IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 54,  Number 1, Feb 2007           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



                 Special Section Papers
54.1.1    M. P. Kazmierkowski, "Message From the Outgoing Editor-in-Chief," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 4-4, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

54.1.2    B. M. Wilamowski, "Message From the Incoming Editor-in-Chief," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 5-6, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

54.1.3    M. P. Kazmierkowski, "Acknowledgment of Reviewers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 7-11, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Lists, in alphabetical order, the reviewers who contributed to the IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics in 2006.

54.1.4    B. K. Bose, "Guest Editorial," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 12-13, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The twenty-three papers in this special section are devoted to neural network applications in power electronics and motor drives. Some of the topics covered include: methodology development application in power systems; general drive applications; induction motor applications; synchronous motor applications; fault diagnosis of induction machines; and hardware implementation of neural networks.

54.1.5    Bimal K. Bose, "Neural Network Applications in Power Electronics and Motor Drives—An Introduction and Perspective," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 14-33, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, particularly the neural networks, are recently having significant impact on power electronics and motor drives. Neural networks have created a new and advancing frontier in power electronics, which is already a complex and multidisciplinary technology that is going through dynamic evolution in the recent years. This paper gives a comprehensive introduction and perspective of neural network applications in the intelligent control and estimation for power electronics and motor drives area. The principal topologies of neural networks that are currently most relevant for applications in power electronics have been reviewed including the detailed description of their properties. Both feedforward and feedback or recurrent architectures have been covered in the description. The application examples that are discussed in this paper include nonlinear function generation, delayless filtering and waveform processing, feedback signal processing of vector drive, space vector PWM of two-level and multilevel inverters, adaptive flux vector estimation, and some of their combination for vector-controlled ac drive. Additional selected applications in the literature are included in the references. From the current trend of the technology, it appears that neural networks will find widespread applications in power electronics and motor drives in future

54.1.6    Hualiang Zhuang, Kay-Soon Low, Wei-Yun Yau, "A Pulsed Neural Network With On-Chip Learning and Its Practical Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 34-42, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a new model for the pulsed neural network. In this model, the information is coded in terms of firing times of pulses that are generated by the neuron. The pulses transmit through the network and excite the dynamics of the neuron. Their synchronism is utilized to design the architecture of the neural network such that it acts as a radial basis function (RBF) network. A new network-learning algorithm is also developed for this pulsed RBF network. The RBF neurons are generated based on the feature of the training data, and the synaptic delays can be adjusted to distribute these RBF neurons in the training data space. The pulse neural network has been implemented compactly with multiplierless approach for both the forward computation and learning algorithm with a field programmable gate array board. As an application demonstration, it is extended to a nonlinear look-up table and applied to estimate the friction occurs in a precision linear stage

54.1.7    Hsiung Cheng Lin, "Intelligent Neural Network-Based Fast Power System Harmonic Detection," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 43-52, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Nowadays, harmonic distortion in power systems is attracting significant attention. Traditional technical tools for harmonic distortion analysis using either fast Fourier transform or discrete Fourier transform are, however, susceptible to the presence of noise in the distorted signals. Harmonic detection by using Fourier transformation also requires input data for more than one cycle of the current waveform and requires time for the analysis in the next coming cycle. In this paper, an alternative method using neural network algorithm has achieved satisfactory results for fast and precise harmonic detection in noisy environments by providing only 1/2 cycle sampled values of distorted waveforms to neural network. Sensitivity considerations are conducted to determine the key factors affecting the performance efficiency of the proposed model to reach the lowest errors of testing patterns

54.1.8    Bhim Singh, Vishal Verma, Jitendra Solanki, "Neural Network-Based Selective Compensation of Current Quality Problems in Distribution System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 53-60, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Active power filters (APFs) have been used to compensate harmonics, reactive current, and negative sequence fundamental frequency current drawn by nonlinear loads. The control of APF is the core issue for their proper operation. The flexibility of selective compensation embedded in the control scheme makes APF versatile for compensation of reactive power, harmonic currents, and unbalance in source currents and their combinations, depending upon the limited rating of voltage source inverter employed as APF. The proposed scheme utilizes neural network-based decomposition of the load current into positive and negative sequence fundamental frequency component, reactive component and harmonic components. The adaline-based current decomposer estimates the reference currents through tracking of unit vectors together with tuning of the weights. The implementation of the control scheme facilitates selective compensation which respects the limited rating of the APF. The simulated results using developed MATLAB model are presented and are validated by experimental results to depict the effectiveness of the proposed control method of APF

54.1.9    Djaffar Ould Abdeslam, Patrice Wira, Jean Merckle, Damien Flieller, Yves-Andr Chapuis, "A Unified Artificial Neural Network Architecture for Active Power Filters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 61-76, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, an efficient and reliable neural active power filter (APF) to estimate and compensate for harmonic distortions from an AC line is proposed. The proposed filter is completely based on Adaline neural networks which are organized in different independent blocks. We introduce a neural method based on Adalines for the online extraction of the voltage components to recover a balanced and equilibrated voltage system, and three different methods for harmonic filtering. These three methods efficiently separate the fundamental harmonic from the distortion harmonics of the measured currents. According to either the Instantaneous Power Theory or to the Fourier series analysis of the currents, each of these methods are based on a specific decomposition. The original decomposition of the currents or of the powers then allows defining the architecture and the inputs of Adaline neural networks. Different learning schemes are then used to control the inverter to inject elaborated reference currents in the power system. Results obtained by simulation and their real-time validation in experiments are presented to compare the compensation methods. By their learning capabilities, artificial neural networks are able to take into account time-varying parameters, and thus appreciably improve the performance of traditional compensating methods. The effectiveness of the algorithms is demonstrated in their application to harmonics compensation in power systems

54.1.10    Wei Qiao, Ronald G. Harley, "Indirect Adaptive External Neuro-Control for a Series Capacitive Reactance Compensator Based on a Voltage Source PWM Converter in Damping Power Oscillations," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 77-85, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A series capacitive reactance compensator (SCRC), using a voltage source converter to inject a controllable voltage in quadrature with the line current of a power network, is capable of rapidly providing a specified and controllable magnitude of capacitive reactance compensation independent of the line current. Moreover, with a suitably designed external controller, the SCRC can also be used to damp low-frequency power oscillations in a power network. Conventionally, linear control techniques are used to design the SCRC external controller around a specific operating point, where the nonlinear system equations are linearized. However, at other operating points its performance degrades. Nonlinear adaptive neuro-controllers offer an attractive approach to overcome this degradation problem. In this paper, an indirect adaptive external neuro-controller (INDAEC) using two radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) is proposed to improve the damping performance of an SCRC connected to a power network. This nonlinear INDAEC needs no mathematical model of the SCRC or the power network. It provides the SCRC with improved damping performance over a wide range of system operating conditions. This is shown by results on a single machine infinite bus power system, as well as a multimachine power system

54.1.11    Salman Mohagheghi, Yamille del Valle, Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley, "A Proportional-Integrator Type Adaptive Critic Design-Based Neurocontroller for a Static Compensator in a Multimachine Power System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 86-96, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel nonlinear optimal controller for a static compensator (STATCOM) connected to a power system, using artificial neural networks, is presented in this paper. The action dependent heuristic dynamic programming, a member of the adaptive critic designs family is used for the design of the STATCOM neurocontroller. This neurocontroller provides optimal control based on reinforcement learning and approximate dynamic programming. Using a proportional-integrator approach, the proposed neurocontroller is capable of dealing with actual rather than deviation signals. Simulation results are provided to show that the proposed controller outperforms a conventional PI controller for a STATCOM in a small and large multimachine power system during large-scale faults, as well as small disturbances

