IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volume 44, Number 1, Feb 1997 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

44.1.1	C.C. Chan, "Guest Editorial Special Section on Electric Vehicle Technology," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 1-2, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Not Available
44.1.2	C.C. Chan, K.T. Chau, "An overview of power electronics in electric vehicles," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 3-13, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In response to concerns about energy cost, energy dependence, and environmental damage, a rekindling of interest in electric vehicles (EVs) has been obvious. Based on the “California rules” on zero emission vehicles in the United States, as well as similar tightened air pollution regulation in Europe, Asia, and much of the rest of the world, the market size of EVs will be enormous. Thus, the development of power electronics technology for EVs will take an accelerated pace to fulfil the market needs. This paper reviews the current status of multidisciplinary technologies in EVs. Various challenges of power electronics technology for EV propulsion, battery charging, and power accessories are explored
44.1.3	H. Shimizu, J. Harada, C. Bland, K. Kawakami, L. Chan, "Advanced concepts in electric vehicle design," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 14-18, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In 1994, the Eco-Vehicle Project was begun to develop an electric vehicle (EV) using a ground-up design approach that incorporates unique designs specific to an EV. The Eco-Vehicle will be a high-performance, but ultrasmall, battery-powered vehicle. New designs for the Eco-Vehicle include an in-wheel motor drive system, a hollow load floor which will house the batteries, and a new battery management system. The Eco-Vehicle may also utilize other advanced concepts suitable especially for EVs, including solar panels for battery charging and intelligent crash avoidance and guidance systems
44.1.4	M. Ehsani, K.M. Rahman, H.A. Toliyat, "Propulsion system design of electric and hybrid vehicles," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 19-27, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: There is a growing interest in electric and hybrid-electric vehicles due to environmental concerns. Efforts are directed toward developing an improved propulsion system for electric and hybrid-electric vehicles applications. This paper is aimed at developing the system design philosophies of electric and hybrid vehicle propulsion systems. The vehicles' dynamics are studied in an attempt to find an optimal torque-speed profile for the electric propulsion system. This study reveals that the vehicles' operational constraints, such as initial acceleration and grade, can be met with minimum power rating if the power train can be operated mostly in the constant power region. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the importance of the constant power operation. Operation of several candidate motors in the constant power region are also examined. Their behaviors are compared and conclusions are made
44.1.5	M. Terashima, T. Ashikaga, T. Mizuno, K. Natori, N. Fujiwara, M. Yada, "Novel motors and controllers for high-performance electric vehicle with four in-wheel motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 28-38, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: We have, in accordance with new concepts, undertaken the development of a high-performance electric motor vehicle, designated as the IZA. The main performance features of the IZA are a maximum speed of 176 km/h, a range of 548 km per charge at a constant speed of 30 km/h, and acceleration from 0 to 400 m in 18 s. We have developed a direct driving in-wheel motor and controller in order to achieve high performance characteristics. The in-wheel motor is composed of an outer rotor with a rare earth permanent magnet (Sm-Co) and an inner stator. The motor drive controller consists of a three-phase inverter and a microprocessor-based controller. The maximum output and maximum torque of each total drive system, including motor and inverter, are 25 kW and 42.5 kg·m, respectively, and the total efficiency of the drive system is over 90% at the rated speed. The performance of the motor, controller, and drive system have been confirmed by numerous simplex and vehicle transit tests. This paper describes the design concepts, configuration, and performance of the motor, controller, and drive system developed for this high-performance electric vehicle
44.1.6	F. Profumo, Zheng Zhang, A. Tenconi, "Axial flux machines drives: a new viable solution for electric cars ," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 39-45, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: For electric car propulsion systems, the wheel motor is an application that requires the electrical machine has shape flexibility, compactness, robustness, high efficiency, and high torque. Axial flux machines are an interesting solution, where the motor is directly coupled to, or inside, the drive wheels. In this paper, axial flux induction and synchronous machines as wheel motor applications are presented and some considerations for each motor type are drawn by the authors. The structure with two rotors seems to be a very promising solution for both induction and synchronous machines. In the induction motor case, the two rotors can rotate at different speeds, thus the motor can act as a mechanical differential. The axial flux permanent magnet motor with two rotors is very compact and can be integrated inside the wheel
44.1.7	M.A. Rahman, Ruifeng Qin, "A permanent magnet hysteresis hybrid synchronous motor for electric vehicles," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 46-53, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents the design, analysis and PWM vector control of a hybrid permanent magnet hysteresis synchronous (PMHS) motor with a view to improve the performances of motors for electric vehicle applications. This hybrid design combines the advantageous performance features of both conventional hysteresis motors and permanent magnet motors. Electrical equivalent circuits of the PMHS motor are developed for both the synchronous and asynchronous modes of operation. PWM vector control simulation results for the motor drives are given. Finally, a laboratory prototype hybrid hysteresis permanent magnet motor was built. Test results validate the superior performances of the new motor
44.1.8	N. Mutoh, S. Kaneko, T. Miyazaki, R. Masaki, S. Obara, "A torque controller suitable for electric vehicles," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 54-63, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A torque controller suitable for electric vehicles is studied. The controller ensures that an induction motor generates motor torque efficiently, stably and accurately. The torque control system feeds back an assumed motor torque calculated using the secondary magnetic flux and the torque current detected from current sensors of the primary currents. The motor torque is controlled by using the torque current reference determined from the generated secondary magnetic flux and the magnetizing current reference. The magnetizing current reference is determined on the basis of the torque current reference so that motor torque generation efficiency is always optimal. The magnetizing current regulator is operated according to the magnetizing current reference. This ensures the motor generates the motor torque stably even in transient states. Fundamental performance characteristics, such as response, accuracy and efficiency of the motor torque are verified by simulation and experiments. The torque controller is judged suitable for the drive system of electric vehicles
44.1.9	A. Kawamura, N. Hoshi, Tae Woong Kim, T. Yokoyama, T. Kume, "Analysis of anti-directional-twin-rotary motor drive characteristics for electric vehicles," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 64-70, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new power train for electric vehicles is proposed using an anti-directional twin rotary (ADTR) motor. A stator in a conventional motor was reformed to be movable, and the stator (outer rotor) rotates in the opposite direction to the inner rotor. In this paper, several characteristics of an induction motor-type ADTR motor are reported. When an ADTR motor is used in electric vehicles, the direction of one of the rotors should be reversed and both rotors rotate in the same direction, propelling the two wheels of the electric vehicle. The torque of the wheels can be balanced without a differential gear. The fundamental torque-balancing characteristics of an ADTR motor are clarified, namely, the torque balance theory, the torque-speed characteristics, the rotor-speed transient characteristics and the transient torque response under speed sensorless torque control
44.1.10	Jih-Sheng Lai, "Resonant snubber-based soft-switching inverters for electric propulsion drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 71-80, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper summarizes recently developed soft-switching inverters and proposes two possible options for electric propulsion motor drive applications. The newly developed soft-switching inverter employs an auxiliary switch and a resonant inductor per phase to produce a zero voltage across the main switch, so that the main switch can turn-on at the zero-voltage condition. Both the auxiliary switch and the resonant inductor are operating at a fractional duty and, thus, are small in size as compared to the main inverter circuit components. Operation modes in a complete zero-voltage switching cycle for the single-phase soft-switching inverter are described in detail, with graphical explanations. The circuit operation was first verified by a computer simulation, and then further tested with a 1 kW single-phase and a 100 kW three-phase inverter. Both simulation and experimental results are presented to show the superior performance in efficiency improvement, EMI reduction and dv/dt reduction of the proposed soft-switching inverters
44.1.11	Yoon-Ho Kim, Hoi-Doo Ha, "Design of interface circuits with electrical battery models," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 81-86, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In designing interface circuits to a battery, often the battery is assumed to be a simple voltage source. However, the battery itself has internal parameters. This means that the internal parameters of the battery models need to be considered for the interface design. Several electrical battery models are presented. Then, using these electrical battery models, the analysis and the design of the interface circuit are described. Analysis and experimental results show that an electrical battery model which reflects battery characteristics has to be used for the optimal design of the interface circuit. Finally, the analysis results indicate that the required size of the condenser filter can be smaller with battery power supplies than with other power supplies, such as bridge-type AC source DC power supplies
44.1.12	F. Blaabjerg, J.K. Pedersen, P. Thoegersen, "Improved modulation techniques for PWM-VSI drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 87-95, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: PWM-VSI based AC motor drives have two main problems. The inverter is nonlinear which causes instability problems in some specific working points of the AC machine and it emits acoustic noise due to the switching frequency. Nonlinearities like dead-time in the inverter, load dependent DC-link voltage ripple and the voltage drop across the switches are modeled and compensated by improved modulation techniques in order to obtain an almost ideal inverter. Different feedback and feedforward techniques are proposed. The acoustic noise is reduced by using a random modulation strategy. Measurements show a significant improvement by using feedforward and feedback techniques for linearizing the inverter. An improvement in reduction of the acoustic noise emission is also achieved by using random modulation. It is concluded that a combination of a random modulation strategy and feedforward/feedback techniques gives an almost ideal AC motor drive system
44.1.13	S. Halasz, A.A.M. Hassan, Bui Tin Huu, "Optimal control of three-level PWM inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 96-106, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: An harmonic loss-minimized optimal PWM strategy for three-level inverters is investigated. The different PWM methods for low-, middle-, and high-speed regions are presented. It is shown that, for three-level inverters, the optimized strategy in all speed regions differs from the optimal PWM strategy of two-level inverters. The developed optimal control ensures a minimum of harmonic losses for a predetermined number of commutations of three-level PWM inverters and for a given value of the fundamental harmonic voltage
44.1.14	Bum-Seok Suh, Dong-Seok Hyun, "A new n-level high voltage inversion system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 107-115, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper deals with a new multilevel high-voltage source inverter with gate-turn-off (GTO) thyristors. Recently, a multilevel approach seemed to be the best suited for implementing high-voltage power conversion systems because it leads to a harmonic reduction and deals with safe high-power conversion systems independent of the dynamic switching characteristics of each power semiconductor device. A conventional multilevel inverter has some problems; voltage unbalance between DC-link capacitors and larger blocking voltage across the inner switching devices. To solve these problems, the novel multilevel inverter structure is proposed
