results comparing the performance of the proposed modulator with a conventional multiple carrier modulator are presented for example multilevel converters with four and five levels. Computer simulation results verifying the analytical results are presented for a four-level converter.

49.5.12    H. Ertl, J.W. Kolar, F.C. Zach, "A novel multicell DC-AC converter for applications in renewable energy systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1048- 1057, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a novel DC-AC converter for applications in the area of distributed energy generation systems, e.g., solar power systems, fuel-cell power systems in combination with supercapacitor or battery energy storage. The proposed converter is realized using an isolated multicell topology where the total AC output of the system is formed by series connection of several full-bridge converter stages. The DC links of the full bridges are supplied by individual DC-DC isolation stages which are arranged in parallel concerning the dc input of the. total system. Therefore, all switching cells of the proposed converter can be equipped with modern low-voltage high-current power MOSFETs, which results in an improved efficiency as compared to conventional isolated DC-AC converters. Furthermore, the cells are operated in an interleaved pulsewidth-modulation mode which, in connection with the low voltage level of each cell, significantly reduces the filtering effort on the AC output of the overall system. The paper describes the operating principle, analyzes the fundamental relationships which are relevant for component selection, and presents a specific circuit design. Finally, measurements taken from a 2-kW laboratory model are presented.

49.5.13    L.A. Tolbert, Fang Zheng Peng, T. Cunnyngham, J.N. Chiasson, "Charge balance control schemes for cascade multilevel converter in hybrid electric vehicles," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1058- 1064, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents transformerless multilevel converters as an application for high-power hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) motor drives. Multilevel converters: (1) can generate near-sinusoidal voltages with only fundamental frequency switching; (2) have almost no electromagnetic interference or common-mode voltage; and (3) make an HEV more accessible/safer and open wiring possible for most of an HEV's power system. The cascade inverter is a natural fit for large automotive hybrid electric drives because it uses several levels of DC voltage sources, which would be available from batteries, ultracapacitors, or fuel cells. Simulation and experimental results show how to operate this converter in order to maintain equal charge/discharge rates from the DC sources (batteries, capacitors, or fuel cells) in an HEV.


Drive Control
49.5.14    M. Febssen, A. Steimel, "Direct self control with minimum torque ripple and high dynamics for a double three-level GTO inverter drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1065- 1071, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A highly dynamic control scheme with very low torque ripple-direct self control (DSC) with torque hysteresis control-for very high-power medium-voltage induction motor drives fed by a double three-level inverter (D3LI) is presented. In this arrangement, two three-level inverters that are connected in parallel at their DC sides are feeding the open motor windings. The DSC, well known from two- and three-level inverters, is adapted to the D3LI and optimized for a minimum torque ripple. An 18-corner trajectory is chosen for the stator flux of the induction machine since it is approaching the ideal circle much better than the hexagon known from DSC for two-level inverters, without any detriment to the torque ripple. The machine and inverter control are explained and the proposed torque quality and dynamics are verified by measurements on a 180-kW laboratory drive.

49.5.15    D. Soto, T.C. Green, "A comparison of high-power converter topologies for the implementation of FACTS controllers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1072- 1080, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper compares four power converter topologies for the implementation of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) controllers: three multilevel topologies (multipoint clamped (MPC), chain, and nested cell) and the well-established multipulse topology. In keeping with the need to implement very-high-power inverters, switching frequency is restricted to line frequency. The study addresses device count, DC filter ratings, restrictions on voltage control, active power transfer through the DC link, and balancing of DC-link voltages. Emphasis is placed on capacitor sizing because of its impact on the cost and size of the FACTS controller. A method for the dimensioning the DC capacitor filter is presented. It is found that the chain converter is attractive for the implementation of a static compensator or a static synchronous series compensator. The MPC converter is attractive for the implementation of a unified power flow controller or an interline power flow controller, but a special arrangement is required to overcome the limitations on voltage control.

49.5.16    J. Bocker, J. Febning, H. Jebenstreit, "High dynamic control of a three-level voltage-source-converter drive for a main strip mill," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1081- 1092, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A high dynamic control system for the Alspa VDM 7000 medium-voltage drive was implemented, which provides fast torque response times of a few milliseconds despite the typically low switching frequency of gate-turn-off thyristors which is necessary to achieve high efficiency. The drive system consists of a three-level voltage-source converter with active front end and a synchronous motor. The drive has most recently been applied to a main strip mill. It provides a maximum of 8.3-MW mechanical power with a rated motor voltage of 3 kV. Besides motor torque as the main control objective, the control system has to comply with a number of additional objectives and constraints like DC-link voltage regulation and balancing, current and torque harmonics, motor flux, and excitation.