54.1.12    Sudipta Chakraborty, Manoja D. Weiss, M. Godoy Simoes, "Distributed Intelligent Energy Management System for a Single-Phase High-Frequency AC Microgrid," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 97-109, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a single-phase high-frequency AC (HFAC) microgrid is shown as a novel solution towards integrating renewable energy sources in a distributed generation system. Better utilization of the Microgrid is achieved by solving power flow and power quality issues using p-q theory-based active filtering called universal active power line conditioner and unified power quality conditioner, respectively. A distributed intelligent energy management system (DIEMS) is implemented to optimize operating costs. As the optimization greatly depends on the power generation and the power output from renewable sources strongly depends on the weather, the forecast of power generation is required for DIEMS. A Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network is used to predict hourly day-type outputs based on which generation can be forecasted. Depending on the forecast, an optimization scheme is developed utilizing linear programming along with heuristics. The results obtained show the successful implementation of HFAC Microgrid with adequate power flow and power quality control, as well as the optimization of operation cost by the DIEMS with Fuzzy ARTMAP-based day-type forecasting. The improvement in the battery life is also achieved due to optimization of storage charge states using the proposed DIEMS

54.1.13    J. F. Martins, P. J. Santos, A. J. Pires, Luiz Eduardo Borges da Silva, R. Vilela Mendes, "Entropy-Based Choice of a Neural Network Drive Model," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 110-116, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The design of a neural network requires, among other things, a proper choice of input variables, avoiding over fitting and an unnecessarily complex input vector. This may be achieved by trying to reduce the arbitrariness in the choice of the input layer. This paper discusses the relation between the memory range of a particular controlled dynamical system (induction drive) and the dimension of the neural network input vector. Mathematical techniques of process-reconstruction of the underlying process, using coding and block entropies to characterize the measure and memory range were applied. These modeling techniques provide a precise knowledge of the drive dynamics, a fundamental requirement in modern control approaches

54.1.14    Wen Li, Yoichi Hori, "Vibration Suppression Using Single Neuron-Based PI Fuzzy Controller and Fractional-Order Disturbance Observer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 117-126, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An approach is proposed for vibration suppression in a two-inertia system using an integration of a fractional-order disturbance observer and a single neuron-based PI fuzzy controller. The former is used to obtain disturbance estimate and generate compensation signal, and the latter is utilized to realize outer loop control. Fractional-order disturbance observer has a wider range to select a suitable tradeoff between robustness and vibration suppression, because introduction of fractional calculus makes universe of relative degree of Q-filter is expanded from integer domain to real-number domain. For the single neuron-based PI fuzzy controller, a single neuron makes up a PI controller and such a controller is embedded in each cell of the fuzzy control table. Thus, the fuzzy control table is changed into a controller matrix and it constructs a nonlinear adaptive controller with parameter self-tuning property. Experimental results illustrate that the integration of fractional-order disturbance observer and single neuron-based PI fuzzy controller can improve the performance of disturbance attenuation and system robustness

54.1.15    Maurizio Cirrincione, Marcello Pucci, Giansalvo Cirrincione, Grard-Andr Capolino, "Sensorless Control of Induction Machines by a New Neural Algorithm: The TLS EXIN Neuron," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 127-149, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes two speed observers for high-performance induction machine drives, both adopting an online adaptation law based on a new total least-squares (TLS) technique: the TLS EXIN neuron. The first is a model reference adaptive system (MRAS) observer with a neural adaptive integrator in the reference model and a neural adaptive model trained online by the TLS EXIN neuron. This observer, presented in a previous article of the authors, has been improved here in two aspects: first, the neural adaptive integrator has been modified to make its learning factor vary according to the reference speed of the drive, second, a neural adaptive model based on the modified Euler integration has been proposed to solve the discretization instability problem in field-weakening. The second observer is a new full-order adaptive one based on the state equations of the induction machine, where the speed is estimated by means of a TLS EXIN adaptation technique. Both these observers have been provided with an inverter nonlinearity compensation algorithm and with techniques for the online estimation of the stator resistance of the machine. Moreover, a thorough theoretical stability analysis has been developed for them both, with particular reference to the field-weakening region behavior for the TLS MRAS observer and to the regenerating mode at low speeds for the TLS adaptive observer. Both speed observers have been verified in numerical simulation and experimentally on a test setup, and have also been compared experimentally with the BPN MRAS observer, the classic adaptive observer and with an open-loop estimator. Results show that both proposed observers outperform all other three observers in every working condition, with the TLS adaptive observer resulting in a better performance than the TLS MRAS observer

54.1.16    Maurizio Cirrincione, Marcello Pucci, Giansalvo Cirrincione, Grard-Andr Capolino, "Sensorless Control of Induction Motors by Reduced Order Observer With MCA EXIN + Based Adaptive Speed Estimation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 150-166, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a sensorless technique for high-performance induction machine drives based on neural networks. It proposes a reduced order speed observer where the speed is estimated with a new generalized least-squares technique based on the minor component analysis (MCA) EXIN + neuron. With this regard, the main original aspects of this work are the development of two original choices of the gain matrix of the observer, one of which guarantees the poles of the observer to be fixed on one point of the negative real semi-axis in spite of rotor speed, and the adoption of a completely new speed estimation law based on the MCA EXIN + neuron. The methodology has been verified experimentally on a rotor flux oriented vector controlled drive and has proven to work at very low operating speed at no-load and rated load (down to 3 rad/s corresponding to 28.6 rpm), to have good estimation accuracy both in speed transient and in steady-state and to work correctly at zero-speed, at no-load, and at medium loads. A comparison with the classic full-order adaptive observer under the same working conditions has proven that the proposed observer exhibits a better performance in terms of lowest working speed and zero-speed operation

54.1.17    Baburaj Karanayil, Muhammed Fazlur Rahman, Colin Grantham, "Online Stator and Rotor Resistance Estimation Scheme Using Artificial Neural Networks for Vector Controlled Speed Sensorless Induction Motor Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 167-176, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new method of online estimation for the stator and rotor resistances of the induction motor for speed sensorless indirect vector controlled drives, using artificial neural networks. The error between the rotor flux linkages based on a neural network model and a voltage model is back propagated to adjust the weights of the neural network model for the rotor resistance estimation. For the stator resistance estimation, the error between the measured stator current and the estimated stator current using neural network is back propagated to adjust the weights of the neural network. The rotor speed is synthesized from the induction motor state equations. The performance of the stator and rotor resistance estimators and torque and flux responses of the drive, together with these estimators, are investigated with the help of simulations for variations in the stator and rotor resistances from their nominal values. Both resistances are estimated experimentally, using the proposed neural network in a vector controlled induction motor drive. Data on tracking performances of these estimators are presented. With this speed sensorless approach, the rotor resistance estimation was made insensitive to the stator resistance variations both in simulation and experiment. The accuracy of the estimated speed achieved experimentally, without the speed sensor clearly demonstrates the reliable and high-performance operation of the drive

