IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volume 42, Number 1, Feb 1995 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

42.1.1	T. Kajima, Y. Kawamura, "Development of a high-speed solenoid valve: investigation of solenoids," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 1-8, Feb 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The authors have developed a high-speed solenoid valve with a 1 ms switching time to control diesel engines electronically. In this paper, the authors focused their attention on developing the solenoid itself, investigating methods to be used for the fast operation of the solenoid valve. First, by using a mathematical model, they quantitatively examined the effects of design particulars, such as the dimensions of the solenoids and the number of turns of coil, on the switching time. According to the results obtained by the above examinations, they studied an effective method for fast switching. Next, they investigated appropriate and comprehensive methods that would satisfy given specifications under the various restrictions inherent in the solenoid valve's operation. In the final stage, they manufactured solenoid valves in accordance with the investigated methods, and evaluated their performance
42.1.2	T.H. Lee, T.S. Low, J.X. Xu, H.K. Lim, "Offset-free combined neural network/switching control for nonlinear servomechanisms with DSP-based implementation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 9-16, Feb 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, we present a combined neural network/switching controller which is shown to provide offset-free regulation and control in the presence of disturbances. The controller is applicable to nonlinear servomechanisms of the type commonly encountered in motion control. In the paper, the properties of the controller are discussed and the implementation of the overall control system using a microcomputer host with a digital signal processor (DSP) accelerator is described. The paper also includes the results of real-time experiments in applying the proposed controller for position control of a nonlinear servomechanism which provides experimental verification of the effectiveness of the proposed method
42.1.3	Tian-Hua Liu, "A maximum torque control with a controlled capacitor for a single-phase induction motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 17-24, Feb 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a new method to achieve a maximum torque for a single-phase induction motor. An AC adjustable capacitor using an electronic switch in parallel with a capacitor is proposed. The capacitor is short-circuited in a different period by an electronic switch during each cycle to vary the effective value of the AC capacitor. Two new optimization algorithms, which obtain a maximum starting torque by adjusting the effective capacitor, are proposed. No starting capacitor or centrifugal switch is used here. A theoretical analysis, and simulated and experimental results are presented in this paper
42.1.4	Y.S. Kung, C.M. Liaw, M.S. Ouyang, "Adaptive speed control for induction motor drives using neural networks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 25-32, Feb 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, the adaptive speed control of induction motor drives using neural networks is presented. To obtain good tracking and regulating control characteristics, a digital two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) controller is adopted and a design procedure is developed for systematically finding its parameters according to prescribed specifications. The parameters of the controller corresponding to various drive parameter sets are found off-line and used as the training patterns to estimate the connection weights of neural networks, Under normal operation, the true drive parameters are real-time identified and they are converted into the controller parameters through multilayer forward computation by neural networks. The parameters of the 2DOF controller can be adapted to match the desired specifications under various operating conditions
42.1.5	A.-R. A.M. Makky, G.M. Abdel-Rahim, N.A. El-Latif, "A novel DC chopper drive for a single-phase induction motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 33-39, Feb 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The paper presents a new drive for single-phase induction motors. This drive employs a DC chopper circuit with a diode bridge rectifier connected with the stator in a nonconventional fashion. The speed of the single-phase induction motor is controlled by controlling the chopping frequency of the chopper switch. The attractive feature of the drive is that it effects both frequency and phase-angle control simultaneously. The drive performance has received both theoretical and experimental investigation
42.1.6	E. Ho, P.C. Sen, "High-performance decoupling control techniques for various rotating field machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 40-49, Feb 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a comparative study of different field-oriented rotating-field machines, including squirrel cage induction machines, series-connected wound rotor induction machines, and synchronous machines. Evaluation of various field-oriented rotating-field machines for high-performance applications is presented. The concept of torque linearization and decoupling control is studied and compared for the various field-oriented motors. Computer simulations, experimental results and space phasor diagrams are employed to illustrate the dynamics of decoupling control for the various field-oriented-control (FOC) systems. The control complexity and parameter sensitivity of various FOC drive motors are compared
42.1.7	A. Matsushita, T. Tsuchiya, "Decoupled preview control system and its application to induction motor drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 50-57, Feb 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper shows that optimal preview control system approaches to a decoupled preview control system as the weighting factors for the control input variables in the quadratic performance index tend towards zero. Therefore, to examine the characteristics of the decoupled preview control system also means to examine the asymptotic characteristics of the optimal preview control system. By this property, relationships between the design parameters and the response of the optimal preview control system become clear and the design of the optimal preview control can be simplified by utilizing the properties that the decoupled preview control system features. Further, the decoupled preview control method is applied to the vector control system for an induction motor drive. By this application, a trade off between the conditions of the vector control and the magnitude of input variables becomes easy. To demonstrate the significance of this proposed method, simulation results of this application are carried out
42.1.8	O. Vainio, S.J. Ovaska, "Noise reduction in zero crossing detection by predictive digital filtering," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 58-62, Feb 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A simple combination of nonlinear and linear digital signal processing methods is proposed for efficient noise reduction in zero crossing detectors. The method is very robust against strong impulsive noise, typically encountered in thyristor power converters, where reliable zero crossing detection is required for firing synchronization. A systematic design procedure is described for the proposed filter-based synchronization method, taking into account the specified line frequency tolerance. The fully digital signal processing approach allows compact implementations, and supports flexible interfacing to digital motor control systems
42.1.9	J.A. Sabate, M.M. Jovanovic, F.C. Lee, R.T. Gean, "Analysis and design-optimization of LCC resonant inverter for high-frequency AC distributed power system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 63-71, Feb 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The analysis and design of an LCC resonant inverter for a 20 kHz AC distributed power system are presented. Several resonant converter topologies are assessed to determine their suitability for high efficiency power conversion, under resistive and reactive loads. Two LCC-resonant inverter designs were implemented. One with all switches operating with zero voltage switching (ZVS), and another with two switches operating with ZVS and two switches with zero current switching (ZCS). The experimental results are presented along with a performance comparison of the two versions
42.1.10	M. Kazerani, Zhong-Chao Zhang, Boon-Teck Ooi, "Linearly controllable boost voltages from Tri-Level PWM current-source inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 72-77, Feb 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The peak line-to-line inverter AC voltage, in general, cannot exceed the supply DC voltage and transformers have to be used when voltage step-up is required. This paper describes how the necessity of using a Tri-Level PWM strategy in the current source inverter can be turned into an advantage by producing a voltage boost so that transformers are no longer required. During the frequent occurrence of the “shoot-through” states, which is the characteristic of the Tri-Level PWM-controlled inverter, magnetic energy builds up in the DC link inductor. At the end of these periods, the L_dcdI_dc/dt voltage across the inductor augments the inverter output voltage in the same way as in the basic boost type DC/DC power converter. The paper describes the circuitry required to ensure linear control. Analytical, simulation, and experimental results are given. Applications are found in all instances where the AC voltage is higher than the available supply DC voltage