49.5.17    J. Rodriguez, J. Pontt, G. Alzarnora, N. Becker, O. Einenkel, A. Weinstein, "Novel 20-MW downhill conveyor system using three-level converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1093- 1100, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a very new drive system used to transport ore from the mine down to the concentrator plant in the copper mine "Los Pelambres". Eight 2500-kW motors are driven by three-level inverters with gate-turn-off thyristors (GTOs). A three-level active front end is used at the input side of each inverter. A GTO chopper is used to provide controlled electrical braking in case of line loss. The paper presents the requirements and alternatives for the drive system and the control strategies for the converters and the belt. A novel application of the selective harmonic elimination method is used to reduce the input current harmonics. Special attention is dedicated to the interaction with the electrical network. The most relevant features of the system are: (1) fuseless operation; (2) adjustable power factor; (3) reduced input current harmonics; (4) smooth transition between motoring and regenerating modes; and (5) 15 MW of regenerated power with more than six months of successful operation.

49.5.18    S.L.T. Marin, J.M.Q. Reboul, L.G. Franquelo, "Digital stochastic realization of complex analog controllers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1101- 1109, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Stochastic logic is based on digital processing of a random pulse stream, where the information is codified as the probability of a high level in a finite sequence. This binary pulse sequence can be digitally processed exploiting the similarity between Boolean algebra and statistical algebra. Given a random pulse sequence, any Boolean operation among individual pulses will correspond to an algebraic expression among the variables represented by their respective average pulse rates. Subsequently, this pulse stream can be digitally processed to perform analog operations. In this paper, we propose a stochastic approach to the digital implementation of complex controllers using programmable devices as an alternative to traditional digital signal processors. As an example, a practical realization of nonlinear dissipative controllers for a series resonant converter is presented.

49.5.19    Bong-Hwan Kwon, Gang-Youl Jeong, Sung-Hoon Han, Duk-Ho Lee, "Novel line conditioner with voltage up/down capability," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1110- 1119, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a novel pulsewidth-modulated line conditioner with fast output voltage control is proposed. The line conditioner is made up of an AC chopper with reversible voltage control and a transformer for series voltage compensation. In the AC chopper, a proper switching operation is achieved without the commutation problem. To absorb energy stored in line stray inductance, a regenerative DC snubber can be utilized which has only one capacitor without discharging resistors or complicated regenerative circuit for snubber energy. Therefore, the proposed AC chopper gives high efficiency and reliability. The output voltage of the line conditioner is controlled using a fast sensing technique of the output voltage. It is also shown via some experimental results that the presented line conditioner gives good dynamic and steady-state performance for high quality of the output voltage.


Power Electronics
49.5.20    Eun-Soo Kim, Yoon-Ho Kim, "A ZVZCS PWM FB DC/DC converter using a modified energy-recovery snubber," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1120- 1127, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The conventional high-frequency phase-shifted zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) full-bridge DC/DC converter has a disadvantage, in that a circulating current flows through transformer and switching devices during the freewheeling interval. Due to this circulating current, RMS current stress, conduction losses of the transformer and switching devices are increased. To alleviate this problem, this paper proposes an improved zero-voltage zero-current switching (ZVZCS) phase-shifted full-bridge (FB) DC/DC converter with a modified energy-recovery snubber (ERS) attached at the secondary side of transformer. Also, the small signal model of the proposed ZVZCS FB DC/DC converter is derived by incorporating the effects introduced by a transformer leakage inductance and an ERS to achieve ZVZCS. Both analysis and experiment are performed to verify the proposed topology by implementing a 7-kW (120 VDC, 58 A) 30-kHz insulated-gate-bipolar-transistor-based experimental circuit.

49.5.21    Yu-Kang Lo, Sheng-Yuan Ou, Huang-Jen Chiu, "On evaluating the current distortion of the single-phase switch-mode rectifiers with current slope maps," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1128- 1137, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a simple way to evaluate the distortion level of the input current for single-phase switch-mode rectifiers (SMRs). Based on the possible conducting paths of various topologies of SMRs, slopes of the input and command currents are defined to form a slope map. By comparing the defined current slopes, the causes of current distortion are examined. Distorted waveforms of the input currents under hysteresis control are reviewed and classified into three types. Design criteria for the circuit parameters are also studied to reduce the current distortion level. Simulations and experiments are performed and the results show strong conformity to the theoretical analysis.