54.1.18    Rong-Jong Wai, Chia-Chin Chu, "Robust Petri Fuzzy-Neural-Network Control for Linear Induction Motor Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 177-189, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This study focuses on the development of a robust Petri-fuzzy-neural-network (PFNN) control strategy applied to a linear induction motor (LIM) drive for periodic motion. Based on the concept of the nonlinear state feedback theory, a feedback linearization control (FLC) system is first adopted in order to decouple the thrust force and the flux amplitude of the LIM. However, particular system information is required in the FLC system so that the corresponding control performance is influenced seriously by system uncertainties. Hence, to increase the robustness of the LIM drive for high-performance applications, a robust PFNN control system is investigated based on the model-free control design to retain the decoupled control characteristic of the FLC system. The adaptive tuning algorithms for network parameters are derived in the sense of the Lyapunov stability theorem, such that the stability of the control system can be guaranteed under the occurrence of system uncertainties. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by both numerical simulations and experimental results, and the salient merits are indicated in comparison with the FLC system

54.1.19    M. Nasir Uddin, M. Azizur Rahman, "High-Speed Control of IPMSM Drives Using Improved Fuzzy Logic Algorithms," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 190-199, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents an improved fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) for high-performance industrial drive applications. In the proposed control scheme for high-speed operations above the rated speed, the operating limits of IPMSM are expanded by incorporating the maximum torque per ampere operation in constant torque region and the flux-weakening operation in constant power region. The power ratings of the motor and the inverter are considered in developing the control algorithm. A new and simple FLC is utilized as a speed controller. The FLC is developed to have less computational burden, which makes it suitable for real-time implementation, particularly at high-speed operating conditions. The complete drive is implemented in real-time using digital signal processor (DSP) controller board DS 1102 on a laboratory 1-hp IPM motor. The efficiency of the proposed control scheme is evaluated through both experimental and computer simulation results. The proposed controller is found to be robust for high-speed applications

54.1.20    Tomasz Pajchrowski, Krzysztof Zawirski, "Application of Artificial Neural Network to Robust Speed Control of Servodrive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 200-207, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper deals with the problem of robust speed control of electrical servodrives. A robust speed controller is developed using an artificial neural network (ANN), which creates a nonlinear characteristic of controller. An original method of neural controller synthesis is presented. The synthesis procedure is performed in two stages. The first stage consists in training the ANN and at the second stage controller settings are adjusted. The use of the proposed controller synthesis procedure ensures robust speed control against the variations of moment of inertia and stator magnetic flux. Simulations and laboratory results validate the robustness of the servodrive with permanent magnet synchronous motor

54.1.21    Xi-le Wei, Jiang Wang, Zhao-xuan Yang, "Robust Smooth-Trajectory Control of Nonlinear Servo Systems Based on Neural Networks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 208-217, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The electromagnetic torque introduces ripples into the electromechanical motion system due to nonlinearities, such as uncertain changes of magnet field, load, and friction, which generate speed oscillations and deteriorate the tracking performance of servo system. Furthermore, the minimum time response and smooth trajectory tracking are cruces in servo control. In this paper, an available method is proposed to solve them by using neural networks (NNs) and a nonlinear smooth trajectory filter (STF) for the robust smoothing feedforward control of a class of general nonlinear systems. First, the online weight-tuning scheme based on Lyapunov function can guarantee the boundedness of tracking error by good performance of NNs modeling nonlinear functions. Second, a feedforward controller based on the output of nonlinear STF is designed to guarantee minimum time response and smooth trajectory tracking. Finally, as a example, the motion system can be equivalent to the two-order system under the linear closed-loop current control in view of the (d,q) mathematic model for PM synchronous motor, so that this robust smoothing control method using neutral networks can be applied into position servo control. Moreover, the validity and effectiveness of this control method are verified through simulations and experiments

54.1.22    A. Rubaai, M.J. Castro-Sitiriche, M. Garuba, L. Burge, "Implementation of Artificial Neural Network-Based Tracking Controller for High-Performance Stepper Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 218-227, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Two distinct multilayer perception neural networks (NNs) are implemented via laboratory experiment to simultaneously identify and adaptively control the trajectory tracking of a hybrid step motor assumed to operate in a high-performance drives environment. That is, a neural network identifier (NNI) which captures the nonlinear dynamics of the stepper motor drive system (SMDS) over any arbitrary time interval in its range of operation, and a neural network controller (NNC) to provide the necessary control actions as to achieve trajectory tracking of the rotor speed. The exact form of the control law is unknown, and must be estimated by the NNC. Consequently, the NNC is constructed as a nonlinear unknown function depending on the current state of the drive system supplies by the NNI and the reference trajectory we wish the outputs to follow. The two NNs are online trained using dynamic back-propagation algorithm. The composite structure is used as a speed controller for the SMDS. Performance of the composite controller is evaluated through a laboratory experiment. Experimental results show the effectiveness of this approach, and demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed controller in high-performance drives

54.1.23    Teresa Orlowska-Kowalska, Krzysztof Szabat, "Control of the Drive System With Stiff and Elastic Couplings Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Approach," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 228-240, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In the paper a robust control system with the fuzzy-neural network is proposed. A model reference adaptive control system is applied to the one- and two-mass systems. Different aspects of application of the examined control structure are discussed. The influence of the number of neuro-fuzzy controller (NFC) rules to the drive system performance is shown. The impact of the electromagnetic torque limit to the adaptive structure stability is discussed. Further, the comparison of the dynamical characteristics of the different NFC structures is done. The control structure with constant and changeable parameters of the adaptive rule is also examined. The torsional vibration suppression in the two-mass system is obtained in the developed adaptive structure with only one basic feedback from the motor speed

54.1.24    Hua Su, Kil To Chong, "Induction Machine Condition Monitoring Using Neural Network Modeling," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 241-249, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Condition monitoring is desirable for increasing machinery availability, reducing consequential damage, and improving operational efficiency. Model-based methods are efficient monitoring systems for providing warning and predicting certain faults at early stages. However, the conventional methods must work with explicit motor models, and cannot be applied effectively for vibration signal diagnosis due to their nonadaptation and the random nature of vibration signal. In this paper, an analytical redundancy method using neural network modeling of the induction motor in vibration spectra is proposed for machine fault detection and diagnosis. The short-time Fourier transform is used to process the quasi-steady vibration signals to continuous spectra for the neural network model training. The faults are detected from changes in the expectation of vibration spectra modeling error. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through experimental results, and it is shown that a robust and automatic induction machine condition monitoring system has been produced

54.1.25    Makarand S. Ballal, Zafar J. Khan, Hiralal M. Suryawanshi, Ram L. Sonolikar, "Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System for the Detection of Inter-Turn Insulation and Bearing Wear Faults in Induction Motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 250-258, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The positive features of neural networks and fuzzy logic are combined together for the detection of stator inter-turn insulation and bearing wear faults in single-phase induction motor. The adaptive neural fuzzy inference systems (ANFISs) are developed for the detection of these two faults. These faults are created experimentally on a single-phase induction motor in the laboratory. The experimental data is generated for the five measurable parameters, viz, motor intakes current, speed, winding temperature, bearing temperature, and the noise of the machine. Earlier, the ANFIS fault detectors are trained for the two input parameters, i.e., speed and current, and the performance is tested. Later, the three remaining parameters are added and the five input ANFIS fault detector is trained and tested. It observed from the simulation results that the five input parameter system predicts more accurate results