44.1.15	H. Ertl, J.W. Kolar, F.C. Zach, "Basic considerations and topologies of switched-mode assisted linear power amplifiers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 116-123, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a combined power amplifier system consisting of a linear amplifier unit with a switched-mode (class D) current dumping stage arranged in parallel. With this topology, the fundamental drawback of conventional linear power amplifiers-the high loss-is avoided. Compared to a pure class D (switching) amplifier, the presented system needs no output filter to reduce the switching frequency harmonics. This filter (usually of multistage type) generally deteriorates the transient response of the system and impairs the feedback loop design. Furthermore, the low-frequency distortions of switching amplifiers caused by the interlock delay of their power transistors are avoided with the presented switched-mode assisted linear amplifier system. This can be considered as a master-slave system with a guiding linear amplifier and a supporting class D slave unit. The paper describes the operating principle of the system, analyzes the fundamental relationships for the circuit design, and presents simulation results. Finally, various further topologies of switched-mode assisted linear amplifiers are given
44.1.16	G.O. Beale, Mengli Li, "Robust temperature control for microwave heating of ceramics," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 124-131, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents results on the development of an automatic feedback control system for controlling the temperature of ceramic samples being heated by microwave energy. Design of the temperature controller is presented, and experimental results from heating experiments are given. The temperature control system is evaluated in terms of its robustness to parameter variations in the linearized model and in terms of its performance in actual experiments
44.1.17	C. Boukouvalas, J. Kittler, R. Marik, M. Petrou, "Automatic color grading of ceramic tiles using machine vision," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 132-135, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: We present a method designed to solve the problem of automatic color grading for industrial inspection of plain and patterned ceramic tiles. We discuss problems we were confronted with, like the temporal and spatial variation of the illumination, and the ways we dealt with them. Then, we present results of correctly grading a series of ceramic tiles, the differences of which were at the threshold of human perception
44.1.18	D.F. Clark, T.J. Moir, "Application of a PLL and ALL noise reduction process in optical sensing systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 136-138, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A novel approach to the demodulation of a frequency modulated optical signal using an amplitude-locked loop (ALL) in the presence of noise is presented. The ALL is the mathematical dual of the phase-locked loop (PLL), but works on amplitude rather than phase. This technique will benefit areas where noise due to scattering or multiple reflections is present
44.1.19	C.A. Karybakas, T.L. Laopoulos, "Analysis of unlocked and acquisition operation of a phase-locked speed control system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 138-140, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A study of a phase-locked speed control system is presented for a PM DC motor, focusing on the out-of-lock operation. System behavior is discussed for each case, while acquisition operation is described by phase plane analysis and capture mechanism is explained. Experimental results for a system developed are also given
44.1.20	B.K. Bose, N.R. Patel, "A programmable cascaded low-pass filter-based flux synthesis for a stator flux-oriented vector-controlled induction motor drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 140-143, Feb 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The concept of a programmable cascaded low-pass filter method of flux vector synthesis has been introduced in the literature. In this paper, the idea is expanded, analyzed, improved, and then applied to a stator flux oriented 100-kW electric vehicle drive. It was verified that the flux estimation works well at zero speed finite torque start-up mode and low- and high-speed field weakening regions, thus completely eliminating the need of a speed sensor

Volume 44, Number 2, April 1997 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

44.2.1	Jae-Hyeong Suh, Bum-Seok Suh, Dong-Seok Hyun, "A new snubber circuit for high efficiency and overvoltage limitation in three-level GTO inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 145-156, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new low-loss snubber circuit including an overvoltage clamping circuit for a three-level gate-turn-off (GTO) inverter is presented. The proposed snubber circuit is effective in restriction of the dv/dt and the overvoltage values across each GTO at turnoff and the snubber loss is less than half that of the conventional RCD snubber circuit. In addition, there is no blocking voltage balancing problem between the inner and outer GTOs that occurs in the case where a conventional RCD snubber circuit is used in three-level inverter topology. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed snubber circuit is very effective for a large capacity three-level GTO inverter
44.2.2	Chin-E Lin, Ming-Tsung Tsai, Wen-Inne Tsai, Ching-Lien Huang, "Consumption power feedback unit for power electronics burn-in test ," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 157-166, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Power electronics burn-in testing consumes a huge amount of energy and adds to a significant part of the manufacturing cost. To improve this situation, a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) DC/AC inverter using current-mode control is proposed to feedback burn-in test power to the electric utility system. To implement the proposed idea, a new control strategy and system design are presented in this paper. Case studies using uninterruptible power systems (UPS) and battery chargers are demonstrated by means of prototype experiments to prove the method's performance and effectiveness
44.2.3	T.A. Baginski, K.A. Thomas, S.L. Smith, "A high-voltage single-shot switch implemented with a MOSFET current source and avalanche diode," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 167-172, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The description of a novel circuit which utilizes a field-effect transistor (FET) current source and a high-voltage diode to realize a simple inexpensive single-shot high-voltage switch is presented. The switch was specifically designed for use with fast low-impedance pulse-power discharge circuits such as those commonly used for plasma physics and high-pressure research. This switch can also be utilized in any application where speed, low cost and small size are important concerns. The design readily lends itself to implementation as a discrete component or hybrid circuit. The circuit has been simulated and the design parameters of the configuration have been numerically investigated utilizing PSPICE. These simulations and experimental data are presented
44.2.4	A.M. Trzynadlowski, R.L. Kirlin, S.F. Legowski, "Space vector PWM technique with minimum switching losses and a variable pulse rate [for VSI]," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 173-181, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A novel randomized control strategy for three-phase voltage source inverters, based on voltage space vectors, is described. An implicit asymmetrical modulating function results in switching losses in the inverter being reduced by about half in comparison with those using the classic space vector pulsewidth PWM method. The pulse rate is varied within individual 60° sectors of the vector plane, so that the power spectra of the output voltage are spread over a wide frequency range and acquire a continuous part. Relevant theoretical analyses, computer simulations and experimental results are presented
44.2.5	M. Pande, H. Jin, G. Joos, "Modulated integral control technique for compensating switch delays and nonideal DC buses in voltage-source inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 182-190, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Standard pulsewidth modulation (PWM) techniques assume a ripple-free DC-link voltage at the inverter input terminals and ideal switches. Most techniques proposed in the literature to compensate the nonideal characteristics require additional and complex circuitry. This paper proposes and analyzes a simple method of generating PWM switching patterns which ensures a high-quality output voltage and inherently compensates for a nonideal DC bus and switching delays. The method is based on maintaining a sinusoidal volt-second distribution at the inverter output by sensing the output voltage and generating the gating pattern online. The principles of operation are explained, and a design procedure is presented. Simulation results illustrating the features of the proposed modulator are verified experimentally on a 3 kVA prototype unit
44.2.6	D. Leggate, R.J. Kerkman, "Pulse-based dead-time compensator for PWM voltage inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 191-197, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The dead time necessary to prevent the short circuit of the power supply in pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) voltage inverters results in output voltage errors. Although individually small, when accumulated over an operating cycle, the voltage errors are sufficient to distort the applied PWM signal. This paper presents a method to correct for the dead-time errors. The pulse-based dead-time compensator (PBDTC) is less hardware- and software-intensive than other dead-time compensation methods providing a low-cost solution. The pulse-based technique is developed by analyzing the effects of dead time on a pulse-by-pulse basis and correcting each pulse accordingly. The technique is evaluated through simulation and experimental results. Other compensation methods are evaluated, and the results compared with the pulse-based technique. This comparison indicates previous methods can produce magnitude and phase errors in the applied terminal voltage, whereas the proposed method compensates for the dead time without significant magnitude and phase errors in the terminal voltage of PWM voltage source inverters
44.2.7	J.R. Espinoza, G. Joos, "Current-source converter on-line pattern generator switching frequency minimization," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 198-206, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: On-line pulsewidth modulation (PWM) pattern generators for current-source rectifiers and inverters offer a number of control advantages over off-line optimized patterns. However, when implemented using the principles which apply to voltage-source inverter PWM pattern generators, the switching frequency is equal to: (1) the carrier frequency in standard carrier-based implementations and (2) a function of the cycle frequency, sequence of space vectors, and selection of the zero space vector in space vector implementations. This paper shows that this frequency can be reduced to one-half of the respective frequencies. Two pattern generators are investigated: (1) an analog on-line carrier-based technique, namely, the modified dead-band technique and (2) a digital on-line space vector-based technique, where advantage is taken of the extra zero state available in current-source converters. It is shown that the switching frequency reduction is achieved with no penalty in the line current harmonic distortion. Moreover, a significant reduction of AC line current distortion is obtained with the modified dead-band technique for modulation indexes greater than 0.4. The principles of operation of the proposed schemes are explained, Experimental results on a 5 kVA current-source rectifier and a 5 kVA current-source inverter confirm the feasibility and features of the proposed pattern generators
44.2.8	J.M. Alonso, P.J. Villegas, J. Diaz, C. Blanco, M. Rico, "A microcontroller-based emergency ballast for fluorescent lamps," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 207-216, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a new emergency ballast for fluorescent lamps. The fundamental block is the microcontroller-based control circuit, which performs the supervision and control function. High-frequency electronics techniques are proposed for the high power factor battery charger and the lamp driver, which provides high luminous efficacy. In this way, size and weight have been minimized for the whole system. With the introduction of the microcontroller, the system has the capability of testing itself, checking its functional state, and displaying internal faults. Thus, the reliability of the system is improved and, concurrently, maintenance cost is decreased
44.2.9	D.K. Jackson, S.B. Leeb, A.H. Mitwalli, P. Narvaez, D. Fusco, E.C. Lupton, "Power electronic drives for magnetically triggered gels," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 217-225, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Properly fabricated polymer gels exhibit an abrupt change in volume in response to a small change in an environmental parameter, such as temperature. The authors have developed gels that change in volume in response to an applied alternating magnetic field, and are working to apply these gels as actuators. This paper describes power electronic circuits suitable for electromagnetic activation of these polymer gels. Issues in the selection of circuit topologies for this application are discussed. Experimental results are presented, which demonstrate the magnetic activation of gels using prototype power electronic drives