42.1.11	A. Radun, "An alternative low-cost current-sensing scheme for high-current power electronics circuits," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 78-84, Feb 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A lightweight and low-cost current sensor for application in high-current, high-frequency inverters and power converters is described. The current sensor consists of three elements. The first is a Rogowski coil, also known as a Maxwell Worm, which is a nonmagnetic toroid wound like an inductor. The output voltage at the open terminals of this winding is proportional to the time derivative of the current flowing in a conductor passing through the toroid. The second element of the sensor is an integrator which has as its input the output of the Rogowski coil. The third element of the sensor is a circuit to reset the integrator to zero whenever the current through the Rogowski coil is known to be zero. Resetting the integrator prevents the error generated by the integration of offset voltages and biases, which cannot be avoided in practical integrators, from becoming unacceptably large. For the case of a semiconductor switch, the current through the switch is known to be zero when the switch is gated off. The results presented using this current sensing scheme demonstrate its feasibility for use in high-power motor drive applications. The sensor has its largest advantage for measuring currents with peak values greater than 50 A and with switching frequencies greater than 1 kHz
42.1.12	Shiguo Luo, Zhencheng Hou, "An adaptive detecting method for harmonic and reactive currents," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 85-89, Feb 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The conventional detecting methods for power system harmonic and reactive currents have various limitations. Based on adaptive interference canceling theory, a new adaptive detecting method for harmonic and reactive currents is presented, the corresponding detection system is developed, and experiments are performed which verify the feasibility of the method proposed. The new real-time detecting method is useful for dynamic compensation equipment such as active power filters, static VAr compensators, etc
42.1.13	On-Cheong Mak, Yue-Chung Wong, A. Ioinovici, "Step-up DC power supply based on a switched-capacitor circuit," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 90-97, Feb 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new step-up DC-to-DC power converter with high power density is presented. It contains no inductors or transformers. The controlled energy transfer from an unregulated voltage source to a regulated output voltage is realized through a switched-capacitor circuit. The operation of the switches in the power stage is dictated by a PWM-type feedback circuit. The new regulator is simulated by using an averaged state-space approach. The transient and steady-state waveforms, as well as the AC small-signal input-to-output and control-to-output transfer functions are obtained by both simulation and experiments. The power supply, implemented for a nominal power of 15 W, and input-to-output voltage ratio of 5/12, features high efficiency for this class of powers, small output voltage ripple, continuous input current, low weight and small size
42.1.14	F. Mihalic, K. Jezernik, K. Krischan, M. Rentmeister, "IGBT SPICE model," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 98-105, Feb 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: During the last few years, great progress in the development of new power semiconductor devices has been made. The new generation of power semiconductors is capable of conducting more current and blocking higher voltage. The IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) is an outgrowth of power MOSFET technology. More like a MOSFET than a bipolar transistor in structure, the IGBT has some of the electrical characteristics of both. Like a MOSFET, the gate of the IGBT is isolated, and drive power is very low. The on-state conduction voltage of an IGBT is similar to that of a bipolar transistor. However, SPICE users are constantly faced with the inability to analyze circuits that contain devices that are not in the SPICE library of the semiconductor models. With the authors' own computer program, a complete macromodel of the IGBT for the SPICE simulator has been computed. In this paper, a complete IGBT SPICE macromodel is described and verified with experimental results
42.1.15	K. Balasubramanian, "A flash ADC with reduced complexity," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 106-108, Feb 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: An architecture for a flash ADC, with reduced circuit complexity is proposed. The design of this ADC is module oriented; a k,n-bit ADC is developed by just cascading k number of n-b flash modules. Making use of the proposed design approach, high resolution converters of 24 b and 32 b could easily be implemented with the low resolution flash modules
42.1.16	D. Czarkowski, L.R. Pujara, M.K. Kazimierczuk, "Robust stability of state-feedback control of PWM DC-DC push-pull converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 108-111, Feb 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A state-feedback control strategy was recently used to design a pulse-width modulated (PWM) power converter which accommodates disturbances as long as the system remains stable. A robust stability analysis of the closed-loop PWM push-pull DC-DC power converter with a state feedback is presented by using the Kharitonov theorem

Volume 42, Number 2, April 1995 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

42.2.1	Weibing Gao, Yufu Wang, A. Homaifa, "Discrete-time variable structure control systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 117-122, April 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a treatment of discrete variable structure control systems. The purpose is to lay a foundation upon which design of such type of systems can be made properly. Phenomena of switching, reaching, and quasi-sliding mode are investigated thoroughly. Terms pertaining to discrete variable structure control are defined. A method of quasi-sliding mode design is given. The inherently existing quasi-sliding mode band is analyzed. A recently introduced “reaching law approach” is conveniently used to develop the control law for robust control. Comments are given regarding chattering. The design technique is illustrated by a simulated system
42.2.2	T. Murakami, N. Oda, Y. Miyasaka, K. Ohnishi, "A motion control strategy based on equivalent mass matrix in multidegree-of-freedom manipulator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 123-130, April 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper describes a decoupling motion control strategy based on an equivalent mass matrix in operational space. In the conventional approach, the equivalent mass matrix is defined as a function of Jacobian matrix and inertia of manipulator. Therefore, it is difficult to know the variation of the equivalent mass matrix precisely and to select it arbitrarily. This makes it difficult to realize the decoupling motion controller in the operational space. To improve the above problem, the authors introduce a robust control strategy based on a disturbance observer. In the observer-based approach, the equivalent mass matrix is determined arbitrarily independently of configuration and inertia variation of the manipulator. First, the equivalent mass matrix based on robust control is derived. Second, a simplification method of an operational space controller is discussed by using the equivalent mass matrix. Several experimental results are shown to confirm the validity of the proposed methods
42.2.3	P.V. Goode, Mo-yuen Chow, "Using a neural/fuzzy system to extract heuristic knowledge of incipient faults in induction motors. Part I-Methodology," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 131-138, April 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The use of electric motors in industry is extensive. These motors are exposed to a wide variety of environments and conditions which age the motor and make it subject to incipient faults. These incipient faults, if left undetected, contribute to the degradation and eventual failure of the motors. Artificial neural networks have been proposed and have demonstrated the capability of solving the motor monitoring and fault detection problem using an inexpensive, reliable, and noninvasive procedure. However, the major drawback of conventional artificial neural network fault detection is the inherent black box approach that can provide the correct solution, but does not provide heuristic interpretation of the solution. Engineers prefer accurate fault detection as well as the heuristic knowledge behind the fault detection process. Fuzzy logic is a technology that can easily provide heuristic reasoning while being difficult to provide exact solutions. The authors introduce the methodology behind a novel hybrid neural/fuzzy system which merges the neural network and fuzzy logic technologies to solve fault detection problems. They also discuss a training procedure for this neural/fuzzy fault detection system. This procedure is used to determine the correct solutions while providing qualitative, heuristic knowledge about the solutions