54.1.26    J.F. Martins, V.F. Pires, A.J. Pires, "Unsupervised Neural-Network-Based Algorithm for an On-Line Diagnosis of Three-Phase Induction Motor Stator Fault," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 259-264, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, an automatic algorithm based an unsupervised neural network for an on-line diagnostics of three-phase induction motor stator fault is presented. This algorithm uses the alfa-beta stator currents as input variables. Then, a fully automatic unsupervised method is applied in which a Hebbian-based unsupervised neural network is used to extract the principal components of the stator current data. These main directions are used to decide where the fault occurs and a relationship between the current components is calculated to verify the severity of the fault. One of the characteristics of this method, given its unsupervised nature, is that it does not need a prior identification of the system. The proposed methodology has been experimentally tested on a 1kW induction motor. The obtained experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method

54.1.27    Seul Jung, Sung su Kim, "Hardware Implementation of a Real-Time Neural Network Controller With a DSP and an FPGA for Nonlinear Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 265-271, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, we implement the intelligent neural network controller hardware with a field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based general purpose chip and a digital signal processing (DSP) board to solve nonlinear system control problems. The designed intelligent control hardware can perform real-time control of the backpropagation learning algorithm of a neural network. The basic proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithms are implemented in an FPGA chip and a neural network controller is implemented in a DSP board. By using a high capacity of an FPGA chip, the additional hardware such as an encoder counter and a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) generator is implemented in a single FPGA chip. As a result, the controller becomes cost effective. It was tested for controlling nonlinear systems such as a robot finger and an inverted pendulum on a moving cart to show performance of the controller


Drive Control
54.1.28    Murat Barut, Seta Bogosyan, Metin Gokasan, "Speed-Sensorless Estimation for Induction Motors Using Extended Kalman Filters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 272-280, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, extended-Kalman-filter-based estimation algorithms that could be used in combination with the speed-sensorless field-oriented control and direct-torque control of induction motors (IMs) are developed and implemented experimentally. The algorithms are designed aiming minimum estimation error in both transient and steady state over a wide velocity range, including very low and persistent zero-speed operation. A major challenge at very low and zero speed is the lost coupling effect from the rotor to the stator, which makes the information on rotor variables unobservable on the stator side. As a solution to this problem, in this paper, the load torque and the rotor angular velocity are simultaneously estimated, with the velocity taken into consideration via the equation of motion and not as a constant parameter, which is commonly the case in most past studies. The estimation of load torque, on the other hand, is performed as a constant parameter to account for Coulomb and viscous friction at steady state to improve the estimation performance at very low and zero speed. The estimation algorithms developed based on the rotor and stator fluxes are experimentally tested under challenging variations and reversals of the velocity and load torque (step-type and varying linearly with velocity) over a wide velocity range and at zero speed. In all the scenarios, the current estimation error has remained within a very narrow error band, also yielding acceptable velocity estimation errors, which motivate the use of the developed estimation method in sensorless control of IMs over a wide velocity range and persistent zero-speed operation

54.1.29    Rong-Jong Wai, Chia-Chin Chu, "Motion Control of Linear Induction Motor via Petri Fuzzy Neural Network," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 281-295, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper focuses on the development of a Petri-fuzzy-neural-network (PFNN) control for an indirect field-oriented linear-induction-motor (LIM) drive. First, an indirect field-oriented mechanism for a LIM drive is derived to preserve the decoupling control characteristic. Then, the concept of a Petri net (PN) is incorporated into a traditional FNN (TFNN) to form a new type of PFNN framework for alleviating the computation burden. Moreover, the supervised gradient descent method is used to develop the online training algorithm for the PFNN. In order to guarantee the convergence of tracking error, analytical methods based on a discrete-type Lyapunov function are proposed to determine the varied learning rates of the PFNN. With the proposed PFNN control system, the mover position of the controlled LIM drive possesses the advantages of good transient control performance and robustness to uncertainties for the tracking of periodic reference trajectories. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by both numerical simulations and experimental results. Furthermore, the superiority of the proposed PFNN control system is indicated in comparison with the TFNN control system

54.1.30    Franck Betin, Arnaud Sivert, Amine Yazidi, Grard-Andr Capolino, "Determination of Scaling Factors for Fuzzy Logic Control Using the Sliding-Mode Approach: Application to Control of a DC Machine Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 296-309, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a new approach to define the optimum values of the scaling factors for a fuzzy logic controller, based on the sliding mode theory, has been proposed. Indeed, these factors are chosen in such a way that the trajectory in the phase plane is always attracted by the main diagonal of the fuzzy matrix and slides on this line. This approach was first tested in simulation to control the position of a permanent-magnet direct-current machine drive and then implemented on a low-cost 16-bit microcontroller. Furthermore, the scaling factors are tuned in function of the distance between the reference and the output in such a way as to cope with the discretization of the lookup table stored in the memory of the microcontroller. This algorithm has been successfully applied on an advanced test bed, which allows mechanical configuration changes


Power Electronics
54.1.31    Sung-Sae Lee, Seong-Wook Choi, Gun-Woo Moon, "High-Efficiency Active-Clamp Forward Converter With Transient Current Build-Up (TCB) ZVS Technique," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 310-318, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, an active-clamp forward converter with transient current build-up zero-voltage switching (ZVS) technique is proposed. The proposed converter is suitable for the low-voltage and high-current applications. The structure of the proposed converter is the same as that of the conventional active-clamp forward converter. However, since it controls the secondary synchronous switch to build up the primary current during the very short period of time, the ZVS operation is easily achieved without any additional conduction losses of magnetizing current in the transformer and clamp circuit. Furthermore, there are no additional circuits required for the ZVS operation of power switches. Therefore, the proposed converter can achieve the high efficiency and low electromagnetic-interference noise resulting from the soft switching without any additional conduction losses and shows the high power density resulting from the high efficiency and no additional components added. The operational principle and design example are presented. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed converter can achieve an excellent ZVS performance throughout all load conditions and a significant improvement in the efficiency for the 100-W (5 V, 20 A) prototype converter

54.1.32    Ke Jin, Xinbo Ruan, Fuxin Liu, "An Improved ZVS PWM Three-Level Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 319-329, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes an improved zero-voltage-switching pulse-width-modulation three-level converter (ZVS PWM TL converter), which is improved from the original ZVS PWM TL converter just by exchanging the position of the resonant inductor and the transformer, such that the transformer is connected with the lagging switches. The improved converter has several advantages over the original one, e.g., the clamping diodes conduct only once in a switching period, and the resonant inductor current is smaller in zero state, leading to a higher efficiency and reduced duty cycle loss. A blocking capacitor is usually introduced to the primary side to prevent the transformer from saturating, this paper analyzes the effects of the blocking capacitor in different positions, and a best scheme is determined. A 2.5-kW prototype converter verifies the effectiveness of the improved converter and the best scheme for the blocking capacitor

54.1.33    Kyu Min Cho, Won Seok Oh, Young Tae Kim, Hee Jun Kim, "A New Switching Strategy for Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Power Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 330-337, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new switching strategy for pulse width modulation (PWM) power converters. Since the proposed strategy uses independent on/off switching action of the upper or lower arm according to the polarity of the current, the dead time is not needed except instant of current polarity change. Therefore, it is not necessary to compensate the dead time effect and the possibility of arm short is strongly eliminated. The current control of PWM power converters can easily adopt the proposed switching strategy by using the polarity information of the reference current instead of the real current, thus eliminating the problems that commonly arise from real current detection. In order to confirm the usefulness of the proposed switching strategy, experimental tests were done using a single-phase inverter with passive loads, a three-phase inverter for induction motor drives, a three-phase ac/dc PWM converter, a three-phase active power filter, and a class-D amplifier, the results of which are presented in this paper