44.2.10	L.A. Belfore, A.-R.A. Arkadan, "Modeling faulted switched reluctance motors using evolutionary neural networks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 226-233, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper examines the feasibility of using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to develop discrete time dynamic models for fault-free and faulted switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive systems. SRMs are capable of functioning despite the presence of faults. Faults impart transient changes to machine inductances that are difficult to model analytically. After this transient period, SRMs are capable of functioning at a reduced level of performance. ANNs are applied for their well-known interpolation capabilities for highly nonlinear systems. A dynamical model for an SRM is constructed by feeding values for state variables back to ANN inputs. EAs are employed for their ability to search complex structural and parameter spaces to find good ANN solutions. Furthermore, the ANN structure and training regimen parameters are searched for using EAs. Finally, an analysis of the search is performed, and the resulting model is presented. The results of using the ANN-EA-based model to predict the performance characteristics of prototype SRM drive motion under normal and abnormal operating conditions are presented and verified by comparison to test data
44.2.11	Ju Jin, T. Higuchi, "Direct electrostatic levitation and propulsion," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 234-239, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new type of mechanism called direct electrostatic levitation and propulsion (DELF) has been successfully developed. The novel aspect of this mechanism is that an object can be directly levitated and driven via electrostatic forces, In this paper, a brief review of basic principles is presented. This is followed by a description of the structure of a prototype DELP mechanism, including electrode design, position feedback control method for levitation, driving principle and the operational procedure. Experimental results which demonstrate completely contactless transportation of a 3.5-in aluminum hard disk media are also presented
44.2.12	Jinsheng Jiang, Joachim Holtz, "High dynamic speed sensorless AC drive with on-line model parameter tuning for steady-state accuracy," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 240-246, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Controlled speed sensorless AC motor drives have reached a stage of development permitting good dynamic performance above 3% of rated speed. However, the accuracy of the rotor speed estimation under load remains sensitive to parameter errors of the internal machine model. This paper presents an approach that ensures high steady-state speed accuracy in addition to high dynamic performance. To eliminate the speed estimation error, the machine parameters are adapted online, based on the evaluation of rotor slot harmonic effects. A stator flux-oriented control scheme is implemented in a digital signal processor system to demonstrate the robustness of the speed estimation to parameter variations. Experimental results demonstrate that the control system advantageously combines high dynamic performance with accuracy of speed estimation
44.2.13	S. Wade, W. Dunnigan, B.W. Williams, "A new method of rotor resistance estimation for vector-controlled induction machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 247-257, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The estimation of rotor time constant, or rotor resistance, in a vector-controlled induction machine is necessary to achieve high-performance torque control. A new method of estimating the rotor resistance online, for use in a vector-controlled induction machine, is presented. It uses short duration pulses added to the constant flux reference current i_dse* and based on the resultant torque command current produced by a proportional-integral controller i_qse* adjusts the rotor resistance estimate. This method of self-tuning the vector controller to the rotor time constant, when operating in a closed-loop speed control loop, does not produce torque pulsations when correctly tuned. In comparison to other online methods such as the extended Kalman filter and the extended Luenberger observer, this method does not require voltage sensors and is computationally simpler. The rotor resistance estimation technique is illustrated through simulation and practical implementation of a vector-controlled induction machine
44.2.14	O. Vainio, S.J. Ovaska, "Multistage adaptive filters for in-phase processing of line-frequency signals," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 258-264, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The authors describe two adaptive multistage digital filters for 50/60-Hz line-frequency signal processing in zero-crossing detectors and synchronous power systems. These filters combine a median filter with adaptive predictors, either finite-impulse response (FIR)- or infinite-impulse response (IIR)-based, thus making it possible to extract the sinusoidal signals from noise and strong disturbances without phase shifting the primary frequency signal. The median filter is used as a prefilter because it can remove deep commutation notches from the waveform. Adaptation allows the filters to track the exact instantaneous line frequency and avoids the selectivity problem encountered with a fixed filter
44.2.15	Jong-Hyun Kim, Bong-Hwan Kwon, "Unity power factor ZVS AC-to-DC converters with an active filter ," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 265-267, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Unity power factor zero-voltage-switched (ZVS) AC-to-DC power converters with an active filter are proposed. The line voltage is supplied to AC-to-DC power converters through a rectifier circuit with an input filter, to reduce high-frequency ripple components. The line current is almost synchronized to the line voltage, due to the low impedance of the input filter. Forward ZVS multiresonant power converters (ZVS-MRCs) are utilized for high-frequency operation and lossless switching. An active filter is introduced to minimize the twice line-frequency ripple component of the output voltage without large-size passive filters. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme gives good steady-state performances of the AC-to-DC power converters
44.2.16	E. Faldella, B. Fringuelli, D. Passeri, L. Rosi, "A neural approach to robotic haptic recognition of 3-D objects based on a Kohonen self-organizing feature map," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 267-269, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper describes a novel approach to robotic haptic recognition, which exploits an unsupervised Kohonen self-organizing feature map for performing a match-to-sample classification of three-dimensional (3-D) objects. The results obtained, even though currently referring to a simulated environment and to some working assumptions, have emphasized the validity of the approach and its applicability in a variety of dextrous robotic systems
44.2.17	B.K. Bose, N.R. Patel, K. Rajashekara, "A neuro-fuzzy-based on-line efficiency optimization control of a stator flux-oriented direct vector-controlled induction motor drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 270-273, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Fuzzy logic-based online efficiency optimization control has been described previously for an indirect vector-controlled induction motor drive. The purpose of this paper is to extend the same control to a stator flux-oriented electric vehicle induction motor drive and then implement the fuzzy controller by a dynamic back propagation neural network-based controller. The principal advantage of fuzzy control, i.e., fast convergence with adaptive step size of the control variable, is retained. The neural network adds the advantage of fast control implementation, either by a dedicated hardware chip or by digital signal processor (DSP)-based software
44.2.18	A. Chandrasekaran, K. Vasudevan, P.S. Rao, K.S. Rao, "Discussion on “Simulation of power electronic circuits using sparse matrix techniques” [and reply]," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 273, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In the original paper (Vasudevan et al., see ibid., vol. 42, no. 4, p. 409-13, 1995), the authors claimed the speeding-up of a modified nodal method developed by Sudha et al. (Ref. [3] in the original paper) by using sparsity programming and resistance modeling of the switches, instead of the inductor modeling used in Ref. [3]. As a co-author of Ref. [3], the author wishes to point out that Krishna et al. have not implemented the algorithm in Ref. [3] in the proper manner, while making comparisons for computational speedup. He details how, if sparsity methods are used in the algorithm given in Ref. [3], the computation times can be reduced much more than that given in the paper under discussion
44.2.19	K. Vasudevan, P.S. Rao, K.S. Rao, "Authors' Reply," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 273-273, April 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Not Available

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volume 44, Number 3, June 1997 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

44.3.1	R. Zurawski, "Guest Editorial Special Section On Factory Automation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 277-278, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Not Available
44.3.2	Y. Namioka, T. Tanaka, H. Mizutani, T. Matsudaira, "Planning method used in visual programming for sequence-control program design with sequential function chart," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 279-288, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The planning method adopted in the visual programming system for sequence-control program specification design (VIPS/S-SFCD) is described. VIPS/S-SFCD is based on two unique features: (1) an example-based programming technique in which designers specify the initial states and goal conditions of equipment blocks using visual representations; and (2) a planning method that infers machine actions and generates control program specifications. The planning method is based on a state-space model and uses scope to make the searches more efficient. To investigate the effectiveness of the method, VIPS/S-SFCD was used to experimentally generate control program specifications for an existing steel plant. The results showed that the quality of the control program specifications generated by the planner was equal to that achieved by a design specialist, and the time required for designing control programs was much shorter. Using VIPS/S-SFCD, errors in writing specifications are reduced because designers can easily understand the initial and goal state of an equipment block and the sequence of state transitions. The reliability of the specifications is improved because VIPS/S-SFCD generates valid segments of the specifications. The design time is also reduced because designers can use high-level instructions that closely reflect their thought processes
44.3.3	M. Akiyoshi, S. Nishida, "Toward generating causal explanation: qualitative simulation with association mechanism to quantitative information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 289-297, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: One of the central issues of qualitative reasoning is generating causal explanation in response to a user's query. The construction of an adequate model is crucial to the generation of a valid explanation in the case of large scale systems. This paper describes a new approach to the model construction based on using a causal ordering algorithm and qualitative conversion of numerical data. Our approach involves two key ideas: (1) a qualitative model is constructed from a unique quantitative model and (2) simulated qualitative behavior aspects are compared with numerical data. This approach is illustrated by using it to generate causal explanation related to the operation of a nuclear power plant
44.3.4	J.-M. Proth, N. Sauer, Xiaolan Xie, "Optimization of the number of transportation devices in a flexible manufacturing system using event graphs," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 298-306, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: An important step when designing a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) using automated guided vehicles (AGVs) is the definition of the number of AGVs to be used in order to reach a given productivity. A way to define this number is to consider several scenarios, to define the minimal number of AGVs required by each scenario, and to keep the maximal of these numbers. In this paper, we propose a branch and bound (B&B) approach to define the minimal number of AGVs required for a scenario. This approach is based on an event graph (EG) formulation
44.3.5	R. Zurawski, "Verifying correctness of interfaces of design models of manufacturing systems using functional abstractions," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 307-320, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, we introduce descriptions of selected primary components of automated guided vehicle (AGV)-based flexible manufacturing systems. These descriptions represent invariant structural and functional properties expressed at a certain level of abstraction of components such as machining stations and load and unload stations. To model these objects, a class of Petri nets is adopted and briefly introduced in the paper. This class allows for representing the unidirectional flow of physical resources and control information/data, which is characteristic of the primary components. The issue of the verification of the interconnections or interfaces among the Petri nets of primary components is addressed by the introduction of functional abstractions of the Petri net models of these components. In this paper we demonstrate the usefulness of functional abstractions in verification of the correctness of the interconnections among objects. In doing so, a simple manufacturing system is adopted