42.2.4	P.V. Goode, Mo-Yuen Chow, "Using a neural/fuzzy system to extract heuristic knowledge of incipient faults in induction motors: Part II-Application," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 139-146, April 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The use of electric motors in industry is extensive. These motors are exposed to a wide variety of environments and conditions which age the motor and make it subject to incipient faults. These incipient faults, if left undetected, contribute to the degradation and eventual failure of the motors. This paper uses a hybrid neural/fuzzy fault detector to solve the motor fault detection problem. As an illustration, the neural/fuzzy fault detector is used to monitor the condition of a motor bearing and stator winding insulation. The initialization and training of this fault detector is in accordance with the procedures outlined in Part I of this paper. Once the neural/fuzzy fault detector is trained, the detector not only can provide accurate fault detector performance, but can also provide the heuristic reasoning behind the fault detection process and the actual motor fault conditions. With better understanding of the heuristics through the use of fuzzy rules and fuzzy membership functions, a better understanding of the fault detection process of the system is available, thus better motor protection systems can be designed
42.2.5	P. Payeur, Hoang Le-Huy, C.M. Gosselin, "Trajectory prediction for moving objects using artificial neural networks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 147-158, April 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A method to predict the trajectory of moving objects in a robotic environment in real-time is proposed and evaluated. The position, velocity, and acceleration of the object are estimated by several neural networks using the six most recent measurements of the object coordinates as inputs. The architecture of the neural nets and the training algorithm are presented and discussed. Simulation results obtained for both 2D and 3D cases are presented to illustrate the performance of the prediction algorithm. Real-time implementation of the neural networks is considered. Finally, the potential of the proposed trajectory prediction method in various applications is discussed
42.2.6	Bum-Seok Suh, Dong-Seok Hyun, "A new gate drive circuit for high-speed operation of GTO thyristors ," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 159-163, April 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a new gate turn-off drive circuit for GTO thyristors, which can accomplish faster turn-off switching for high-speed operation of the GTO. The switching characteristics of GTO's can be improved by use of the gate drive circuit that is able to make a very high rate of the negative gate current. The major disadvantage of the conventional gate turn-off driving technique is that it has a difficulty in realizing higher negative di_G/dt due to the maximum reverse gate-cathode voltage and the stray inductances within the gate turn-off drive circuit. This paper shows that this problem can be overcome by adding another gate turn-off drive circuit to the conventional gate turn-off drive circuit. Simulation and experimental results in conjunction with chopper circuit verify the performance of the proposed gate drive circuit
42.2.7	H. Kutsukake, Y. Tanno, "High-frequency oscillation parametric current sensor with feedback loop," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 164-168, April 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper deals with a noncontact current sensor that operates from DC to high frequency. This sensor utilizes the phenomenon of parametric oscillation, whereby the parametric oscillation voltage is amplitude-modulated by the magnetic field of the measured current. The proposed sensor has been operated closed loop up to 3 kHz for measured current and as expected has better performance characteristics than the open loop version. In this paper, we describe the features of this novel current sensor and ways to extend the high-frequency limit. Experimental results are given to support the theoretical analysis
42.2.8	C. Rossi, A. Tonielli, "Robust current controller for three-phase inverter using finite-state automaton," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 169-178, April 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A novel feedback current controller for a three-phase load driven by a power inverter is proposed. The main design specifications are robustness to load electrical parameters, fast dynamical response, reduced switching frequency, and simple hardware implementation. To meet previous specifications a multi-variable hysteresis type controller is proposed, designed as a finite-state automaton and implemented with a programmable logic device. After a general introduction, system analysis is performed, control targets are specified, and the proposed control strategy is presented and discussed. Further, actual controller architecture, based on simple analog-logic hardware, is shown and experimental results are presented using an induction motor as the inverter load. However, this does not limit the wider applicability of the proposed controller that is suitable for different types of three-phase AC loads
42.2.9	Do-Hyun Jang, Gyu-Ha Choe, "Improvement of input power factor in AC choppers using asymmetrical PWM technique," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 179-185, April 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: An asymmetrical pulse width modulated (APWM) control technique for AC choppers is proposed to improve the input power factor. The switching function for the proposed technique is derived and hence converted into the asymmetrical PWM waveform for practical implementation of an AC chopper. Through digital simulation several characteristics are investigated theoretically and then compared with those of the conventional PWM control technique. The proposed strategy is simplified to an approximate APWM which can be realized by the analog circuit. Practical verification of the theoretical predictions is presented to confirm the capabilities of the proposed technique
42.2.10	Yan-Fei Liu, P.C. Sen, Shi-Peng Huang, "Function control-a novel strategy to achieve improved performance of the DC-to-DC switching regulators," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 186-191, April 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The control strategy of the DC-to-DC switching converters is studied to obtain the switching regulators with zero-voltage regulation. A novel control strategy, the function control, is presented for the DC-to-DC switching converters to achieve this objective. The control law and the corresponding feedback are derived directly from the equations governing the switching converters. With the function control strategy presented in the paper, the switching regulators become robust, i.e., the output is independent of the disturbances from either the supply voltage or the load and exhibits other desirable advantages. The strategy is applicable to all the four basic PWM converters, i.e., buck, boost, buck-boost, and Cuk. The analysis is confirmed by experiments and computer simulations
42.2.11	G.C.D. Sousa, B.K. Bose, J.G. Cleland, "Fuzzy logic based on-line efficiency optimization control of an indirect vector-controlled induction motor drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 192-198, April 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Improvement of adjustable speed drive system efficiency is important not only from the viewpoints of energy saving and cooling system operation, but also from the broad perspective of environmental pollution. The paper describes a fuzzy logic based on-line efficiency optimization control of a drive that uses an indirect vector controlled induction motor speed control system in the inner loop. At steady-state light-load condition, a fuzzy controller adaptively decrements the excitation current on the basis of measured input power such that, for a given load torque and speed, the drive settles down to the minimum input power, i.e., operates at maximum efficiency. The low-frequency pulsating torque due to decrementation of rotor flux is compensated in a feedforward manner. If the load torque or speed command changes, the efficiency search algorithm is abandoned and the rated flux is established to get the best transient response. The drive system with the proposed efficiency optimization controller has been simulated with lossy models of the converter and machine, and its performance has been thoroughly investigated. An experimental drive system with the proposed controller implemented on a TMS320C25 digital signal processor, has been tested in the laboratory to validate the theoretical development