54.1.34    Li Peng, Yong Kang, Xuejun Pei, Jian Chen, "A Novel PWM Technique in Digital Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 338-346, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: One problem with microprocessor-based high-frequency pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) converters is the modulating resolution limitation caused by limited-time resolution of hardware timers. In this paper, a novel PWM technique, the double PWM (DPWM), is proposed. DPWM combines the advantages of low-frequency modulation and high-frequency switching in power conversion and resolves the contradiction between high frequency and accuracy in a digital control scheme. DPWM effectively increases the resolution in digital control, while the harmonics introduced by this method is found to be negligible. Theoretical analysis, characteristics, and design considerations are given, and they are verified by experiments on a 5.5-kW 20-kHz insulated-gate-bipolar-transistor boost-buck converter

54.1.35    Brad Bryant, Marian K. Kazimierczuk, "Voltage-Loop Power-Stage Transfer Functions With MOSFET Delay for Boost PWM Converter Operating in CCM," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 347-353, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Open-loop transfer functions can be used to create closed-loop models of pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) converters. The closed-loop small-signal model can be used to design a controller for the switching converter with well-known linear control theory. The dynamics of the power stage for boost PWM dc-dc converter operating in continuous-conduction mode (CCM) are studied. The transfer functions from output current to output voltage, from duty cycle to output voltage including MOSFET delay, and from input voltage to output voltage are derived. The derivations are performed using an averaged linear circuit small-signal model of the boost converter for CCM. Experimental Bode plots and step responses were used to test the accuracy of the derived transfer functions. The theoretical and experimental responses were in excellent agreement, confirming the validity of the derived transfer functions

54.1.36    Rong-Jong Wai, Chung-You Lin, Rou-Yong Duan, Yung-Ruei Chang, "High-Efficiency DC-DC Converter With High Voltage Gain and Reduced Switch Stress," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 354-364, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a high-efficiency dc-dc converter with high voltage gain and reduced switch stress is proposed. Generally speaking, the utilization of a coupled inductor is useful for raising the step-up ratio of the conventional boost converter. However, the switch surge voltage may be caused by the leakage inductor so that it will result in the requirement of high-voltage-rated devices. In the proposed topology, a three-winding coupled inductor is used for providing a high voltage gain without extreme switch duty-cycle and enhancing the utility rate of magnetic core. Moreover, the energy in the leakage inductor is released directly to the output terminal for avoiding the phenomenon of circulating current and the production of switch surge voltage. In addition, the delay time formed with the cross of primary and secondary currents of the coupled inductor is manipulated to alleviate the reverse-recovery current of the output diode. It can achieve the aim of high-efficiency power conversion. Furthermore, the closed-loop control methodology is utilized in the proposed scheme to overcome the voltage drift problem of the power source under the variation of loads. Some experimental results via an example of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell power source with 250-W nominal rating are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed power conversion strategy

54.1.37    Chang-Gyun Kim, Kyu-Chan Lee, Bo H. Cho, "Analysis of Current Distribution in Driving Multiple Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps (CCFL)," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 365-373, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) show complex characteristics, which make it difficult to drive them in parallel. In this paper, a backlight inverter, which can drive multiple CCFLs using single controller and single switching network, is presented. The analysis of the lamp current distribution is presented in detail. The current-balancing condition, under which the lamp currents are well balanced in the presence of the lamp voltage variation, is derived. The effect of the resonant component variation is also investigated. The analysis results are verified from experiments with two 720-mm/4-mm CCFLs for 32-in liquid crystal display televisions. Experimental results with eight CCFLs are also presented in the presence of the lamp voltage and the resonant component deviation

54.1.38    Nobuyoshi Mutoh, Takayoshi Inoue, "A Control Method to Charge Series-Connected Ultraelectric Double-Layer Capacitors Suitable for Photovoltaic Generation Systems Combining MPPT Control Method," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 374-383, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A control method is described to charge series-connected ultraelectric double-layer capacitors (ultra-EDLCs) suitable for photovoltaic generation systems in combination with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control method. The EDLC charge control method allows the maximum power acquired by the MPPT control to be quickly charged into series-connected ultra-EDLCs no matter how the weather conditions may change. In the MPPT control, the output current of the solar arrays is controlled so that the output power converges on the maximum power in the prediction line previously determined based on the linearity between the maximum output power and the optimization current. The proportionality coefficient of the prediction line is automatically corrected using the hill-climbing method when the panel temperature of the solar arrays is changed. The EDLC charge control is performed with the three charge modes, i.e., the constant current charge mode, constant power charge mode, and the constant voltage charge mode while supervising the maximum voltage and allowable temperature of each series-connected EDLC. Effectiveness of the methods is verified by simulations and experiments

54.1.39    Antonio Lazaro, Andrs Barrado, Marina Sanz, Vicente Salas, Emilio Olias, "New Power Factor Correction AC-DC Converter With Reduced Storage Capacitor Voltage," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 384-397, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Most of single-stage power factor correction (PFC) ac-dc converters usually present a high voltage swing on the storage capacitor. That means, high size and cost of the storage capacitor is obtained. The Series Inductance Interval (SII) PFC converters allow reducing cost and size of the storage capacitor since the capacitor voltage is lower than the output voltage and, therefore, the voltage swing is significantly reduced. In this paper, the novel single-stage SII-B-2D PFC converter is presented. In addition, this topology provides input current harmonics under EN61000-3-2 Class D limits and advantageous component count

54.1.40    Liang-Rui Chen, "A Design of an Optimal Battery Pulse Charge System by Frequency-Varied Technique," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 398-405, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a variable frequency pulse charge system (VFPCS), that can detect and dynamically track the optimal charge frequency, is proposed to improve the battery-charge response. To assess the system performance, a prototype of the VFPCS for 600-mAh lithium-ion battery is designed and implemented. Compared with the standard constant-current and constant-voltage charge system, the charge speed of the proposed VFPCS is improved above 24%, while the proposed VFPCS is improved above 10% compared with the conventional fixed-frequency pulse charge system. The results indicate that the VFPCS can actually provide pulse with optimal frequency to charge the battery and the charge response is improved

54.1.41    Martin Aime, Guillaume Gateau, Thierry A. Meynard, "Implementation of a Peak-Current-Control Algorithm Within a Field-Programmable Gate Array," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 406-418, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Peak current control is a strategy widely used to control power electronic systems such as forward converters or two-level choppers. This strategy is characterized by constant switching frequency with good dynamic performance. This paper presents the application of this strategy to a multilevel voltage-source converter. The algorithm ensures that the converter output current follows the target reference, but it must be modified to include voltage-level selection within the multilevel converter. The principle of operation is introduced, and the implementation of the algorithm using a field-programmable gate array is demonstrated. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the control technique