44.3.6	P. Verdelho, G.D. Marques, "An active power filter and unbalanced current compensator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 321-328, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents the synthesis and performance of a shunt active power filter based on the three-phase pulsewidth modulation (PWM) voltage converter connected to the AC mains. Current harmonics and asymmetries caused by nonlinear loads can be compensated. A decoupled system in Park's variables is achieved and so simple controllers with excellent performance can be used. The controllers are implemented directly in the Park's referential. Expressions for the controller's synthesis are derived. Experimental results from a 2 kVA IGBT prototype showing excellent dynamic and steady-state system's performances are presented. The control circuit is implemented with analog and digital electronic circuits. A considerable amount of electronic circuits are needed. The method presented in this paper can also be implemented with a digital signal processor
44.3.7	Seung-Gi Jeong, Myung-Ho Woo, "DSP-based active power filter with predictive current control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 329-336, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents an active power filter based on a digital signal processing (DSP) controller with enhanced current control performance. A novel predictive current control method is introduced to compensate the phase error of harmonic components caused by discrete sampling and finite nonnegligible execution time delay. The concept of average current control is also introduced that is adequate for digital current control. With a close coordination between the reference current prediction, PWM pattern generation, and control timing, a high performance control is achieved. Experimental results show that the developed system gives satisfactory performance in harmonic and reactive power compensation
44.3.8	Y. Nishida, O. Miyashita, T. Haneyoshi, H. Tomita, A. Maeda, "A predictive instantaneous-current PWM controlled rectifier with AC-side harmonic current reduction," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 337-343, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new single-phase bridge rectifier controlled by a predictive instantaneous-current PWM control scheme for reducing AC-side harmonic currents and improving power factor is proposed. The rectifier can operate at the unity displacement power factor and has fast response to an input signal as a current reference. The effect of the DC-side voltage ripples is taken into account. The paper describes three digital control schemes for such rectifiers and presents experimental and simulation studies on steady-state and dynamic performances of the rectifier. The effectiveness of the control schemes is confirmed by experiments and simulations. The proposed rectifier can be used for applications such as UPS systems and static VAr compensators
44.3.9	Yii-Shen Tzeng, Nanming Chen, Ruay-Nan Wu, "Modes of operation in parallel-connected 12-pulse uncontrolled bridge rectifiers without an interphase transformer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 344-355, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Parallel operation of two 6-n prepulse uncontrolled bridge rectifiers, to obtain a 12-pulse rectification, without an interphase transformer connected on the DC sides is investigated in this paper. The mechanism of interactions between the two six-pulse bridges is analyzed. As the load current varies from no-load to the complete short-circuit value, seven modes of operation are recognized. Equations describing the mean output voltage and various operating angles of the rectifier circuit are given in terms of a reactance factor. Voltage regulation and variations of the ignition angle and the commutation overlap angle for rectifiers with and without an interphase transformer are also compared
44.3.10	T.A. Meynard, M. Fadel, N. Aouda, "Modeling of multilevel converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 356-364, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, the imbricated cells multilevel converters are studied and modeled from a control viewpoint. These converters make use of several switches connected in a series, which allows using switches with reduced voltage ratings; these low voltage switches have lower conduction losses and can switch at higher frequency. In addition to this feature common to all converters using series connected switches, the control signals of multilevel converters can be phase shifted to increase the apparent switching frequency and improve the dynamic performances of the whole converter. It is shown that a multilevel inverter leg, composed of p pairs of switches and p-1 capacitors, forms a multivariable nonlinear system that cannot be properly modeled by standard methods such as state-space averaging. The transient behavior of this system depends on the current harmonics and their phase shift with the different control signals. A specific model is detailed, studied, and used to illustrate the properties of these converters. In particular, the natural balancing of the voltage across the switches is demonstrated and the time constants involved in this process are determined
44.3.11	G. Spiazzi, F.C. Lee, "Implementation of single-phase boost power-factor-correction circuits in three-phase applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 365-371, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A three-phase rectifier employing three single-phase boost power-factor-correction circuits is analyzed. Each converter operates in the continuous conduction mode (CCM), which allows a high power factor and a small EMI filter. Current sharing is ensured by a common voltage loop driving the individual current loops of the three converters. A suitable circuit arrangement is devised to limit phase interaction. The zero-voltage-transition technique (ZVT) is successfully applied to each converter, in order to obtain zero turn on losses and soft turnoff of the freewheeling diodes. Results of a 1800-W 100-kHz experimental prototype are reported, which confirm the theoretical forecasts
44.3.12	C.A. Canesin, I. Barbi, "Novel zero-current-switching PWM converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 372-381, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a new family of pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) converters, featuring soft commutation of the semiconductors at zero current (ZC) in the transistors and zero voltage (ZV) in the rectifiers. Besides operating at constant frequency and with reduced commutation losses, these new converters have output characteristics similar to the hard-switching-PWM counterpart, which means that there is no circulating reactive energy that would cause large conduction losses. The new family of zero-current-switching (ZCS)-PWM converters is suitable for high-power applications using insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). The advantages of the new ZCS-PWM boost converter employing IGBTs, rated at 1.6 kW and operating at 20 kHz, are presented. This new ZCS operation can reduce the average total power dissipation in the semiconductors practically by half, when compared with the hard-switching method. This new ZCS-PWM boost converter is suitable for high-power applications using IGBTs in power-factor correction. The principle of operation, theoretical analysis, and experimental results of the new ZCS-PWM boost converter are provided in this paper to verify the performance of this new family of converters
44.3.13	S. Doki, K. Takahashi, S. Okuma, "Slip-frequency type and flux-feedback type vector controls in discrete-time system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 382-389, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, we evaluate the difference between the slip-frequency type and the flux-feedback type in discrete time. Both vector control systems in discrete time, designed equivalently in continuous time, have different discretization errors. In a large sampling time region, the slip-frequency type (using the induction motor rotor-flux frame model) is less influenced by the discretization error than the flux-feedback type (using the stator frame model). In this sense, the slip-frequency type is superior to the flux-feedback type, but the stator frame model is linear and the rotor-flux frame model is nonlinear. With the flux-feedback type using the stator frame, it is easier to design the controller and the observer. Therefore, we believe that the vector controller and the observer should be designed using the stator frame model and that, after it is transformed to the rotor-flux frame model, it should be implemented
44.3.14	A.M.N. Lima, C.B. Jacobina, E.B. de Souza Filho, "Nonlinear parameter estimation of steady-state induction machine models," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 390-397, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The use of modern identification techniques in determining the values of the steady-state equivalent circuit parameters of a three-phase squirrel-cage induction machine is discussed. The identification procedure is based on the steady-state phase current versus slip and input power versus slip characteristics. The proposed identification algorithm is of a nonlinear kind. The machine parameters are obtained as the solution of a minimization of least-squares cost function of the difference between calculated and experimental steady-state characteristics. Simulation, as well as experimental results concerning the application of the proposed algorithm to the modeling of a 1.5 kW wound-rotor three-phase induction machine, are presented
44.3.15	Faa-Jeng Lin, "Real-time IP position controller design with torque feedforward control for PM synchronous motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 398-407, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A digital signal processor (DSP)-based permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motor (SM) drive with a proposed recursive least-square (RLS) estimator and real-time integral-proportional (IP) position controller is introduced in this study. First, the rotor inertia constant, the damping constant, and the disturbed load torque of the synchronous motor are estimated by the proposed RLS estimator, which is composed of an RLS estimator and a torque observer. Next, the IP position controller is real-time designed according to the estimated rotor parameters, to match the time-domain command tracking specifications. Then, the observed disturbance torque is fed forward, to increase the robustness of the synchronous motor drive
44.3.16	Shiuh-Jer Huang, Ruey-Jing Lian, "A hybrid fuzzy logic and neural network algorithm for robot motion control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 408-417, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Robotic manipulators are multivariable nonlinear coupling dynamic systems. Industrial robots were controlled by using a traditional controller, the control performance of which may change with respect to operating conditions. Since the robotic manipulators have complicated nonlinear mathematical models, control systems based on the system model are difficult to design. In this paper, a model-free hybrid fuzzy logic and neural network algorithm was proposed to control this multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) robotic system. First, a fuzzy logic controller was designed to control individual joints of this 4-degree-of-freedom (DOF) robot. Secondly, a coupling neural network controller was introduced to take care of the coupling effect among joints and refine the control performance of this robotic system. The experimental results showed that the application of this control strategy effectively improved the trajectory tracking precision
44.3.17	K. Kobayashi, M. Kameyama, T. Higuchi, "Communication network protocol for real-time distributed control and its LSI implementation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 418-426, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new token-passing mechanism, priority token passing, which features real-time access and fast detection and recovery of transmission errors, is discussed in detail in comparison with standard token-passing protocols, and its large-scale integration (LSI)-oriented design concept is described. Priority token passing includes only a small performance overhead, due to its switching functions, which can change network topology from ring to broadcast medium. A token-holding node passes the token to another node after determining the successor through priority comparison. Errors occurring during token passing can, thus, be detected and corrected simply and promptly. Priority token passing has a simple hardware implementation, requiring only small additions to the frame control circuitry, and has a small implementation overhead. The priority token-passing protocol and two other important network communication functions, dual ring network reconfiguration and high-level data link control (HDLC) normal response mode-based message transmission, are designed as a single finite-state machine, and implemented into a compact LSI chip. This integrated instrument network (IINET) chip provides complete network communication services and requires only three additional external electronic components for operation
44.3.18	R. Rabinovici, "Multihysteresis block as a polyphase square-wave oscillator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 427-428, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper introduces an apparently new circuit component, the multihysteresis block. It consists of several hysteresis elements having the same input signal. It is shown that this component could simplify the circuit of polyphase square-wave oscillators. Only one integrator is requested for any number of phase generations
44.3.19	Tsai-Fu Wu, Jin-Chyuan Hung, Te-Hung Yu, "A PSpice circuit model for low-pressure gaseous discharge lamps operating at high frequency," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 428-431, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A simple, but accurate, PSpice circuit model simulating the electrical characteristics of low-pressure gaseous discharge lamp operating at high frequency is proposed. The model is constructed from a two-parameter equation and is suitable for computer simulation and analytic derivation in a preliminary design of electronic dimming ballasts. Simulated and measured results are used to verify the theoretical discussion