42.2.12	M.K. Kazimierczuk, A. Abdulkarim, "Current-source parallel-resonant DC/DC converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 199-208, April 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper introduces, analyzes, and experimentally verifies a novel DC/DC converter called the current-source parallel-resonant converter. The converter consists of a large choke inductor, two switches, and a parallel-resonant circuit. Each switch consists of a MOSFET in series with a diode. It has a nonpulsating input current with a very low AC ripple. The MOSFETs are driven with respect to ground and, therefore, have a simple gate-drive circuit. The analysis of the converter is carried out in the frequency domain using Fourier series techniques. Analytical expressions are derived for performance parameters of the converter. A prototype of the converter circuit was designed, built, and tested. The theoretical results were in good agreement with the experimental results
42.2.13	C.M. Liaw, S.Y. Cheng, "Fuzzy two-degrees-of-freedom speed controller for motor drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 209-216, April 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A fuzzy two-degrees-of-freedom (2-DOF) controller and its application to the speed control of an induction motor drive are presented in this paper. The proposed controller is composed of two fuzzy controllers to obtain good tracking and regulating responses. Unlike the conventional fuzzy controller, the error between the outputs of a reference model and the controlled drive is used to drive the proposed fuzzy controller. The drive rotor speed response can closely follow the trajectory produced by the reference model, and good load speed regulating response can also be obtained simultaneously owing to the possession of two-degrees-of-freedom in structure. Moreover, these performances are rather insensitive to the operating condition changes. The dynamic signal analysis as well as the construction of fuzzy control algorithms are described in detail. Some simulated and measured results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy controller
42.2.14	S.P. Chan, "Comments on “A neural network compensator for uncertainties of robotics manipulators”," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 217-218, April 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: It is shown in this letter that the function of the neural network compensator proposed in the original paper is redundant. Perfect rejection of both structured and unstructured uncertainties in the robot dynamic model can be achieved directly without the compensator

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volume 42, Number 3, June 1995 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

42.3.1	Long-Sheng Fan, H.H. Ottesen, T.C. Reiley, R.W. Wood, "Magnetic recording-head positioning at very high track densities using a microactuator-based, two-stage servo system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 222-233, June 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The storage capacities and areal densities found in magnetic disk drives are increasing very rapidly. Data is recorded in ever-narrower tracks which must be followed with extreme precision. Also, the advent of portable applications exposes these smaller drives to higher levels of vibration and shock. A description is given of the many factors which contribute to recording track misregistration (TMR) in today's drives. The mechanics of the drive and actuator and the architecture of the servo control system are also described. A projection is made for the TMR sensitivities and control system at an areal density of 10 Gb/in², having roughly 25000 tracks/in. A two-stage servo may be needed to achieve such track densities. This would comprise a high bandwidth microactuator for rapid position corrections of the recording head, coupled with a conventional actuator. The characteristics of such a microactuator are discussed, and operational examples of fabricated electroplated microactuators, driven electrostatically, are shown. The mechanical behavior of the devices and some of the factors which would affect their implementation are also described
42.3.2	D.K. Miu, Yu-Chong Tai, "Silicon micromachined SCALED technology," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 234-239, June 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Silicon micromachining technology will play an important role in the fabrication of high-bandwidth servo controlled microelectromechanical (mechatronic) components for super-compact disk drives. At the University of California, Los Angeles, and the California Institute of Technology, for the last three years, we have initiated a number of industry-supported joint research projects to develop the necessary technology building blocks for an integrated drive design of the future. These efforts include a silicon read/write head microgimbal with integrated electrical and mechanical interconnects, which targets the next-generation 30% form factor pico-sliders, and an electromagnetic piggyback microactuator in super-high-track-density applications, both of which utilize state-of-the-art silicon micromachining fabrication techniques
42.3.3	S. Weerasooriya, D.T. Phan, "Discrete-time LQG/LTR design and modeling of a disk drive actuator tracking servo system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 240-247, June 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents the discrete-time LQG/LTR design of a disk drive track following servo system. The servo compensator designed through linear-quadratic Gaussian control combined with loop transfer recovery (LQG/LTR) consists of a Kalman filter for state estimation and state feedback for control. The desired tracking servo performance is first formulated through a frequency shaped return ratio of the Kalman filter and subsequently recovered at the output of the plant/compensator loop through the automatic design of a discrete-time linear quadratic (LQ) regulator. Particular attention has been given to modeling the calculation time delay and bias force estimation. The excellent robustness and performance characteristics of a continuous time LQG/LTR design are theoretically unachievable due to the extremely low sampling rate and nonminimum phase plant characteristics. However, both time and frequency domain simulations show that reasonable stability margins and performance can still be recovered. This technique nearly eliminates all the trial and error typical of a conventional pole placement design of a similar system. The direct discrete-time design can handle extremely low sampling rates associated with embedded servo systems. The technique can also be used for designing multi-rate and multi-input servo systems
42.3.4	T.H. Lee, T.S. Low, A. Al-Mamun, C.H. Tan, "Internal model control (IMC) approach for designing disk drive servo-controller," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 248-256, June 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a design procedure for disk drive servomechanism using an internal model control (IMC) structure. A typical disk drive actuator can be modeled as second order dynamics for low frequencies. However the response at higher frequencies shows resonant behavior which is difficult to model. We discuss the use of IMC structure for designing servo-controllers for disk drives. In this method, a second order nominal model of the plant is used to design an H ₂-optimal controller to attain minimum integral-error-square (ISE) performance. Then to maintain robust stability at higher frequencies, sufficient roll-off at such frequencies is provided by an H _∞ optimization procedure. Here, the H₂-optimal control is augmented by a low pass filter with sufficient high-frequency roll-off to ensure robust stability and robust performance. A multiplicative uncertainty bound is defined using the data of the disk drive servo plant's frequency response and the response of the nominal model, and this is then used to decide robust stability and robust performance bounds. Tuning of only one parameter of the IMC filter makes this design method easy and convenient. Simulation results for the designed controller are presented
42.3.5	Y. Kaneda, "Advanced optical disk mastering and its application for extremely high-density magnetic recording," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 257-262, June 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: As the demand for recording density becomes stronger, mastering technology becomes more important along with its level of mechanical precision. To visualize such an important technology, the author presents one of the latest examples of optical disk mastering technologies in the application of preembossed magnetic disks. The preembossed magnetic disks have emerged from the integration of two existing technologies: one is magnetic recording technology and the other is optical disk technology. The effect of precision machining for such development is described in detail, along with suggested possible directions of further development in precision mechatronics