49.5.22    J. Leyva-Ramos, J.A. Morales-Saldana, M. Martinez-Cruz, "Robust stability analysis for current-programmed regulators," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1138- 1145, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Uncertainty models for the three basic switch-mode converters: buck, boost, and buck-boost are given in this paper. The resulting models are represented by linear fractional transformations with structured dynamic uncertainties. Uncertainties are assumed for the load resistance R=R/sub O/(1+/spl delta//sub R/), inductance L=L/sub O/(1+/spl delta//sub L/), and capacitance C=C/sub O/(1+/spl delta//sub C/). The interest in these models is clearly motivated by the need to have models for switch-mode DC-DC converters that are compatible with robust control analysis, which require a model structure consisting of a nominal model and a norm-bounded modeling uncertainty. Therefore, robust stability analysis can be realized using standard /spl mu/-tools. At the end of the paper, an illustrative example is given which shows the simplicity of the procedure.

49.5.23    R.L. Newsom, W.C. Dillard, R.M. Nelms, "Digital power-factor correction for a capacitor-charging power supply," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1146- 1153, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The design and construction of a low-power low-cost power supply capable of charging an energy storage capacitor from a 120-V AC source and capable of power-factor correction (PFC) is presented. The load that is generally connected to a capacitor-charging power supply (CCPS) is a pulsed power load (i.e., laser, cardiac defibrillator, or flash lamp). A flyback converter was incorporated into the CCPS because it is capable of charging a capacitor while maintaining a high power factor. The control system of the CCPS uses peak current control to achieve PFC and is implemented using standard "off-the-shelf" digital logic components. A 300-V prototype has been constructed and tested. The experimental results show that a high power factor is obtained by the CCPS utilizing a flyback converter and the digital logic control system.


Emerging Technology
49.5.24    M.G. Simoes, P. Vieira, "A high-torque low-speed multiphase brushless machine-a perspective application for electric vehicles," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1154- 1164, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the design, analysis, simulation, and modeling of a high-torque low-speed multiphase permanent-magnet brushless; machine. The machine fits an in-wheel motor arrangement to be used for electric vehicle applications. This paper presents issues regarding the high-level modeling comprised of a transient model in conjunction with their corresponding experimental evaluation. Analysis was made to combine the modeling efforts with the expected behavior concerned with mutual inductance and armature reaction effects, so as to have realistic simulation results verified by the experimental setup. Comprehensive experimental results corroborate the work.

49.5.25    L. Almeida, E. Tovar, J.A.G. Fonseca, F. Vasques, "Schedulability analysis of real-time traffic in WorldFIP networks: an integrated approach," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1165- 1174, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The WorldFIP protocol is one of the profiles that constitute the European fieldbus standard EN-50170. It is particularly well suited to be used in distributed computer-controlled systems where a set of process variables must be shared among network devices. To cope with the real-time requirements of such systems, the protocol provides communication services based on the exchange of periodic and aperiodic identified variables. The periodic exchanges have the highest priority and are executed at run time according to a cyclic schedule. Therefore, the respective schedulability can be determined at pre-run-time when building the schedule table. Concerning the aperiodic exchanges, the situation is different since their priority is lower and they are bandied according to a first-come-first-served policy. In this paper, a response-time-based schedulability analysis for the real-time traffic is presented. Such analysis considers both types of traffic in an integrated way, according to their priorities. Furthermore, a fixed-priorities-based policy is also used to schedule the periodic traffic. The proposed analysis represents an improvement relative to previous work and it can be evaluated online as part of a traffic online admission control. This feature is of particular importance when a planning scheduler is used, instead of the typical offline static scheduler, to allow online changes to the set of periodic process variables.


Letters to the Editor
49.5.26    Yu-Kang Lo, Tzu-Herng Song, Huang-Jen Chiu, "Analysis and elimination of voltage imbalance between the split capacitors in half-bridge boost rectifiers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1175- 1177, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The voltage imbalance between the split capacitors in a halfbridge boost rectifier is reviewed in this letter. It can be proven that the optimal compensation strategy is to add only a DC component in the source current. The adverse effects of the imbalance elimination control loop to the input power factor are studied. The analytical results are verified through experiments.