54.1.42    Xiyou Chen, Dianguo Xu, Fengchun Liu, Jianqiu Zhang, "A Novel Inverter-Output Passive Filter for Reducing Both Differential- and Common-Mode dv/dt at the Motor Terminals in PWM Drive Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 419-426, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel inverter-output filter, which cannot only filter the differential-mode voltage dv/dt but also suppress the common-mode voltage dv/dt and their rms values, is proposed in this paper. The filter is in combination with a conventional RLC filter and a common-mode transformer. The main advantage is that the functions of filtering a differential-mode voltage and suppressing a common-mode voltage can be integrated into a single system. Furthermore, the structure and design of the proposed filter are rather simple because only passive components are used. Simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the performance of the proposed filter. Both of their results indicate that about 80% of the rms value of the common-mode voltage are suppressed, while the demand of differential-mode voltage filtering is still met

54.1.43    Saad Mekhilef, Ahmad Maliki Omar, Nasrudin Abd Rahim, "Modeling of Three-Phase Uniform Symmetrical Sampling Digital PWM for Power Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 427-432, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A mathematical approach of modeling and analyzing three-phase pulsewidth modulation (PWM) is presented. The three-phase flyback converter required a unique pattern of PWM to optimize the power transfer in the magnetic circuit used in the converter. The three-phase PWM is generated digitally based on uniform symmetrical sampling technique using Xilinx chip. The generated PWM pattern is able to reduce the magnitude of the low order of harmonic components present in the input ac supply. Although software simulation could simulate the PWM pattern, it does not represent the exact pattern as being generated digitally. The mathematical approach used is to model the PWM pattern exactly as being created digitally. The proposed mathematical technique could also be used to analyze any digital PWM. The result of the mathematical analysis on the PWM pattern could be used to study the characteristics of the pattern such as maximum and minimum value of duty cycle, pulsewidth, turn-on time, turn-off time, and modulation index. To verify the validity of the proposed technique, the results obtained from the mathematical model, experimental, and simulation using PSpice were compared

54.1.44    Shigenori Inoue, Toshihisa Shimizu, Keiji Wada, "Control Methods and Compensation Characteristics of a Series Active Filter for a Neutral Conductor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 433-440, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Due to the advance of information technologies, a large number of electronic products such as personal computers have been connected to power distribution systems in commercial buildings. Hence, voltage distortion on utility outlets and excessive neutral current on distribution lines have arisen and lead to a number of serious problems in the distribution system. Two control methods and the related compensation characteristics of a series active filter connected to the neutral conductor are presented in this paper. The distinct functions of the proposed active filter are the mitigation of the third-harmonic voltage and the neutral current in a three-phase four-wire distribution system in a building. The required power of the proposed active filter is less than 10% of that of the harmonic-producing loads. A control method of the dc capacitor voltage on the active filter circuit is also described. It is clarified through experiments that one of the two functions of the active filter can be realized selectively and the dc capacitor voltage of the active filter can be regulated to a desired value

54.1.45    Franois Forest, Sbastien Faucher, Jean-Yves Gaspard, Didier Montloup, Jean-Jacques Huselstein, Charles Joubert, "Frequency-Synchronized Resonant Converters for the Supply of Multiwinding Coils in Induction Cooking Appliances," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 441-452, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The induction heating principle has been successfully introduced for about 20 years in domestic cooking appliances. The technical developments now concern the improvement of the current appliances and the introduction of new functions. So, one tendency is the design of multiwinding induction coils that are very adaptive concerning the shape and the power capability. This paper describes different original converter topologies designed to supply multiwinding coils, and, in addition, multicoil systems. The proposed topologies are based on particular use and associations of zero-voltage switching series-resonant converters. They are all characterized by a frequency-synchronized operating mode, in order to prevent any acoustic harm that could result from beating frequency-interferences

54.1.46    eljko V. Despotovic, Zoran Stojiljkovic, "Power Converter Control Circuits for Two-Mass Vibratory Conveying System With Electromagnetic Drive: Simulations and Experimental Results," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 453-466, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A mathematical model of two-mass vibratory conveying system with electromagnetic vibratory actuator (EVA) and possible ways of their optimal control by using power converter is presented in this paper. Vibratory conveyors are commonly used in industry to carry a wide variety of particulate and granular materials. Application of electromagnetic vibratory drive combined with power converters provides flexibility during work. The use of a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) implies a phase angle control, which is very easy, but with many disadvantages (fixed frequency which is imposed by ac mains supply, poor power factor, mechanical retuning, etc.). Switching converters overcomes these disadvantages. Only then, driving for EVA does not depend on mains frequency. As well as amplitude and duration of excitation force tuning, it is also possible to tune its frequency. Consequently, complicated mechanical tuning is eliminated and seeking resonant frequency is provided. Previously mentioned facts motivated phase angle control and switch mode control behavior research for electromagnetic vibratory drives. Simulation and experimental results and their comparisons are exposed in this paper. The simulation model and results are given in the program package PSPICE. Experimental results are recorded on implemented control systems for SCR and transistor power converters. Partial results concerning the resonant frequency seeking process with transistor converter are also exposed

54.1.47    Jong-Jae Lee, Bong-Hwan Kwon, "DC–DC Converter Using a Multiple-Coupled Inductor for Low Output Voltages," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 467-478, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new multiple-coupled inductor (MCI) is proposed for good cross regulation among low output voltages, high power density, and reduced converter volume. Moreover, a current doubler rectifier and a self-driven synchronous rectifier are presented to achieve high efficiency. The structure of the MCI is composed of four windings on a common core, and has the properties of a current doubler and good cross regulation. A dc-dc half-bridge converter using the proposed MCI is analyzed and designed for 40-W low output voltages (3.3, 4.5 V). This converter is very suitable for high current and low voltage applications. It is shown via experimental results that efficiency of over 90% and cross regulation of about 5% are achieved

54.1.48    Pan Qijun, Ma Weiming, Liu Dezhi, Zhao Zhihua, Meng Jin, "A New Critical Formula and Mathematical Model of Double-Tap Interphase Reactor in a Six-Phase Tap-Changer Diode Rectifier," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 479-485, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new practical formula to calculate the critical value of interphase reactor (IPR) in a six-phase diode rectifier with tap-changer. In addition, a mathematical model of the double-tap IPR has been established by equivalent circuit method. Simulation and experimental results verify the validity of the formula and mathematical model. On the basis of the above achievements, a simple and effective approach is provided to design the IPR and to analyze the performance of the whole system

54.1.49    Abdul Rahiman Beig, G. Narayanan, V. T. Ranganathan, "Modified SVPWM Algorithm for Three Level VSI With Synchronized and Symmetrical Waveforms," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 486-494, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The objective of the present work is to improve the output waveform of three level inverters used in high-power applications, where the switching frequency is very low. This is achieved by maintaining the synchronization, half-wave symmetry, quarter-wave symmetry, and three-phase symmetry in the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) waveforms. The principles of achieving synchronization and symmetries in terms of space vectors for three level inverters are presented. A novel synchronized space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) algorithms is proposed and verified experimentally. The experimental waveforms of the inverter output voltage and motor no load current for different operating conditions of the drive are presented. The performance measure in terms of the weighted total harmonic distortion (THD) of the line voltage is computed for the linear modulation region of the drive for the proposed algorithm and compared with that of synchronized SVPWM and synchronized sine-triangle pulsewidth modulation (SPWM) technique. The comparative results show that consideration of synchronization and symmetry results in improved THD. Another significant feature of the proposed algorithm is that the symmetry and synchronization leads to self-balancing of the direct current (dc) bus capacitor voltages over every one third cycle of the fundamental