42.3.6	J. Holtz, "The representation of AC machine dynamics by complex signal flow graphs," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 263-271, June 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Induction motors are modeled by nonlinear higher-order dynamic systems of considerable complexity. The dynamic analysis based on the complex notation exhibits a formal correspondence to the description using matrices of axes-oriented components; yet differences exist. The complex notation appears superior in that it allows the distinguishing between the system eigenfrequencies and the angular velocity of a reference frame which serves as the observation platform. The approach leads to the definition of single complex eigenvalues that do not have conjugate values associated with them. The use of complex state variables further permits the visualization of AC machine dynamics by complex signal flow graphs. These simple structures assist to form an understanding of the internal dynamic processes of a machine and their interactions with external controls
42.3.7	Y. Fujimoto, A. Kawamura, "Robust servo-system based on two-degree-of-freedom control with sliding mode," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 272-280, June 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A robust servo system, based on a combination of linear robust control and sliding mode control is proposed. This new control system can be said to be a nonlinear system (sliding mode control system) which has a inner loop of linear control (two-degree-of-freedom control). Due to this inner loop of linear control, a disturbance is strongly suppressed but not completely. Then, the outer loop of sliding mode control eliminates this disturbance suppression error. In this paper, a linear robust-servo design of two-degree-of-freedom control system is shown. Sliding mode control is applied to this system and the disturbance suppression characteristics are discussed. Through simulations and experiments, it is proved that the introduction of nonlinear control (sliding mode) drastically improves the disturbance suppression characteristics of a linear system (two-degree-of-freedom control)
42.3.8	Yu-Sheng Lu, Jian-Shiang Chen, "Design of a perturbation estimator using the theory of variable-structure systems and its application to magnetic levitation systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 281-289, June 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A perturbation estimator using the theory of variable structure systems is proposed to enhance the robustness of a pole-placement controller design. In its ideal form, the pole-placement design using feedback-linearization technique achieves a desired performance in nonlinear time-varying systems. However, its performance deteriorates rapidly with the presence of disturbance and parametric uncertainties, referred to as perturbation. The estimate generated by the proposed perturbation estimator is incorporated as an additional input to rectify the uncertainties in the nominal control model of the pole-placement design. The proposed scheme requires neither the measurement of the time derivative of the state vector nor the precise knowledge of system parameters, hut rather the bounds on system perturbation. Chatter and the adverse effects of conservative bounds on system perturbation, often encountered in conventional sliding-mode control (SMC), are alleviated for the controlled plant by the proposed scheme. The benefits of this scheme are demonstrated in this study practically on a magnetic levitation system and its performance is compared with that of the conventional SMC scheme
42.3.9	Mao-Fu Lai, Guan-Chyun Hsieh, Yan-Pei Wu, "Variable slope pulse pump controller for stepping position servo control system using frequency-locked technique," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 290-299, June 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A stepping position servomotor system based on frequency-locked technique is proposed for high-performance incremental position control. A novel microcomputer-based variable slope pulse pump controller (VSPPC) using multi-rate sampling technique is exploited. The proposed VSPPC can adaptively generate motor motion profile, and it can replace the traditional PID controller for applications in stepping motor position control. System models are constructed for stability study and computer simulation. A prototype is designed and implemented to verify the theoretical studies and examine the performance of the proposed system. Position and speed responses of a realized system for 0-50 cm movement with 10 mm resolution is investigated. With the variable slope technique employed in VSPPC, the acquisition time for long-distance movement is reduced significantly and is close to that of short-range movement. In particular, the position acquisition time has improved about 67-79% compared to the conventional position control system
42.3.10	Chichyang Chen, Y.F. Zheng, "Passive and active stereo vision for smooth surface detection of deformed plates," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 300-306, June 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Passive stereo vision is proposed for operation in a complimentary manner with active stereo vision for detection of smooth surfaces of deformed plates. Passive stereo vision is used to obtain the boundary of the smooth surfaces, whereas active stereo vision with the projection of structured light is applied to detect the details of the surfaces. An inherent problem in passive stereo vision, called the false boundary problem, is identified. The problem is solved by calibrating the structured light in active stereo vision and dynamically placing the cameras in passive stereo vision. The matching criteria in active stereo vision and the sensing process of the proposed approach are presented. An experiment was conducted to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach
42.3.11	F.J. Azcondo, J.C. Blanco, J. Peire, "New digital compensation technique for the design of a microcomputer compensated crystal oscillator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 307-315, June 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The study of the stability of frequency sources is a matter of major interest due to the evolution of communication and instrumentation systems resulting in increasing the number of channels in a limited spectrum, and reducing size and power consumption. The paper relates laboratory experiences that explain the behavior versus temperature of thickness-mode quartz crystal resonators (AT- and SC-cut crystals) that are applied to the control of frequency sources, and the performance of digital compensation techniques. Prototypes of microcomputer-compensated crystal oscillators (MCXO's) have been developed to compare the compensation performance using the resonator as the temperature sensor against the use of an external sensor and verify the reduction of compensation errors due to thermal lags and hysteresis. The design of a CMOS integrated circuit for the MCXO is also included. A frequency correction method that does not modify the crystal resonance has been implemented in the circuit. This allows sensing of the temperature by means of the crystal and improving its long-term stability (aging). A new frequency comparator is also introduced. Its aim is to obtain the difference between two very close frequencies at its output, without being affected by the phase variations that the new frequency correction method and the digital circuit introduce. This detector has been implemented to get a high-resolution thermometric frequency and to realize a frequency-locked loop that includes a crystal controlled local oscillator, allowing the use of the MCXO as a good short-term stability source
42.3.12	S.A. Schweid, J.E. McInroy, R.M. Lofthus, "Closed loop low-velocity regulation of hybrid stepping motors amidst torque disturbances," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 316-324, June 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: To regulate the velocity of hybrid stepper motor motion control systems, a control law which exploits the nonlinear dynamics to create an analog positional control in conjunction with a traditional linear control is introduced. This nonlinear approach allows a much coarser position sensor to be used, including position estimates based on back EMF measurements. The form of the control law admits the use of a wide variety of compensators, whereas earlier laws use only velocity damping compensation. Two specific compensators, i.e., velocity damping and integral control are analyzed in detail, then compared to each other and to open loop microstepping control. It is shown that velocity damping allows the design of the eigenvalues of the closed loop system and provides a linear system approach about a specified operating point. Unfortunately, this operating point includes the value of external DC torque (drag) present, so the closed loop dynamics cannot be guaranteed amidst steady state torque fluctuations. Integral feedback (within a PID controller) improves upon velocity damping by not only allowing the design of the closed loop eigenvalues, but also by completely linearizing the system regardless of external DC torque values. Furthermore, the integral feedback produces zero steady state position error (as expected from linear control theory) and significantly decreases the tendency of the motor to lose step. Experimental results validate the analyses