49.5.27    A. Derdiyok, M.K. Guven, H. Rehman, N. Inanc, Longya Xu, "Design and implementation of a new sliding-mode observer for speed-sensorless control of induction machine," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1177- 1182, Oct 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this letter, a new sliding-mode-sensorless control algorithm is proposed for the field-oriented induction machine drive. In the proposed algorithm, the terms containing flux, speed, and rotor time constant, which are common in both current and flux equations, in the current model of the induction machine are estimated by a sliding function. The flux and speed estimation accuracy is guaranteed when the error between the actual current and observed current converges to zero. Hence, the fourth-order system is reduced to two second-order systems, and the speed estimation becomes very simple and robust to the parameter uncertainties. The new approach is verified by simulation and experimental results.

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

  IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 49,  Number 6, Dec 2002           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



                Special Sections on Factory Communication System

49.6.1    R. Zurawski, "Guest editorial," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1186- 1188, Dec 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

49.6.2    L. Almeida, P. Pedreiras, J.A.G. Fonseca, "The FTT-CAN protocol: why and how," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1189- 1201, Dec 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The requirement for flexible operation is becoming increasingly important in modern industrial systems. This requirement has to be supported at all system levels, including the field level in process industry, as well as the cell and machine control levels in manufacturing industry, where fieldbus-based communication systems are commonly found. Furthermore, typical applications at these levels require both time- and event-triggered communication services, in most cases under stringent timing constraints, to convey state data in the former case and alarms and management data in the latter. However, neither the requirement for flexible operation under guaranteed timeliness nor for joint support of time and event-triggered traffic are efficiently fulfilled by most of existing fieldbus systems. This paper presents a new protocol, flexible time-triggered communication on controller area network, which fulfills both requirements: it supports time-triggered communication in a flexible way as well as being an efficient combination of both time- and event-triggered traffic with temporal isolation. These types of traffic are handled by two complementary subsystems, the synchronous and the asynchronous messaging systems, respectively. The paper includes a justification for the new protocol as well as its description and worst case temporal analysis for both subsystems. This analysis shows the capability of the protocol to convey real-time traffic of either type.

49.6.3    G. Cena, A. Valenzano, "Achieving round-robin access in controller area networks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1202- 1213, Dec 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Because of their low implementation costs, optimum responsiveness, and widespread availability, controller area networks (CANS) are being used more and more today to support communications in real-time systems. However, under heavy traffic conditions the CAN access protocol may exhibit a quite unfair behavior, in particular, when the control applications require the same quality of service to be ensured to a number of different objects. In this paper, a new technique is proposed which is based on CAN and introduces few changes to the original protocol. Such a solution is able to ensure a very fair behavior-which resembles the one obtained in token-based networks-while maintaining, at the same time, the reduced access delays typical of CAN when operating in low traffic conditions. Furthermore, it preserves an optimum degree of compatibility with the existing devices and applications based on CAN.

49.6.4    M. Conti, L. Donatiello, M. Furini, "Design and analysis of RT-Ring: a protocol for supporting real-time communications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1214- 1226, Dec 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Distributed applications with quality of service (QoS) requirements are more and more used in several areas (e.g., automated factory networks, embedded systems, conferencing systems). These applications produce a type of traffic with hard timing requirements, i.e., transmissions must be completed within specified deadlines. To handle these transmissions, the communication system must use real-time protocols to provide a communication service that is able to satisfy the QoS requirements of the distributed applications. In this paper, the authors propose a new real-time protocol, called RT-Ring, able to support transmissions of both real-time and generic traffic over a ring network. RT-Ring provides both network guarantees and high network resource utilization, while ensuring the compatibility with the emerging differentiated service architectures. Network guarantees are fully proved and high network utilization is highlighted by a comparative study with the FDDI protocol. This comparison shows that RT-Ring network capacities are greater than the corresponding FDDI capacities. In fact, by assuming the FDDI frames with a length equal to the RT-Ring slot size and by using the same traffic load the authors show that the capacities of FDDI are equal to the lower bound capacities of RT-Ring.