54.1.50    Jos Rodriguez, Jorge Pontt, Csar A. Silva, Pablo Correa, Pablo Lezana, Patricio Cortes, Ulrich Ammann, "Predictive Current Control of a Voltage Source Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 495-503, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a predictive current control method and its application to a voltage source inverter. The method uses a discrete-time model of the system to predict the future value of the load current for all possible voltage vectors generated by the inverter. The voltage vector which minimizes a quality function is selected. The quality function used in this work evaluates the current error at the next sampling time. The performance of the proposed predictive control method is compared with hysteresis and pulsewidth modulation control. The results show that the predictive method controls very effectively the load current and performs very well compared with the classical solutions

54.1.51    G. Escobar, A. A. Valdez, J. Leyva-Ramos, P. Mattavelli, "Repetitive-Based Controller for a UPS Inverter to Compensate Unbalance and Harmonic Distortion," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 504-510, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper discusses a repetitive-based controller for an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) inverter. It is shown that a bank of resonant filters, used as a refinement term for harmonic compensation in earlier works, is equivalent to a repetitive scheme with a particular structure. The latter is implemented using a simple feedback array with a delay line, thus making the implementation relatively easy. More precisely, the repetitive scheme takes a negative feedback structure plus a feedforward path whenever the odd harmonics are considered for compensation only. The repetitive scheme, equivalent to the bank of resonant filters, acts as a refinement term to reject the harmonic distortion caused by the unbalanced and distorted load current, and thus, allowing the UPS inverter to deliver an almost pure sinusoidal balanced voltage. Experimental results in a 1.5 KVA three-phase inverter are included to show the performance of the proposed controller


Robotics and Vision
54.1.52    Lrinc Marton, Bla Lantos, "Modeling, Identification, and Compensation of Stick-Slip Friction," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 511-521, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The paper presents a novel approach for stick-slip friction modeling. The adaptive friction compensator, which uses this modified model guarantees the convergence of the tracking error to a small residual set and at the same time the algorithm can easily be implemented on standard industrial controller architectures. The model clearly distinguishes the low and the high-velocity regimes. Accordingly, at low velocities the adaptive laws in the friction compensator tune only the parameters which characterizes the low-speed friction behavior (Striebeck friction) and at the high-speed regime the adaptive laws modify only the parameters which characterize the high-speed friction behavior (Coulomb and viscous friction terms). An off-line identification method for the friction model parameters is also presented. Experimental results are provided to show the performances of the proposed friction modeling and compensation method

54.1.53    Mohammad S. Alam, Abdullah Bal, "Improved Multiple Target Tracking via Global Motion Compensation and Optoelectronic Correlation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 522-529, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Camera motion estimation in image sequences generally focuses on the recovery of the frames when the camera is mounted on a moving platform. Global motion in video sequences is more complex and involves camera operation, camera motion, and other nontarget motions. Global motion compensation is usually handled by compensating the dominant motion using estimation and segmentation techniques. To enhance tracker performance and accuracy, frame recovery operation plays a crucial role by estimating undesired motion. In this paper, a normalized correlation-based regional template-matching (TM) algorithm has been developed to accurately recover frames before the application of the tracking algorithm. Then, a robust multiple-target-tracking system has been developed using a combination of fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator and TM techniques. Joint transform correlation detects a target optoelectronically, while TM technique is performed digitally. To increase the tracking system speed and decrease the effects of clutter, a subframe segmentation and local deviation-based image-preprocessing algorithm has been proposed. The improved performance of multiple-target-tracking system is tested using real-life forward-looking infrared (IR) imagery video sequences obtained from IR sensors mounted on an airborne platform

54.1.54    Seiichiro Katsura, Yuichi Matsumoto, Kouhei Ohnishi, "Modeling of Force Sensing and Validation of Disturbance Observer for Force Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 530-538, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Controlling robots in contact with the environment is an important problem in industry applications. Generally, a force sensor is used for sensing the external force. It is well known that information of a force sensor has much noise. Furthermore, unstable state is also caused by the narrow bandwidth of force information by a force sensor. This paper shows that stable contact with the environment is difficult when a force sensor is used because of its soft mechanical structure and narrow bandwidth of force sensing. In order to solve the instability of force control, the disturbance observer is implemented instead of the force sensor. The disturbance observer can observe the external force without force sensors. When the disturbance observer is implemented in a robot, a force control system does not include a soft mechanism between a robot and the environment. Since a robot can detect the environmental information directly, a wide bandwidth of force sensing is attained. In this way, this paper solves the problems of force control by considering the force sensing method without changing the control architecture, and the ability of force control is improved. Experimental results show viability of the proposed method

54.1.55    Seiichiro Katsura, Kouhei Ohnishi, "Force Servoing by Flexible Manipulator Based on Resonance Ratio Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 539-547, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a force servoing method to suppress torsional vibration of two-mass resonant system. The resonance ratio control is one of the effective control methods of two-mass resonant system. In this method, the ratio between the resonant frequency of motor and arm is determined arbitrary according to the feedback of estimated reaction torque. The reaction torque is estimated by using a position sensitive detector (PSD). Since the estimation method does not need the parameter identification, the torsion information is obtained with accuracy. To attain the affinity and adaptability to environment, motion systems should control the reaction torque from the environment. In the force servoing system, the force command is given as a disturbance of the arm portion. The arm disturbance is observed by the arm disturbance observer without force sensors. The proposed force servoing system is based on both the conventional PD control and the resonance ratio control, and the determination method of pole placement is discussed. The proposed force servoing system can realize both the suppression of the inner torsional reaction torque and the adaptation to unknown outer force inputs. The numerical and experimental results show the viability of the proposed method


Signal Processing and Control
54.1.56    Hongtao Du, Hairong Qi, Xiaoling Wang, "Comparative Study of VLSI Solutions to Independent Component Analysis," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 548-558, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The advent of independent component analysis (ICA) has brought a paradigm shift to signal and image processing. ICA that extracts independent source signals by searching for a linear or nonlinear transformation and minimizing the statistical dependence between components has the promise of effective unsupervised signal separation capability. Due to the computation complexity of ICA and commonly high-volume data sets used in signal and image processing, the ICA process, however, is very time-consuming. Very large scale integration (VLSI) solutions with optimal parallelism provide potentially faster and even real-time implementations for ICA algorithms. In this paper, the authors study these solutions and discuss their limits. Critical challenges are identified, and issues associated with the VLSI implementation of ICA algorithms are designed. Design recommendations that have potentials in performing complicated ICA algorithms on large throughput are provided

54.1.57    Rahul Dubey, Pramod Agarwal, M. K. Vasantha, "Programmable Logic Devices for Motion Control—A Review," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 559-566, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are increasing their presence in power electronics and motion control applications. With rising gate densities of PLDs, larger functionality is being incorporated. This paper looks at certain areas of motion control that are making use of PLD for faster control and in taking the processing load off the system microprocessor