44.3.20	M.A. Rahman, C.C. Chan, H. Wang, "Discussion on “An effective method for rotor resistance identification for high-performance induction motor vector control” [and reply]," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 431-432, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In the original paper (Chan et al., see ibid. vol. 37, p. 477-82, 1990), the authors presented results based on the machine parameters of a 1 kW, four-pole induction motor listed in the Appendix. Here, the author discusses what he feels is some confusion regarding the inductance terms and their values. His comments and the original authors' reply are presented
44.3.21	C.C. Chan, H. Wang, "Authors' Reply," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 432-432, June 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Not Available

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volume 44, Number 4, August 1997 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

44.4.1	Hengchun Mao, C.Y. Lee, D. Boroyevich, S. Hiti, "Review of high-performance three-phase power-factor correction circuits," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 437-446, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper reviews progress in topology, control, and design aspects in three-phase power-factor correction (PFC) techniques. Different switching rectifier topologies are presented for various applications. Representative soft-switching schemes, including zero-voltage and zero-current switched pulsewidth modulated (PWM) techniques, are investigated. Merits and limitations of these techniques are discussed and illustrated by experimental results obtained on prototype converters. Control and input filter design issues are also discussed
44.4.2	T. Shimizu, T. Fujita, G. Kimura, J. Hirose, "A unity power factor PWM rectifier with DC ripple compensation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 447-455, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a new topology for a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) rectifier which achieves unity power factor on the AC supply side and ripple reduction on the DC output side. The main circuit of this rectifier consists of a conventional PWM rectifier and a pair of additional switches. The switches and PWM rectifier are controlled such that the ripple current on the DC line is reduced, and unity power factor is achieved on the AC line. As a result, this circuit does not require a large DC capacitor or a passive LC resonant circuit. Furthermore, control of the additional switches and PWM rectifier requires only a simple control circuit. The effectiveness of this circuit was confirmed by experiments and analysis. The rectifier is useful for uninterruptible power systems (UPSs) and DC power supplies, especially for cases in which batteries are connected to the DC line
44.4.3	J.W. Kolar, F.C. Zach, "A novel three-phase utility interface minimizing line current harmonics of high-power telecommunications rectifier modules," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 456-467, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Based on the combination of a three-phase diode bridge and a DC/DC boost converter, a new three-phase three-switch three-level pulsewidth modulated (PWM) rectifier system is developed. It can be characterized by sinusoidal mains current consumption, controlled output voltage, and low-blocking voltage stress on the power transistors. The application could be, e.g., for feeding the DC link of a telecommunications power supply module. The stationary operational behavior, the control of the mains currents, and the control of the output voltage are analyzed. Finally, the stresses on the system components are determined by digital simulation and compared to the stresses in a conventional six-switch two-level PWM rectifier system
44.4.4	K.S. Smith, Li Ran, J. Penman, "Real-time detection of intermittent misfiring in a voltage-fed PWM inverter induction-motor drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 468-476, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper develops a real-time condition-monitoring algorithm for pulsewidth modulation (PWM) inverter induction-motor drives. It is designed to detect the intermittent loss of firing pulses of an individual switching device within the inverter. The mathematical model of the induction machine is linearized in the field-torque coordinates, and the misfiring of the inverter is represented by pulse functions, which have effects in both the field and torque directions. Since the fault considered is of an intermittent nature, the time-domain response of the magnetizing and the torque-producing components of the motor stator current is used to form the condition-monitoring signal. The method is adaptive to changes in the operating point during variable-speed operation. Digital simulation and laboratory experiment are utilized to illustrate the method and to evaluate the computational effort required
44.4.5	M.A. Rahman, T.S. Radwan, A.M. Osheiba, A.E. Lashine, "Analysis of current controllers for voltage-source inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 477-485, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Current-controlled pulsewidth modulated (PWM) inverters are widely used in high-performance AC drives because they give high dynamic responses in such systems. This paper presents a comparative study of several current controllers. Particular attention is paid to the hysteresis controller and the ramp-comparator controller, due to their simplicity and widespread use. An improved ramp comparator is proposed in which the current error signals are compared to three 120° phase-shifted triangular waveforms. This eliminates the zero voltage vector applied to the inverter and reduces the inherent amplitude and phase errors. Computer simulations are used to compare the performances. Fast Fourier transform technique is used to show the power spectrum of the current waveforms. Experimental results validate the simulated performances
44.4.6	S. Ben-Yaakov, M. Gulko, "Design and performance of an electronic ballast for high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 486-491, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: An electronic ballast for high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps was designed and evaluated, theoretically and experimentally. The ballast is based on the half-bridge topology and includes a high-voltage ignitor and dimming capability. It was used to drive and examine the high frequency characteristics of a commercial HPS lamp (NAV-T 150 W (SON-T), OSRAM). The experimental results reveal that, for the frequency range of this study (27-75 kHz), the lamp is free of the acoustic resonance problem. It was also found that, for the present experimental conditions, the lamp is purely resistive, and the resistance is practically independent of the power level and operating frequency. The lamp exhibited stable operation over a very large dimming range, down to about 7% of nominal power. The 2.8-kV ignition pulse was found to be sufficient for both cold and hot startup under the proposed operating conditions
44.4.7	B.K.H. Wong, H.S.H. Chung, "A general-oriented simulation technique for power electronic systems using quadratic branch voltage extrapolation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 492-501, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new general oriented time-domain simulation technique for power electronic systems is developed. The algorithm is based on stepwise quadratic extrapolations on the branch voltages across each reactive element, together with progressive validation of the switches' operation. The power of this new technique lies in its simplicity in solving purely resistive networks for each topological configuration, generality in requiring no a priori understanding of the switching relationships and sequence of operations, inclusion of the effects of the parasitic elements, effectiveness of using computer memory and ease of implementation on a desktop computer. Several examples illustrating the generality and computational efficiency of this new approach are presented and verified with experimental measurements and other available literature
44.4.8	F. Costa, E. Laboure, F. Forest, C. Gautier, "Wide bandwidth, large AC current probe for power electronics and EMI measurements," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 502-511, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Current measurements in power electronics or in EMI domains require high-performance probes. These probes must have a very wide bandwidth, be insensitive to electromagnetic interferences, and be able to measure large direct and alternating currents (AC-DC) without distortion. This paper is limited to AC current probes. Various principles are reviewed, in particular those based on the current transformer (CT); their limitations are analyzed, and a solution based on a two-stage transformer are proposed to extend low- and high-frequency performance. It is shown that the use of new magnetic materials, such as the amorphous or the nanocrystalline, can improve large-current low-frequency operations, while preserving the smallest possible probe size. Various solutions are provided to improve high-frequency operations. Different developments are depleted; frequency and time-domain results are presented
44.4.9	Sang-Hoon Kim, Seung-Ki Sul, "Voltage control strategy for maximum torque operation of an induction machine in the field-weakening region," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 512-518, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, a novel field-weakening scheme for the induction machine is presented. The proposed algorithm, based on the voltage control strategy, ensures the maximum torque operation over the entire field-weakening region without using the machine parameters. Also, by introducing the direct field-oriented (DFO) control, which is insensitive to the variation of machine parameters in the field-weakening region, the drive system can obtain robustness to parameter variations. Moreover, the speed sensorless control can be achieved in the very-high-speed range, where the utilization of the speed sensor is limited. Experimental results for the laboratory induction motor drive system confirm the validity of the proposed control algorithm
44.4.10	X.Q. Wu, A. Steimel, "Direct self control of induction machines fed by a double three-level inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 519-527, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: For variable speed induction motor drives with very high power and extreme demand on the quality of torque, a novel concept of feeding an induction machine with open windings by two gate-turn-off (GTO) three-level inverters is investigated. For optimal operation with the restricted switching frequency of these high-power inverters, direct self control (DSC) is mostly suited, which is well proven with two-level and three-level inverters in traction, allowing a highly dynamic control of the induction machine. In comparison with two-level and three-level inverters, torque ripple and distortion of motor currents are efficiently reduced, while maintaining the excellent dynamic qualities of DSC
44.4.11	M. Marchesoni, P. Segarich, E. Soressi, "A simple approach to flux and speed observation in induction motor drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 528-535, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The stator-flux orientation concept allows very good transient and steady-state performances in induction motor drives. However, this control strategy can be conveniently implemented only if the stator flux is correctly observed in the entire speed range. The authors have developed a simple flux observer that gives very satisfactory results, especially near zero speed, and the approach which has been followed also allows a good speed estimation. The observer has been both simulated and implemented on an experimental system that uses a single chip to control the whole drive system. The experimental results show excellent performances, despite the low computational load
44.4.12	L.A. de Souza Ribeiro, C.B. Jacobina, A.M. Nogueira Lima, A. Cunha Oliveira, "Parameter sensitivity of MRAC models employed in IFO-controlled AC motor drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 536-545, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: An investigation of the parameter sensitivities of the d-axis voltage, q-axis voltage, and the reactive power models used in model reference adaptive control (MRAC) strategy for tuning the indirect field-oriented (IFO) controller is presented. These reference models are derived from the dynamic model of the machine under the assumption that the IFO control conditions are valid. In this paper, the machine has been considered to operate under variable speed and load conditions. To improve the robustness of the MRAC strategy, a cascade parameter estimation technique has been used to track the variations in r_s and σl_s. The experimental results obtained with the proposed estimation technique, as well as with the MRAC strategy, are presented
44.4.13	A. Fujino, T. Tobita, K. Segawa, K. Yoneda, A. Togawa, "An elevator group control system with floor-attribute control method and system optimization using genetic algorithms," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 546-552, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new concept is proposed for an elevator group control system which can change control settings according to individual floor utilization situations. The floor-attribute-based control method uses a combination of floor-attribute-based evaluation and car-attribute-based evaluation. Computer simulations show it can improve multiple preferential door settings at the same time. Additionally, an on-line parameter tuning method using genetic algorithms is proposed. The floor attribute control method needs several dozen control parameters to be tuned according to each building's traffic, and the proposed method can do it. The elitist-preserving strategy is an effective way to keep control stability. A diversity-recovering operation, which initializes population, excluding the elitist individual, when traffic flow data have changed, improves the following ability for transitions of utilized conditions