49.6.5    G. Cena, A. Valenzano, "A multistage hierarchical distributed arbitration technique for priority-based real-time communication systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1227- 1239, Dec 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: ISO 11898 is a communication protocol based on the carrier sense multiple access with collision detection and arbitration on message priority (CSMA/CD+AMP) technique, which at present is largely used as a real-time network for industrial environments. Unfortunately, because of the peculiarities of the arbitration technique it adopts, it suffers from severe limitations on the maximum extension of the network, which cannot be overcome simply by means of improvements in the transceiver's technology as they depend on the limited propagation speed of the signals on the communication support. In this paper, a new kind of network is presented that features a behavior very similar to ISO 11898, but which achieves noticeably larger areas to be covered without having to reduce the bit rate. It relies on a tree topology and adopts a brand new multistage hierarchical distributed arbitration technique, which takes the increased propagation delays into account properly.

49.6.6    H.A. Hansson, T. Nolte, C. Norstrom, S. Punnekkat, "Integrating reliability and timing analysis of CAN-based systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1240- 1250, Dec 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents and illustrates a reliability analysis method developed with a focus on controller-area-network-based automotive systems. The method considers the effect of faults on schedulability analysis and its impact on the reliability estimation of the system, and attempts to integrate both to aid system developers. The authors illustrate the method by modeling a simple distributed antilock braking system, and showing that even in cases where the worst case analysis deems the system unschedulable, it may be proven to satisfy its timing requirements with a sufficiently high probability. From a reliability and cost perspective, this paper underlines the tradeoffs between timing guarantees, the level of hardware and software faults, and per-unit cost.

49.6.7    P. Castelpietra, Ye-Qiong Song, F. Simonot-Lion, M. Attia, "Analysis and simulation methods for performance evaluation of a multiple networked embedded architecture," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1251- 1264, Dec 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper deals with the modeling and the validation of multiple networked embedded computer systems supporting in-vehicle applications. In this context, the authors developed a modular modeling and simulation technique. This approach allowed the development of reusable component models with clearly defined interfaces. The building of a whole application model is then obtained by the integration of these components, so that model construction and result analysis are made easy. In fact, thanks to the formal definition of components, interfaces, and composition rules, this step is automatically achieved. In the context of the CAROSSE project, we implemented this methodology in the Carosse-Perf tool. Herein, the authors detail the methodology together with its modeling principles and the resulting definition of basic components and interfaces. Finally, they apply it to a case study drawn from a PSA Peugeot-Citroen application.

49.6.8    A. Willig, M. Kubisch, C. Hoene, A. Wolisz, "Measurements of a wireless link in an industrial environment using an IEEE 802.11-compliant physical layer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1265- 1282, Dec 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The design and simulation of coding schemes, medium access control (MAC), and link-layer protocols for future industrial wireless local area networks can be supported by some understanding of the statistical properties of the bit error patterns delivered by a wireless link (which is an ensemble of transmitter, channel, receiver, modems). The authors present results of bit error measurements taken with an IEEE 802.11-compliant radio modem in an industrial environment. In addition to reporting the most important results, they draw some conclusions for the design of MAC and link-layer protocols. Furthermore, they show that the popular Gilbert/Elliot model and a modified version of it are a useful tool for simulating bit errors on a wireless link, despite their simplicity and failure to match certain measured statistics.

49.6.9    S. Senini, P.J. Wolfs, "Analysis and design of a multiple-loop control system for a hybrid active filter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1283- 1292, Dec 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper investigates the control of a hybrid active filter consisting of a single tuned resonant branch and an active element. This filter is capable of suppressing multiple harmonics using a multiple-loop control system. Linear continuous-time models are first developed in the dq reference frame. This results in a two-input/two-output system with cross coupling. The continuous model is discretized and the design of a multiple-loop discrete-time controller is examined. Wideband current feedback loops are shown to affect the coupling between the d- and q-axis controllers and provide a resistance-like damping effect. Variations in stability with processing delay times are examined. Finally, this work is extended to include narrowband harmonic specific controls. The results of the control study are confirmed by simulation and experimental results.


Power Electronics
49.6.10    J. Hamar, I. Nagy, "Control features of dual-channel DC-DC converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1293- 1305, Dec 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the steady-state behavior of a two-channel resonant converter family in symmetrical operation. Six configurations will be investigated, including step-down, step-up/down, and step-up ones in continuous conduction mode (CCM) and in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). Exploring the conditions of transition from CCM to DCM or back, it becomes evident that the CCM operation is definitely restricted, that is, sometimes the converter cannot he operated in CCM at all. The most important relations among the input, output, and control variables are derived and verified by simulation and experimental results.