42.3.13	N.H. Rashidi, "Improved and less load dependent three-phase current-controlled inverter with hysteretic current controllers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 325-330, June 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A concept of the so-called inner feedback in three-phase current-controlled inverters with hysteretic current controllers is introduced. Stability of the inverter at various frequencies under two different applied loads have been studied. An inertial feedback loop is added to each controller. This modification affects operating characteristics of the inverter by enforcing a switching pattern of low dependence on the load, resulting in significantly improved quality of the output current
42.3.14	J. Nieznanski, "The accumulator in integral-cycle AC power control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 331-334, June 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The letter suggests and supports the use of the accumulator, consisting of a parallel adder and a parallel-in/parallel-out register, as an AC-line cycle selector for integral-cycle power control. It indicates that the accumulator is the optimum cycle selector, meaning that the cycle distribution over time is as regular as theoretically possible; this property of the accumulator ensures that the low-frequency ripple in the output power is kept to a minimum

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volume 42, Number 4, August 1995 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

42.4.1	M. Bodson, J. Chiasson, R.T. Novotnak, "Nonlinear speed observer for high-performance induction motor control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 337-343, August 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, we consider the problem of estimating the angular velocity of an induction motor using encoder measurements. Two methods are compared. In the first method, the speed is found by calculating the backward difference of the position measurement and low-pass filtering the result. In the second method, the velocity is estimated using a nonlinear observer constructed using the known dynamic model of the induction motor. The performance of the two methods is evaluated in the context of their use for velocity feedback in a high-performance field-oriented control law. Experimental results demonstrate that the speed observer leads to a smoother operation of the motor in closed-loop. With the estimator based on differentiation, either the delay imposed by the low-pass filter is too large to maintain high bandwidth feedback, or the fluctuations in the estimated speed are so large that much more energy ends up being dissipated to achieve the same control task
42.4.2	M.P. Kazmierkowski, A.B. Kasprowicz, "Improved direct torque and flux vector control of PWM inverter-fed induction motor drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 344-350, August 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, a direct torque and stator flux vector control system is presented. The principle of this method was proposed by Takahashi and Noguchi in 1985. In contrast to the field oriented control, no coordinate transformation and current control loop is required. In practical application, however, problems occur with starting and operation in the zero speed region. This paper shows how, by introducing an additional carrier signal to the torque controller input, a robust start and improved operation in the low speed region can be achieved. The simulation and experimental results which illustrate the performances of the proposed system are presented. Also, nomograms for controller design are given
42.4.3	G.S. Buja, R. Menis, M.I. Valla, "Disturbance torque estimation in a sensorless DC drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 351-357, August 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The estimation of the disturbance torque in a sensorless DC motor drive is carried out by extending the classical observer theory. Three estimation schemes are formulated according to the representation of the disturbance torque and the processing of the observer states. In addition to the disturbance torque, all the schemes deliver an estimation of the motor speed. Steady-state accuracy and dynamics of the schemes are first determined in nominal conditions, identifying the scheme with the best performance. The effects of variations in the motor parameters are then analyzed, with the finding that a proper modeling of the motor makes the steady-state estimation of the disturbance torque insensitive to any variation. As a test, the schemes are applied to a sensorless DC motor drive for both compensating for the disturbance torque and closing the speed loop. The responses obtained with the best-performance scheme are reported
42.4.4	M.K. Vukobratovic, A.D. Rodic, "Control of manipulation robots interacting with dynamic environment: Implementation and experiments," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 358-366, August 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, simulation experiments with different control laws are given, based on a new approach to solving the control tasks for robots in contact with the environment. The comparison of these control laws with the improved versions of the traditional hybrid control are also analyzed. The simulation experiments performed on a real-scale six-degrees-of-freedom industrial robot demonstrate the advantage of the new control concept and improved performances of the robot interacting with a dynamic environment. The tests conducted on industrial robot Manutec r3 are also presented
42.4.5	S.R. Bowes, "Advanced regular-sampled PWM control techniques for drives and static power converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 367-373, August 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Regular-sampled PWM techniques have been developed to reproduce the harmonic-elimination and harmonic minimization PWM power convertor characteristics. These new regular-sampled PWM control strategies significantly reduce the computational requirements for real-time microprocessor-based PWM implementation. This results in simplified and more efficient microprocessor software/hardware requirements, leading to real-time PWM generation with minimized harmonics, suitable for drives and uninterruptible power supplies
42.4.6	H. Grotstollen, J. Wiesing, "Torque capability and control of a saturated induction motor over a wide range of flux weakening," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 374-381, August 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The first part of this paper covers an investigation of the maximum torque which an induction motor with saturated air gap inductance can generate over its permitted speed range, when voltage as well as current are limited. From the investigation, three regions of operating speed are identified, based on limiting quantities which determine the maximum obtainable torque. In each of these regions a different control strategy must be applied. When maximum torque is not required, efficiency can be optimized but this strategy should not be applied at low torque levels when good dynamic performance is required. The second part illustrates how a modified rotor flux oriented control strategy is applied to achieve full utilization of the torque capability over the whole speed range. Several measures for improving dynamic and transient behavior of the drive in the flux weakening region are suggested. Performance of the new control strategy is verified by experiments
42.4.7	Jun-Keun Ji, Seung-Ki Sul, "DSP-based self-tuning IP speed controller with load torque compensation for rolling mill DC drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 382-386, August 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper describes the design and the implementation of a self-tuning integral-proportional (IP) speed controller for a rolling mill DC motor drive system, based on a 32-bit floating point digital signal processor (DSP)-TMS 320C30. To get a better transient response than conventional proportional-integral (PI) and/or integral-proportional (IP) speed control in the presence of transient disturbance and/or parameter variations, an adaptive self-tuning IP speed control with load torque feedforward compensation was used. The model parameters, related to motor and load inertia and damping coefficient, were estimated online by using recursive extended least squares (RELS) estimation algorithm. On the basis of the estimated model parameters and a pole-placement design, a control signal was calculated. Digital simulation and experimental results showed that the proposed controller possesses excellent adaptation capability under parameter change and a better transient recovery characteristic than a conventional PI/IP controller under load change
42.4.8	M.M. Jovanovic, M.T. Zhang, F.C. Lee, "Evaluation of synchronous-rectification efficiency improvement limits in forward converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 387-395, August 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Design trade-offs for different implementations of the forward power converter with synchronous rectifiers are presented, and effects of the synchronous rectifier driving method on the conversion efficiency are evaluated. Specifically, the merits and limitations of the RCD-clamp and active-clamp reset approaches for a power converter with self-driven synchronous rectifiers are discussed. Estimates of the upper limits of the efficiency improvements of the discussed synchronous rectification approaches relative to the Schottky diode implementation are derived. Finally, experimental comparisons of efficiencies for an offline, 3.3 V/20 A forward power converter power stage are presented and compared with the theoretically estimated ones