44.4.14	G. Cena, A. Valenzano, "An improved CAN fieldbus for industrial applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 553-564, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The controller area network (CAN) was originally developed to support cheap and rather simple automotive applications. However, because of its performance and low cost, it is also being considered in automated manufacturing and process control environments to interconnect intelligent devices, such as modern sensors and actuators. Unfortunately, CAN, in its current form, is not able to either share out the system bandwidth among the different devices fairly or to grant an upper bound on the transmission times experienced by the nodes connected to the communication medium as it happens, for instance, in the token-based networks. In this paper, two slight modifications of the basic CAN protocol are presented that satisfy the above-mentioned requirements at the expense of a very small degradation of the system's performance. Both these solutions exhibit a high degree of compatibility with those devices which have already been designed for the conventional CAN fieldbus. Besides introducing the new mechanisms, this paper also presents some performance figures obtained using a specially developed software simulator, while the behavior of the new mechanisms is compared to the traditional CAN systems, in order to see how effective they are
44.4.15	O. Vainio, S.J. Ovaska, "A class of predictive analog filters for sensor signal processing and control instrumentation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 565-570, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A class of analog continuous-time filters is introduced, having predictive properties for specified narrow-band signal models, such as low-order polynomials or sinusoids. Such filters are designed by using model transfer functions designed in the discrete-time domain. Z-to-s-domain mapping is done using the inverse bilinear transformation. The analog filters are implemented with active-RC structures, using the state-variable structure for biquads and a single-op-amp structure for real poles and zeros. The application examples include a filter for zero-crossing detectors, polynomial predictors for sensor signal smoothing, and an optimized sixth-order ramp-tracking filter for anti-aliasing and anti-imaging in digital signal processor (DSP) systems where high selectivity is required
44.4.16	H. Naruse, A. Nobiki, T. Yabuta, M. Tateda, "High-accuracy multiviewpoint stereo measurement using the maximum-likelihood method," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 571-578, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: We propose a new type of highly accurate multiviewpoint stereo measurement using the maximum-likelihood method. This method is used for measuring positions of facilities, such as telegraph poles on a road. In this method, a normal distribution is assumed for a measurement error on stereo image planes. First, the probability density functions of the measurement errors at the multiviewpoints are combined. Next, the combined function is expressed using both real-space coordinates and coordinate transformation parameters, which give relative viewpoint positions, and the most probable coordinates are estimated from a condition that minimizes the function. Then, the best viewpoint positions, which minimize the area of the combined error ellipse, are investigated by analyzing the variance included in the estimated coordinates, and the relationship between the number of viewpoints and the variance of the best viewpoint positions is obtained. Finally, these theoretical results are confirmed experimentally by measuring outdoor facilities
44.4.17	M. Berrada, S. Tarasiewicz, M.E. Elkadiri, P.H. Radziszewski, "A state model for the drying paper in the paper product industry ," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 579-586, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present a state variable model for the drying section of a paper-making machine. This model is based on the mass and energy balance relationships written for steam, paper, cylindrical heater wall, and moisture. These relationships give a set of six nonlinear partial derivative equations. The form of these equations changes somewhat from one cylindrical heater to another. The solution for this model yields the operating parameters needed to achieve the desired steam temperature while obtaining good paper drying. Boundary conditions are specified by a stochastic generator, and initial conditions are obtained by solving the static model. In this paper, the authors present only the state variable model for the paper drying, as well as comparing the obtained results with dynamic model results. Solving the set of differential equations with respect to the boundary conditions, they obtain the standard form of the state representation, which represents the dynamic version of the model used for process control. In conclusion, it can be said that the consistency of the model with experimental results seems to be reasonably good and can be used for process control
44.4.18	B.K. Bose, N.R. Patel, K. Rajashekara, "A start-up method for a speed sensorless stator-flux-oriented vector-controlled induction motor drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 587-590, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper describes a zero-speed start-up method of a speed sensorless stator-flux-oriented direct vector-controlled induction motor drive with the help of a machine current model that does not use any speed signal. The machine starts smoothly with vector control at finite developed torque and then transitions to the standard direct vector-control mode with the voltage model signals as the speed begins to develop. The direct vector-control mode with voltage model uses programmable cascaded low-pass filters for flux-vector synthesis and enables the drive to operate from zero speed to field-weakening mode. As the drive speed falls to zero, the drive again transitions to start-up mode, so that it can be smoothly started again. The performance of the start-up scheme has been verified on a 100 kW electric vehicle drive
44.4.19	Dong-Choon Lee, G-Myoung Lee, "Linear control of inverter output voltage in overmodulation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 590-592, August 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A novel overmodulation strategy for space-vector pulsewidth modulated (PWM) inverters is proposed. The method, which increases the range of linear control of the output voltage by 10%, is based on Fourier series representation of the reference voltage

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volume 44, Number 5, Oct 1997 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

44.5.1	C. Aguilar, F. Canales, J. Arau, J. Sebastian, J. Uceda, "An integrated battery charger/discharger with power-factor correction," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 597-603, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Distributed power supply systems are an attractive solution to meeting the requirements (redundancy, modularity, battery backup, etc.) for the next generation of power supply systems. In addition, the normalization regarding power factor and total harmonic distortion (THD) makes it necessary to include power factor correction in the input stage in such architectures. This paper presents a novel approach of an integrated battery charger/discharger which offers power factor correction and battery galvanic isolation in a simple structure. Placing the battery in the primary side overcomes the need of galvanic isolation integration in each of the DC/DC on-board power converters when this topology is used as part of a distributed power supply system
44.5.2	W. Mielczarski, W.B. Lawrance, R. Nowacki, D.G. Holmes, "Harmonic current reduction in three-phase bridge-rectifier circuits using controlled current injection," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 604-611, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper describes the further development of the novel current-injection scheme devised by the authors for attenuating line current harmonics in bridge-rectifier circuits. The previous passive filters are replaced by controlled filters connected between the bridge-rectifier output and the star point of the power transformer secondary. These filters are used to inject controlled third harmonic currents into the transformer windings. Variations in bridge working conditions, due to changes in either load or bridge delay angle, lead to corresponding changes in the filter operating conditions if the harmonic attenuation is to remain optimal. The control law for the filters has been derived and the effectiveness of the new method confirmed by both simulation and laboratory tests
44.5.3	J.W. Dixon, G. Venegas, L.A. Moran, "A series active power filter based on a sinusoidal current-controlled voltage-source inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 612-620, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A series active power filter working as a sinusoidal current source, in-phase with the mains voltage, has been developed and tested. The amplitude of the fundamental current in the series filter is controlled through the error signal generated between the load voltage and a pre-established reference. The control allows an effective correction of power factor, harmonic distortion and load voltage regulation. Compared with previous methods of control developed for series active filters, this method is simpler to implement because it is only required to generate a sinusoidal current, in-phase with the mains voltage, the amplitude of which is controlled through the error in the load voltage. The proposed system has been studied analytically and tested using computer simulations and experiments. In the experiments, it has been verified that the filter keeps the line current almost sinusoidal and in-phase with the line voltage supply. It also responds very quickly under sudden changes in load conditions, reaching its steady-state in about two cycles of the fundamental
44.5.4	L.A. Moran, L. Fernandez, J.W. Dixon, R. Wallace, "A simple and low-cost control strategy for active power filters connected in cascade," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 621-629, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A simple and low-cost control strategy for active power filters implemented with pulsewidth modulation voltage-source inverters (PWM-VSIs) connected in cascade is presented and analyzed in this paper. The principal component of the control circuit is an INTEL 8031 AH microcontroller, which generates the current reference waveforms and respective switching patterns for each inverter. The switching pattern is obtained by using a vector control technique. The proposed active power filter consists of two PWM-VSIs, connected in cascade, each operating at a different switching frequency. This paper presents the proposed control strategy in terms of principles of operation, circuit design and implementation. Finally, predicted results are verified experimentally on a 10 kVA breadboard model
44.5.5	D.S.L. Simonetti, J. Sebastian, J. Uceda, "The discontinuous conduction mode Sepic and Cuk power factor preregulators: analysis and design," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 630-637, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Sepic and Cuk power converters working as power factor preregulators (PFP) in the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) present the following desirable characteristics for a PFP: (1) the power converter works as a voltage follower (no current loop is needed); (2) the theoretical power factor is unity; and (3) the input current ripple is defined at the design stage. Besides, input-output galvanic isolation is easily obtained. This paper analyzes the operation of both power converters as DCM-PFP. Design equations are derived, as well as a small-signal model to aid the control loop design. Both simulation and experimental results are presented that are in agreement with the theoretical analysis and complement the work
44.5.6	Tsai-Fu Wu, Te-Hung Yu, "Off-line applications with single-stage converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 638-647, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Offline applications with single-stage power converters (SSCs) are presented in this paper. The approach used in synthesizing the SSCs is first described, and their applications are then introduced. In addition, viable control strategies for the SSCs are addressed. The developed SSCs can fulfill multifunctions, such as input power factor correction, fast output regulation and lamp ballasting, and possess the merits of compact size, simple driver design and high reliability. Prototypes of SSCs, applied to an electronic dimming ballast and a DC regulator, are built which show high feasibility in such moderate power applications
44.5.7	Bo-Tao Lin, Yim-Shu Lee, "Power-factor correction using Cuk converters in discontinuous-capacitor-voltage mode operation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 648-653, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The characteristics of Cuk power converters in discontinuous-capacitor-voltage mode operation are studied. A Cuk power converter in this mode of operation is an inherent power-factor corrector and features soft turn-off switching. Simulation and experimental results are reported to verify the theoretical analysis. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of power factor correction circuits using Cuk power converters in discontinuous-inductor-current mode operation and Cuk power converters in discontinuous-capacitor-voltage mode operation are discussed