Emerging Technology
49.6.11    N.M. Botros, Jian Yang, P. Feinsilver, R. Schott, "Hardware realization of Krawtchouk transform using VHDL modeling and FPGAs," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1306- 1312, Dec 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the authors present a hardware realization of a simplified Krawtchouk transform. The transform is realized on a Xilinx field-programmable gate arrays chip. The hardware is stand-alone and operates on a real-time basis. Very high speed integrated circuit hardware descriptive language structural, behavioral, and data flow modeling are implemented to describe, simulate, and realize the transform. The hardware consists mainly of an 8 /spl times/ 8-2's-complement multiplier, a 16-b accumulator, a 16 /spl times/ 16-b RAM, a 64 /spl times/ 8-b ROM, and a microprogram-based control unit. A brief analysis of the transform and a contrast between its hardware and that of Fourier transform are presented. The hardware is tested by inputting an eight-point data vector to the input pins of the chip. The results of the transform are read from the output pins of the chip. The results are compared with those obtained from a software program executing the same transform for the same input data vector as the hardware. It is found that results from the hardware match those of the software.


Robotics and Vision
49.6.12    Kao-Shing Hwang, Ming-Yi Ju, "A propagating interface model strategy for global trajectory planning among moving obstacles," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1313- 1322, Dec 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A global trajectory planning method which employs a collision-trend index and a propagating interface model to perform mobile robot navigation is presented in this paper. To simplify the mathematical representation and geometrical approximation, all the objects in the workspace are modeled as ellipses. Using a series of geometrical transformations between the ellipses, which represent the mobile robot and obstacles, the computational complexity of collision detection in trajectory planning can be reduced tremendously. To keep the front propagating in the normal direction with positive propagating speed, the collision-trend index plays an important role in determining the propagating speed for a front over workspace. The index is obtained by mapping the geometrical relationship between the ellipses into the profile of a Gaussian distribution. Several simulations to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method are given. The results reveal that the proposed method is always able to generate an optimal collision-free trajectory for a mobile robot navigating in an environment with dynamic and static obstacles.


Letters to the Editor
49.6.13    Rong-Jong Wai, "Development of new training algorithms for neuro-wavelet systems on the robust control of induction servo motor drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1323- 1341, Dec 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A robust wavelet neural network control (RWNNC) system is proposed to control the rotor position of an induction servo motor drive in this paper. In the proposed RWNNC system, a wavelet neural network controller is the main tracking controller that is used to mimic a computed torque control law, and a robust controller is designed to recover the residual approximation for ensuring the stable control performance. Moreover, to relax the requirement for a known bound on lumped uncertainty, which comprises a minimum approximation error, optimal network parameters and higher order terms in a Taylor series expansion of the wavelet functions, an RWNNC system with adaptive bound estimation was investigated for the control of an induction servo motor drive. In this control system, a simple adaptive algorithm was utilized to estimate the bound on lumped uncertainty. In addition, numerical simulation and experimental results due to periodic commands show that the dynamic behaviors of the proposed control systems are robust with regard to parameter variations and external load disturbance.

49.6.14    C.C. Chan, Zheng Ming Zhao, C. Qian, S. Meng, "Comparisons of PWM and one-cycle control for power amplifier with multilevel converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1342- 1344, Dec 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Based on the concepts of cascade multilevel converters and one-cycle technique, comparisons are conducted to characterize the distortion of the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) and one-cycle control methods that were applied to converters. Simulation results for the different control schemes are obtained in PSIM software initially to see the effect of one-cycle control different from that of PWM control. Through the comparisons, the advantages and disadvantages are identified for each method. The one-cycle scheme is better than PWM control in reducing undesirable harmonics and tracing dynamic waveforms. Simulation and experimental results are also provided to verify the conclusions.

49.6.15    C. Mademlis, N. Margaris, "Loss minimization in vector-controlled interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1344- 1347, Dec 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An efficiency optimization method for vector-controlled interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor drives is presented. Based on theoretical analysis, a loss minimization condition that determines the optimal d-axis component of the armature current is derived. Selected experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

49.6.16    "Author Index," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1348- 1353, Dec 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

49.6.17    "Subject Index," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1353- 1371, Dec 2002.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available