42.4.9	N.R. Zargari, G. Joos, "Performance investigation of a current-controlled voltage-regulated PWM rectifier in rotating and stationary frames," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 396-401, August 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Active front-end rectifiers with reduced input current harmonics and high input power factor will be required in the near future for utility interfaced applications. In order to meet the new and more stringent regulations with force-commutated switches, the voltage source inverter approach is superior to the conventional current source approach, in terms of number of components and control options. However, the straightforward power angle control of the rectifier is characterized by a slow response and potential stability problems. This paper proposes a current-controlled PWM rectifier as an alternative. It provides near sinusoidal input currents with unity power factor and a low output voltage ripple. Moreover, it produces a well-defined input current harmonic spectrum, exhibits fast transient response to load voltage variations, and is capable of regenerative operation. PWM pattern generation is based on a carrier technique and the current controller is implemented in the: (a) stationary (abc) frame; and (b) rotating (dqo) frame. The design and the performance of the two controller options are investigated and compared
42.4.10	L.A. Moran, J.W. Dixon, R.R. Wallace, "A three-phase active power filter operating with fixed switching frequency for reactive power and current harmonic compensation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 402-408, August 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The performance and dynamic characteristics of a three-phase active power filter operating with fixed switching frequency is presented and analyzed in this paper. The proposed scheme employs a PWM voltage-source inverter and has two important characteristics. First, it operates with fixed switching frequency, and second, it can compensate the reactive power and the current harmonic components of nonlinear loads. Reactive power compensation is achieved without sensing and computing the reactive component of the load current, thus simplifying the control system. Current harmonic compensation is done in time domain. The principles of operation of the proposed active power filter along with the design criteria of the power and control circuit components are discussed in detail. Finally, experimental results obtained from a 5 kVA prototype confirm the feasibility and the features of the proposed system
42.4.11	K. Vasudevan, P.S. Rao, K.S. Rao, "Simulation of power electronic circuits using sparse matrix techniques," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 409-413, August 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Transient simulation of power electronic circuits is of considerable interest to the designer. The switching nature of the devices used permits development of specialized algorithms which allow a considerable reduction in simulation time compared to general purpose simulation algorithms. This paper presents some sparsity oriented methods to speed up the simulation of transient behavior of such systems. Test results obtained for typical circuits confirm the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed methods
42.4.12	T.C. Hsia, Seul Jung, "A simple alternative to neural network control scheme for robot manipulators," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 414-416, August 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Recent research results have shown that neural network techniques are effective in compensating highly nonlinear uncertainties in the robot model where computed torque method is used for robot motion control. One excellent work was reported by Ishiguro et. al. (1992). The purpose of this note is to present a simple alternate solution to the same control problem which does not require the use of a neural network. The solution is based on the disturbance rejection technique developed by Hsia (1989-92). Computer simulations show that the alternate control method works better
42.4.13	Geun-Hie Rim, Won-Ho Kim, Iouri Kang, "A simplified analog controller for power factor correction converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 417-419, August 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: To improve power factor and to meet IEC 555-2 harmonic requirements, input power factor correction circuits have been used, widely, in the power supply industry. In response to the trend, this study proposes and investigates a simple controller for a single-phase AC to DC rectifier with input power factor correction

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volume 42, Number 5, Oct 1995 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

42.5.1

Lu Jin, T. Higuchi, M. Kanemoto, "Electrostatic levitator for hard disk media," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 467-473, Oct 1995. Abstract Link Full Text

Abstract: This paper discusses developments in contact-less electrostatic levitators for use in ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) and clean environments. Presented is the first demonstration of an electrostatic levitation technology which can suspend disk-shaped metals and alloys. A 3.5-in diameter aluminum hard disk media has been suspended successfully by actively controlling an electrostatic attractive force acting on it. This paper describes the basic principle of electrostatic suspension, the structure of an experimental levitator, electrode design, position feedback control method, a linear system model, and operational procedures. In addition, experimental data are given to confirm the suspension. The electrostatic levitation technology will be a key technique in the developments of contactless and friction-free manipulation and transportation equipments utilized in UHV and clean environments, both of which are necessary for the manufacture of the new generation of semiconductor devices

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

Volume 42, Number 6, Dec 1995 Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE IE Transactions Home Page

42.6.1	Jun-Keun Ji, Seung-Ki Sul, "Kalman filter and LQ based speed controller for torsional vibration suppression in a 2-mass motor drive system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 564-571, Dec 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, a high-performance speed control for torsional vibration suppression in a 2-mass motor drive system, like a rolling mill which has a long shaft and large loadside mass or a robot arm which has flexible coupling, was studied. The speed control method which has better control response than a typical one in command following, torsional vibration suppression, disturbance rejection, and robustness to parameter variation, was proposed. The performance of command following, torsional vibration suppression, and robustness to parameter variation was satisfied by using a Kalman filter and LQ based speed control with an integrator. Also, disturbance rejection performance was improved through load torque compensation. Through various experiments of a real 22 kW field oriented controlled AC motor drive system having 2-mass mechanical system, the characteristics of the proposed speed controller and typical PI speed controller were compared and analyzed
42.6.2	Kuo-Kai Shyu, Hsin-Jang Shieh, "Variable structure current control for induction motor drives by space voltage vector PWM," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 572-578, Dec 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, a variable structure current controller based on a space voltage vector PWM scheme is presented for induction motor drives. In this current controller design, only the current sensors are employed and we attempt to force the stator currents to be exactly equal to the reference currents rapidly. This proposed current controller, which is based on the space voltage vector PWM drive, exhibits several advantages in terms of reduced switching frequency, robustness to parameter variations, elimination of current/torque ripple, and improved performance in induction motor drive. It shows that the current control laws can be demonstrated in theory. Finally, simulation and experimentation results verify the proposed control scheme
42.6.3	Jung-Hua Yang, Wen-Hai Yu, Li-Chen Fu, "Nonlinear observer-based adaptive tracking control for induction motors with unknown load," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 579-586, Dec 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, we propose a nonlinear observer-based adaptive controller for induction motors with unknown load. With the use of the skew-symmetric property of induction motors, a two-stage design technique is applied to construct an observer-based controller for velocity tracking control. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, a voltage-control type of drive system is set up to perform the task of velocity tracking. The main computing facility consists of two personal computers, PC 486 and PC 286, of which one is to perform the calculation of the control law and the other is to provide the function of pulse width modulation (PWM) and to generate the gating pulses. Satisfactory experimental results are shown in the paper