44.5.8	S. Wall, R. Jackson, "Fast controller design for single-phase power-factor correction systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 654-660, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A fast controller is presented for single-phase boost-type power factor correction circuits. The twice-line-frequency ripple component is removed from the measured output voltage with an adaptive estimator. This enables the closed-loop time constants and overshoots to be reduced by two orders of magnitude compared to traditional designs. The controller copes with considerable uncertainty in input voltage magnitude, line frequency and output capacitance. All sections of the control system are shown to be asymptotically stable. Experimental results are presented to verify the excellent dynamics and robust behavior of the design
44.5.9	T. Gupta, R.R. Boudreaux, R.M. Nelms, J.Y. Hung, "Implementation of a fuzzy controller for DC-DC converters using an inexpensive 8-b microcontroller," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 661-669, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents an implementation of a fuzzy controller for DC-DC power converters using an inexpensive 8-bit microcontroller. An “on-chip” analog-to-digital (A/D) converter and PWM generator eliminate the external components needed to perform these functions. Implementation issues include limited on-chip program memory of 2 kB, unsigned integer arithmetic and computational delay. The duty cycle for the DC-DC power converter can only be updated every eight switching cycles because of the time required for the A/D conversion and the control calculations. However, it is demonstrated here that stable responses can be obtained for both buck and boost power converters under these conditions. Another important result is that the same microcontroller code, without any modifications, can control both power converters because their behavior can be described by the same set of linguistic rules. The contribution shows that a nonlinear controller such as fuzzy logic can be inexpensively implemented with microcontroller technology
44.5.10	S.R. Bowes, Yen-Shin Lai, "The relationship between space-vector modulation and regular-sampled PWM," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 670-679, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The relationship between regular-sampled pulse-width modulation (PWM) and space-vector modulation for inverter drives is defined, and it is shown that, under certain circumstances, the two approaches are equivalent. The various possibilities of adding a zero-sequence component to the regular-sampled sinusoidal modulating wave are explored, and these effects are quantified. It is shown that this leads to “equal-null” pulse times, which extend the linear modulation range and simplify the microprocessor implementation
44.5.11	D. Grenier, L.-A. Dessaint, O. Akhrif, Y. Bonnassieux, B. Le Pioufle, "Experimental nonlinear torque control of a permanent-magnet synchronous motor using saliency," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 680-687, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, a new nonlinear control strategy is proposed for a permanent-magnet salient-pole synchronous motor. This control strategy simultaneously achieves accurate torque control and copper losses minimization without recurring to an internal current loop nor to any feedforward compensation. It takes advantage of the rotor saliency by allowing the current (i_d) to have nonzero values. This, in turn, allows us to increase the power factor of the machine and to raise the maximum admissible torque. We apply input-output linearization techniques where the inputs are the stator voltages and the outputs are the torque and a judiciously chosen new output. This new output insures a well-defined relative degree and is linked to the copper losses in such a way that, when forced to zero, it leads to maximum machine efficiency. The performance of our nonlinear controller is demonstrated by a real-time implementation using a digital signal processor (DSP) chip on a permanent-magnet salient-pole synchronous motor with sinusoidal flux distribution. The results are compared to the ones obtained with a scheme which forces the i_d current to zero
44.5.12	L.U. Gokdere, M.A. Simaan, "A passivity-based method for induction motor control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 688-695, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The control of an induction motor is a difficult problem, since the dynamics of the induction motor are nonlinear, the rotor electrical state variables (i.e., rotor fluxes or currents) are usually unavailable for measurement, and the motor parameters can vary significantly from their nominal values. The main purpose of this paper is to develop a control algorithm that forces the induction motor to track time-varying speed, position, and flux trajectories without knowledge of the rotor electrical state variables. To achieve this, a passivity-based method is developed. The key point with this method is the identification of terms, known as workless forces, which appear in the dynamic equations of the induction motor but do not have any effect on the energy balance equation of the induction motor. These terms do not influence the stability properties of the induction motor and, hence, there is no need to cancel them with feedback control. This leads to a simpler control structure and enhances the robustness of the control system. Experimental results show that the passivity-based method provides close tracking of time-varying speed, position, and flux trajectories without knowledge of the rotor electrical state variables
44.5.13	T. Sugimoto, T. Kawaguchi, "Development of an automatic Vickers hardness testing system using image processing technology," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 696-702, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The mechanical characteristics of machines or machine parts depend on the properties of the materials from which they are made. Hardness is an especially important index for machine design. The Vickers hardness number of a test material is defined by the surface area of the indentation made in the surface of a test specimen by a diamond pyramid indenter. Diagonal lines that indicate the indentation size are usually several micrometers to several hundred micrometers long, depending on the hardness of the material. Conventional automatic Vickers hardness testing systems have been applied only to specular-polished specimens. A new fully automatic Vickers hardness testing system has been developed that emulates visual Vickers hardness testing in terms of accuracy and that automatically sets the threshold level of the image processor to suit indentation image data. It can be applied not only to the testing of rough-polished specimens while meeting the measurement accuracy specified in Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) B 7725, but can also process one indentation within 20 s, including the indenting, focusing and image processing time
44.5.14	K. Kawasue, T. Ishimatsu, "3-D measurement of moving particles by circular image shifting," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 703-706, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new approach to the three-dimensional (3-D) measurement of position and velocity of moving particles is introduced. A single TV camera with an apparatus to add circular shift to the image enables us to record the 3-D movement of particles as spiral streaks on a single image. Every shape of the spiral streak on the image plane is related to the position and the velocity of the individual particle. The information about 3-D movement of particles is extracted from the image using an image processing technique. We applied the technique to the measurement of the 3-D water-flow field seeded with tracer particles in a test tank and obtained satisfactory results
44.5.15	T.W.S. Chow, Gon Fei, Siu-Yeung Cho, "Higher order cumulants-based least squares for nonminimum-phase systems identification," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 707-716, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A third-order cumulants based adaptive recursive least-squares (CRLS) algorithm for the identification of time-invariant nonminimum phase systems, as well as time-variant nonminimum phase systems, has been successfully developed. As higher order cumulants preserve both the magnitude and the phase information of received signals, they have been considered as powerful signal processing tools for nonminimum phase systems. In this paper, the development of the CRLS algorithm is described and examined. A cost function based on the third-order cumulant and the third-order cross cumulant is defined for the development of the CRLS system identification algorithm. The CRLS algorithm is then applied to different moving average (MA) and autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models. In the case of identifying the parameters of an MA model, a direct application of the CRLS algorithm is adequate. When dealing with an ARMA model, the poles and the zeros are estimated separately. In estimating the zeros of the ARMA model, the construction of a residual time-series sequence for the MA part is required. Simulation results indicate that the CRLS algorithm is capable of identifying nonminimum phase and time-varying systems. In addition, because of the third-order cumulant properties, the CRLS algorithm can suppress Gaussian noise and is capable of providing an unbiased estimate in a noisy environment
44.5.16	A. Besharati Rad, Wai Lun Lo, K.M. Tsang, "Self-tuning PID controller using Newton-Raphson search method," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 717-725, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new algorithm for self tuning of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers is proposed. A combined least-squares estimation and Newton-Raphson search technique is used to determine the ultimate gain and period of an unknown system for the purpose of automatic tuning of PID controllers based on Ziegler and Nichols (ZN) or refined Ziegler and Nichols (RZN) formulas. The proposed algorithm can be applied to systems with known time delay, as well as those with unknown dead time. Simulation studies are used to demonstrate the performance of this algorithm. The performance of this PID self tuner is also compared with a popular commercial auto-tuner for simulated systems and a laboratory-scale real plant
44.5.17	Ning Zhang, Chwan-Hwa Wu, "Study on adaptive job assignment for multiprocessor implementation of MPEG2 video encoding," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 726-734, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The high demand on computation performance by multimedia information processing such as digital video compression and decompression has made multiprocessor computation more and more popular. In this paper, we present our study on adaptive job assignment for multiprocessor implementation of a Motion Picture Expert Group 2 (MPEG2) video encoding algorithm. Data partitioning technique is used for job assignment to the processors in the multiprocessor environment to exploit the data structure adopted by the MPEG standard that divides a frame of a picture into macro blocks (MBs) which are processed independently during encoding. An adaptive data partitioning scheme is developed to cope with the inherent nonuniform spatial distribution of motion activities, such that the computation load distribution over processors is as uniform as possible, which helps improve the speedup of the whole multiprocessor system. Simulations with several video sequences have shown that, in comparison to its nonadaptive counterpart, the adaptive scheme can effectively improve the speedup of the multiprocessor system. In addition, the speedup scales well with the increase of the number of processors used in the computation
44.5.18	Yoon-Ho Lim, Yoon-Sang Kook, Yo Ko, "A new technique of reducing torque ripples for BDCM drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 735-739, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new technique of reducing torque ripples in inverter-fed brushless DC motor (BDCM) drives is proposed. The proposed technique reduces torque ripple components by controlling switching angles of the inverter. The simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed technique can reduce the torque ripples significantly and improve the performance of the system
44.5.19	Jia-Yush Yen, So-Zen Tsai, "A trajectory feedback control for the computer disk file track-accessing/following servo," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 739-741, Oct 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This letter presents the idea of using the distances along the time-optimal state trajectory for the feedback parameters in the computer disk file servo. The method allows smooth switching between saturated control efforts and can eliminate the common overshoot problem. Due to the nature of the feedback information, the method achieves both track accessing and track following with a single stage of control

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volume 44, Number 6, Dec 1997 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

44.6.1	N.K. Sinha, "Guest Editorial," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 745-745, Dec 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Not Available
44.6.2	Shuzhi S. Ge, C.C. Hang, L.C. Woon, "Adaptive neural network control of robot manipulators in task space ," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 746-752, Dec 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, the adaptive neural network control of robot manipulators in the task space is considered. The controller is developed based on a neural network modeling technique which neither requires the evaluation of inverse dynamical model nor the time-consuming training process. It is shown that, if Gaussian radial basis function networks are used, uniformly stable adaptation is assured and asymptotically tracking is achieved. The controller thus obtained does not require the inverse of the Jacobian matrix. In addition, robust control can be easily incorporated to suppress the neural network modeling errors and the bounded disturbances. Numerical simulations are provided to show the effectiveness of the approach