42.6.4	R. Rojas, T. Ohnishi, T. Suzuki, "Neutral-point-clamped inverter with improved voltage waveform and control range," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 587-594, Dec 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A hysteresis controller-based PWM method for neutral point clamped (NPC) inverters is proposed. The closed-loop system uses the two-axis components of the transformed line-to-line voltage vectors as the control variables. In its linear control range, the PWM method includes two operating modes, namely, low and high references. At high references' mode, the output voltage is generated by switching among four vectors instead of three to improve the waveform generation. The proposed system has a linear control range 15.5% wider than conventional phase control methods. Furthermore, the control range can be easily expanded beyond the higher linear controllable range up to the square waveforms without suddenly increasing the waveform distortion. Therefore, the fundamental component of the output voltage can be smoothly and continuously controlled from zero up to square waveforms. The control circuit includes a hysteresis controller that is capable of stabilizing the neutral point potential variations within fixed limits during steady and transient states. The control method also offers high performance and fast response. Computer simulations and experimental results on a laboratory-tested motor drive are given to validate the proposed control scheme
42.6.5	G. Hua, F.C. Lee, "Soft-switching techniques in PWM converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 595-603, Dec 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A number of soft-switching pulse-width-modulated (PWM) converter techniques have been proposed, aimed at combining the desirable features of both the conventional PWM and resonant converters while avoiding their respective limitations. In this paper, three classes of zero-voltage soft-switching (PWM) converters (namely the zero-voltage-switched (ZVS) quasi-square-wave converters, ZVS-PWM converters, and zero-voltage-transition PWM converters) and two classes of zero-current soft-switching PWM converters (namely, the zero-current-switched PWM converters and zero-current-transition PWM converters) are reviewed, and their merits and limitations are assessed. Experimental results of several prototype of converters are presented to illustrate each class of converter
42.6.6	V. Agarwal, A.K.S. Bhat, "Small signal analysis of the LCC-type parallel resonant converter using discrete time domain modeling," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 604-614, Dec 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: Discrete state-space modeling of the LCC-type parallel resonant power converter is presented. Using these large signal equations, small signal modeling of the power converter is obtained. Multiple loops have been used for the closed loop operation. State variable feedback control has been integrated with the linear small signal state-space model and the associated control aspects are studied. The small signal state-space model has been used to study the small signal behavior of the power converter for open loop and closed loop operation for parameters like control to output transfer function, audio-susceptibility and output impedance. Key theoretical results have been experimentally verified
42.6.7	S.A. Merryman, R.M. Nelms, "Diagnostic technique for power systems utilizing infrared thermal imaging," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 615-628, Dec 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A real-time diagnostic and control technique has been developed for use in electronic circuits whose thermal signature can be correlated to their operating status. Successful implementation of this diagnostic scheme in proof-of-concept experiments required the incorporation of several technological issues into a complete system that has the capability to detect potential fault modes in the system under observation. Included was the ability to: (1) use infrared optical fibers to view components within enclosures and complex geometries; (2) obtain the thermal profile of the system; (3) process and analyze thermal data; (4) implement a simulated artificial neural network to determine the particular condition or fault corresponding to the thermal signature; and (5) perform any necessary corrective action in a timely manner. Infrared optical fibers, routed from individual components to an external array of connectors, were used to collect and transmit energy radiated from those components. An infrared thermal imaging camera was utilized to scan the fiber array and produce an image corresponding to the thermal profile; thus, the thermal signature was obtained in a manner which was neither thermally nor electrically intrusive. Temperature data was then transmitted via an interface bus from the camera system to the control computer where information was converted into a form suitable for input into a trained artificial neural network
42.6.8	Jinn-Chang Wu, Hurng-Liahng Jou, "A new UPS scheme provides harmonic suppression and input power factor correction," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 629-635, Dec 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: A new parallel processing uninterruptible power supply (UPS) configuration is proposed in this paper. It provides active power line conditioning to minimize mains current distortion. This performance is superior to a conventional UPS. A prototype has been implemented and tested to verify its performance. The experimental results show that the input power factor of the proposed UPS is nearly unity, and the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the input current under nonlinear loading is only 3.618% for a mains voltage with THD of 1.633%
42.6.9	J.W. Dixon, J.J. Garcia, L. Moran, "Control system for three-phase active power filter which simultaneously compensates power factor and unbalanced loads," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 636-641, Dec 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: The effectiveness of an active power filter depends basically on three characteristics: (a) the modulation method used; (b) the design characteristics of the PWM modulator; and (c) the method implemented to generate the reference template. For the last characteristic there are many methods, most of them complicated and hence difficult to implement and adjust. In this paper, a new method, which has simplicity at its main characteristic, is presented. The method is based on “sample and hold” circuits, synchronized with the peak value of the phase-to-neutral mains voltage. This method is useful for shunt active power filters and is capable to eliminate harmonics, compensate power factor, and correct unbalance problems simultaneously. It also has the ability to slow-down sudden transient changes in the load. Experimental results, with the reference template obtained with the method, are presented in the paper
42.6.10	Ming-Tsung Tsai, Chin-E Lin, Wen-Inne Tsai, Ching-Lien Huang, "Design and implementation of a demand-side multifunction battery energy storage system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 642-652, Dec 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: This paper presents a new control strategy in a battery energy storage system (BESS) for multifunction operation. The multifunction BESS operates in two modes: one is the parallel processing mode which can play as an active filter, a power conditioner, or a voltage stabilizer; and the other is the stand-alone mode which acts as a conventional uninterruptible power supply. Basic principle from the conventional control method is used and modified to accomplish the desired operation function. The proposed theoretical formulations are verified by system analysis and simulation to present its performance. A laboratory prototype is fabricated and tested to support the proposed idea of a multifunction battery energy storage system
42.6.11	K. Kim, Y. Hori, "Experimental evaluation of adaptive and robust schemes for robot manipulator control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 653-662, Dec 1995. Abstract Link Full Text Abstract: In this paper, adaptive and robust control schemes are compared in the tracking control of robot manipulator. In adaptive control, the authors classify the adaptive control laws that have been proposed into three types. They show that the most important difference among them is that in their PD gains. They investigate their tracking performances by laboratory experiment and show that they can have similar performances by adjusting their equivalent PD gains almost equally. In robust control, two degree of freedom (TDOF) controller is examined. The authors demonstrate its strong disturbance rejection performance and robustness to parameter variation by experiment. They analyze the stability of TDOF controller against the payload change. Finally, through these experiments, they consider the advantages of adaptive and robust schemes for robot manipulator control