44.6.3	K. Kiguchi, T. Fukuda, "Intelligent position/force controller for industrial robot manipulators-application of fuzzy neural networks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 753-761, Dec 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: An intelligent controller, which consists of an intelligent planner and an adaptive fuzzy neural position/force controller, is proposed for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller deals with the human expert knowledge and skills for planning and control. In this paper, it is applied to the task of deburring with an unknown object. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is evaluated by computer simulations
44.6.4	Meng Joo Er, Kang Chew Liew, "Control of Adept One SCARA robot using neural networks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 762-768, Dec 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents an enhanced feedback error learning control (EFELC) strategy for an n-degree-of-freedom robotic manipulator. It covers the design and simulation study of the neural network-based controller for the manipulator with a view of tracking a predetermined trajectory of motion in the joint space. An industrial robotic manipulator, the Adept One Robot, was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The Adept One Robot was simulated as a three-axis manipulator with the dynamics of the tool (fourth link) neglected and the mass of the load incorporated into the mass of the third link. For simplicity, only the first two joints of the manipulator were considered in the simulation study. The overall performance of the control system under different conditions, namely, trajectory tracking, variations in trajectory and different initial weight values were studied and comparison made with the existing feedback error learning control strategy. The enhanced version was shown to outperform the existing method
44.6.5	J.H.R. Enslin, M.S. Wolf, D.B. Snyman, W. Swiegers, "Integrated photovoltaic maximum power point tracking converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 769-773, Dec 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A low-power low-cost highly efficient maximum power point tracker (MPPT) to be integrated into a photovoltaic (PV) panel is proposed. This can result in a 25% energy enhancement compared to a standard photovoltaic panel, while performing functions like battery voltage regulation and matching of the PV array with the load. Instead of using an externally connected MPPT, it is proposed to use an integrated MPPT converter as part of the PV panel. It is proposed that this integrated MPPT uses a simple controller in order to be cost effective. Furthermore, the power converter has to be very efficient, in order to transfer more energy to the load than a directly-coupled system. This is achieved by using a simple soft-switched topology. A much higher conversion efficiency at lower cost will then result, making the MPPT an affordable solution for small PV energy systems
44.6.6	J.M. Barnard, J.A. Ferreira, J.D. van Wyk, "Sliding transformers for linear contactless power delivery," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 774-779, Dec 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Contactless power delivery systems for mobile loads use transformers comprised of a core with a secondary winding sliding along an extended primary winding. The sliding transformer is identified as the most limiting component in the system and is analyzed by representing it as a special, multiturn power transmission line. Two performance parameters, namely the transmission line efficiency and system penalty factor, are introduced. It is shown that fundamental restrictions may limit the attainable performance of the system. The inductance of the primary winding is identified as a parameter which can be optimized to improve the system performance. Experimental results for a short- and a long-stroke transformer are presented
44.6.7	M.P.N. van Wesenbeeck, J.B. Klaasens, U. von Stockhausen, A. Munoz de Morales Anciola, S.S. Valtchev, "A multiple-switch high-voltage DC-DC converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 780-787, Dec 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Series connection of power devices has evolved into a mature technique and is widely applied in HV DC power systems. Static and dynamic voltage balance is ensured by shunting individual devices with dissipative snubbers. The snubber losses become pronounced for increased operating frequencies and adversely affect power density. Capacitive snubbers do not exhibit these disadvantages, but they require a zero-voltage switching mode. Super-resonant power converters facilitate the principle of zero-voltage switching. A high-voltage DC-DC power converter with multiple series-connected devices is proposed. It allows the application of nondissipating snubbers to assist the voltage sharing between the multiple series-connected devices and lowers turnoff losses. Simulation results obtained with a circuit simulator are validated in an experimental power converter operating with two series-connected devices. The behavior of the series connection is examined for MOSFETs and IGBTs by both experimental work with a 2 kW prototype and computer simulation. Applications can be found in traction and heavy industry, where the soft-switching power converter is directly powered from a high-voltage source
44.6.8	Wai Keung Mo, D.K.W. Cheng, Y.S. Lee, "Simple approximations of the DC flux influence on the core loss power electronic ferrites and their use in design of magnetic components ," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 788-799, Dec 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The effect of DC flux on the core loss is examined for the practical range of power and frequency. Relevant core loss equations are derived and applied to an optimization algorithm to determine the minimum core loss at a given ratio of s (DC flux density to AC peak flux density). It has been found that the curves of hysteresis loss density versus the ratio of s exhibit a peak at a critical ratio. Below or above this critical ratio, the loss density decreases drastically. On the other hand, the curves of eddy-current loss density versus the ratio of s exhibits a minimum point at a critical ratio. Below or above this critical ratio, the loss density increases gradually
44.6.9	Tzu-Shien Chuang, C. Pollock, "Robust speed control of a switched reluctance vector drive using variable structure approach," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 800-808, Dec 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The robust speed control of a switched reluctance vector drive is presented in this paper. An approximate sliding-mode input power controller and another feedforward sliding-mode speed controller are combined with space voltage vector modulation. The resultant drive has rapid and robust speed response. In addition, a switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive incorporating the proposed controller requires only one current sensor and can be implemented in a low-cost 8-bit microcomputer and a few discrete integrated circuits. Furthermore, the controller does not require any offline characterization of the motor or load characteristics and could easily be applied to SRMs with any number of phase windings. A 4 kW four-phase SRM drive is constructed to test the performance of the controller. The results show that a step response from 200 to 1980 RPM needs only 2-3 s, even when driving a high-inertia load, and that the speed error can be controlled below 1%, even under unknown and dynamic loads. It is concluded that modified sliding-made controllers are effective in dealing with the highly-nonlinear characteristics of the SRM drive system
44.6.10	Jae Ho Chang, Byung Kook Kim, "Minimum-time minimum-loss speed control of induction motors under field-oriented control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 809-815, Dec 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new minimum-time minimum-loss speed control algorithm for induction motors is suggested to obtain high performance, as well as high efficiency, under field-oriented control with practical constraints on voltage and current. This algorithm utilizes a two-stage control. In the transient stage, a maximum torque control algorithm is utilized to get the minimum-time response. In the steady state, a minimum-loss control algorithm is applied to improve the efficiency. Simulation studies show the performance of the proposed minimum-time minimum-loss control algorithm under field-oriented control
44.6.11	R.A. Boie, W. Turin, "Noise-limited reading of bar codes," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 816-824, Dec 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The ubiquitous supermarket checkout scanner is a well-engineered and effective device. Existing scanners rely on simple and low-cost signal processing to interpret bar-code signals, which imposes restrictions on the system noise power that they can tolerate. In this paper, the authors describe the relationships between engineering parameters of the system that limit reader performance. If the combined noise is Gaussian, they show that the reader error probability depends on a single parameter, which they call a timing signal-to-noise ratio
44.6.12	V.D. Kapsalis, S.A. Koubias, G.D. Papadopoulps, "Implementation of a MAC-layer protocol (GIT-CSMA/CD) for industrial LAN's and its experimental performance," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 825-839, Dec 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper describes the pilot implementation of a local area network by using a hybrid medium access control (MAC) layer protocol, called group implicit token-carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (GIT-CSMA/CD) developed for hard real-time industrial local area networks (LANs). This protocol outperforms standard CSMA/CD and token-passing protocols, as well as other hybrid protocols, in terms of mean and maximum packet delays versus throughput. Also, GIT-CSMA/CD offers bounded packet delay and a great degree of adaptation to the varying requirements imposed by the user applications. A seven-node pilot network was set up and its experimental performance evaluated. The implementation of the network node is based on the existing microcontroller technology (INTEL 80C3152 Communication Controller) and field programmable gate array (FPGA) logic (XILINX XC3190). The measurements carried out in real time on a 1-Mb/s LAN yielded reproducible results. The comparison between the experimental and the simulation results showed excellent agreement
44.6.13	Zheng Luo, Chwan-Hwa Wu, "A unit decomposition technique using fuzzy logic for real-time handwritten Chinese character recognition," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 840-847, Dec 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to provide a real-time compact device for inputting handwritten characters to mobile personal digital assistants (PDAs). A novel method for the recognition of online handwritten Chinese characters is presented, giving emphasis to the representation of the patterns using fuzzy logic. The information contained in a character, including shapes of individual strokes and their relative spatial relations, is examined by inference of fuzzy rule base, and the fuzzified representation is organized in a matrix structure. It is well known that Chinese characters are comprised of a set of basic units, representing fundamental meanings. Hence, a unit extraction module is designed to search the possible units within characters. The input character object is recognized by a combination of units with the largest fuzzy confidence degree. The training capability, which provides the unit model set, is performed using the qualitative fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. An experimental system is implemented that achieves a real-time recognition rate of about 95% with a test set of 550 characters and two cases for each character written by six users. The experimental system has an average real-time recognition speed of 0.5 s/character. The presented approach shows the following two significant advantages over other methods: (1) less training time; and (2) less storage required to store character models. These are two crucial factors in designing PDA devices for mobile communication
44.6.14	A. de la Escalera, L.E. Moreno, M.A. Salichs, J.M. Armingol, "Road traffic sign detection and classification," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 848-859, Dec 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A vision-based vehicle guidance system for road vehicles can have three main roles: (1) road detection; (2) obstacle detection; and (3) sign recognition. The first two have been studied for many years and with many good results, but traffic sign recognition is a less-studied field. Traffic signs provide drivers with very valuable information about the road, in order to make driving safer and easier. The authors think that traffic signs most play the same role for autonomous vehicles. They are designed to be easily recognized by human drivers mainly because their color and shapes are very different from natural environments. The algorithm described in this paper takes advantage of these features. It has two main parts. The first one, for the detection, uses color thresholding to segment the image and shape analysis to detect the signs. The second one, for the classification, uses a neural network. Some results from natural scenes are shown
44.6.15	K. Vasudevan, P.S. Rao, K.S. Rao, "Correction To Authors'-Reply To "discussion On "simulation Of Power Electronic Circuits Using Sparse Matrix Techniques"," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 860-860, Dec 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Not Available
44.6.16	"1997 Index IEEE Transactions On Industrial Electronics Vol. 44," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1-15, Dec 1997. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Not Available