54.1.58    Gerardo Escobar, P. R. Martinez, J. Leyva-Ramos, "Analog Circuits to Implement Repetitive Controllers With Feedforward for Harmonic Compensation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 567-573, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A feedforward modification for both positive- and negative-feedback schemes of repetitive control is described. It was shown that repetitive controllers can be a useful tool for tracking of periodic reference signals and compensation of periodic disturbances, in other words, for harmonic compensation. It was shown that the feedforward modification considerably improves the frequency response and performance, providing higher gains with enhanced selectivity. Simple analog circuits are presented to implement both positive- and negative-feedback repetitive schemes. A description of the circuits and their corresponding experimental frequency responses are also given


Emerging Technology
54.1.59    Chih-Lyang Hwang, Li-Jui Chang, Yuan-Sheng Yu, "Network-Based Fuzzy Decentralized Sliding-Mode Control for Car-Like Mobile Robots," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 574-585, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the trajectory tracking of a car-like mobile robot (CLMR) using network-based fuzzy decentralized sliding-mode control (NBFDSMC) is developed. The scaling factors and the coefficients of the sliding surface for the control of the steering angle and forward-backward velocity of a CLMR are adopted by that for the control of two motors. Due to the delay transmission of a signal through an Internet and wireless module, a revision of fuzzy decentralized sliding-mode control (FDSMC) with suitable sampling time (i.e., NBFDSMC) is accomplished by the quality-of-service (QoS). The proposed control can track a reference trajectory without the requirement of a mathematical model. Only the information of the upper bound of system knowledge (including the dynamics of the CLMR, the delay feature of Internet network, and wireless module) is required to select the suitable scaling factors and coefficients of sliding surface such that an excellent performance is obtained. In addition, the stability of the closed-loop system in the presence of time-varying delay is addressed. Finally, a sequence of experiments including the control of unloaded CLMR and the trajectory tracking of CLMR is carried out to consolidate the usefulness of the proposed control system

54.1.60    Rong-Jong Wai, "Fuzzy Sliding-Mode Control Using Adaptive Tuning Technique," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 586-594, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This study mainly deals with the key problem of chattering phenomena on the conventional sliding-mode control (SMC) and investigates an adaptive fuzzy sliding-mode control (AFSMC) system for an indirect field-oriented induction motor (IM) drive to track periodic commands. First, an indirect field-orientation method for an IM drive is introduced briefly. Moreover, a fuzzy logic inference mechanism is utilized for implementing a fuzzy hitting control law to remove completely the chattering phenomena on the conventional SMC. In addition, to confront the uncertainties existed in practical applications, an adaptive algorithm, which is derived in the sense of Lyapunov stability theorem, is utilized to adjust the fuzzy parameter for further assuring robust and optimal control performance. The indirect field-oriented IM drive with the AFSMC scheme possesses the salient advantages of simple control framework, free from chattering, stable tracking control performance, and robust to uncertainties. Furthermore, numerical simulation and experimental results due to periodic sinusoidal commands are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, and its advantages are indicated in comparison with the conventional SMC system and the SMC system with a boundary layer

54.1.61    Mestan Tekin, Daniel Hissel, Marie-Ccile Pera, Jean Marie Kauffmann, "Energy-Management Strategy for Embedded Fuel-Cell Systems Using Fuzzy Logic," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 595-603, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a fuzzy-logic approach to the energy management of an embedded fuel-cell system. The main objective is to study one of the most technological bolts to be overcome for embedded fuel-cell systems: Their energy optimization. To reach this aim, experimentally validated models of a low-power 5-kW proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell and its most power-hungry ancillary (the fuel-cell air-supply system) are described. All simulation results have been performed using Matlab/Simulink environment. Two fuzzy controllers will be proposed for both the internal air-supply control loop and for the whole-embedded energy-management strategy

54.1.62    Kyung-Jin Choi, Young-Hyun Lee, Jong-Woo Moon, Chong-Kug Park, Fumio Harashima, "Development of an Automatic Stencil Inspection System Using Modified Hough Transform and Fuzzy Logic," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 604-611, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the authors present a system to inspect metal stencil that is used to print solder paste on pads of surface-mounted device on printed circuit board. The developed inspection system is composed of a moderately precise X-Y robot and a vision system. To correct a position error caused by the X-Y robot, the authors define position error vector and apply modified Hough transform to determine the dominant position error vector. Using this extracted dominant position error vector, the reference image is modified. This transformed reference image is compared with the camera image. Fuzzy logic is utilized to judge the correctness of the holes on the stencil. The input variables are the ratio of the overlapped area of two holes and the distance between the centroid of them. The output variable is the grade of the identity of the hole. These methods are verified by a simulation and applied to the inspection system

54.1.63    H. K. Lam, Frank H. F. Leung, "Design and Training for Combinational Neural-Logic Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 612-619, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the combinational neural-logic system. The basic components, i.e., the neural-logic-and, -or, and -not gates, will be proposed. As different applications have different characteristics, a traditional neural network with a common structure might not handle every application well if some network connections are redundant and cause internal disturbances, which may downgrade the training and network performance. In this paper, the proposed neural-logic gates are the basic building blocks for the applications. Based on the knowledge of the application and the neural-logic design methodology, a combinational neural-logic system can be designed systematically to incorporate the characteristics of the application into the structure of the combinational neural-logic system. It will enhance the training and network performance. The parameters of the combinational neural-logic system will be trained by the genetic algorithm. To illustrate the merits of the proposed approach, the combinational neural-logic system will be realized practically to recognize Cantonese speech commands for an electronic book

54.1.64    Chengyi Guo, Qing Song, Wenjian Cai, "A Neural Network Assisted Cascade Control System for Air Handling Unit," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 620-628, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In the centralized heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, air handling units (AHUs) are traditionally controlled by single-loop proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. The control structure is simple, but the performance is usually not satisfactory. In this paper, we propose a cascade control strategy for temperature control of AHU. Instead of a fixed PID controller in the classical cascade control scheme, a neural network (NN) controller is used in the outer control loop. This approach not only overcomes the tedious tuning procedure for the inner and outer loop PID parameters of a classical cascade control system, but also makes the whole control system be adaptive and robust. The multilayer NN is trained online by a special training algorithm-simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA)-based training algorithm. With the SPSA-based training algorithm, the weight convergence of the NN and stability of the control system is guaranteed. The novel cascade control system has been implemented on an experimental HVAC system. Testing results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm over the classical cascade control system

54.1.65    Khalid Abidi, Asif Sabanovic, "Sliding-Mode Control for High-Precision Motion of a Piezostage," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 629-637, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, control of piezostage using sliding-mode control (SMC) method is presented. Due to the fast dynamics of the piezostage and since high accuracy is required the special attention is paid to avoid chattering. The presence of hysteresis characteristics represents main nonlinearity in the system. Structure of proposed SMC controller is proven to offer chattering-free motion and rejection of the disturbances represented by hysteresis and the time variation of the piezostack parameters. In order to enhance the accuracy of the closed loop system, a combination of disturbance rejection method and the SMC controller is explored and its effectiveness is experimentally demonstrated. The disturbance observer is constructed using a second-order lumped parameter model of the piezostage and is based on SMC framework. Closed-loop experiments are presented using a proportional-integral-derivative controller and sliding-mode controller with disturbance compensation for the purpose of comparison

54.1.66    Susumu Hara, "A Smooth Switching From Power-Assist Control to Automatic Transfer Control and Its Application to a Transfer Machine," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 638-650, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Power-assist system technology and its application to manufacturing systems have attracted special interest recently. For example, automobile assembly processes utilizing power-assist systems exist. Many power-assist systems for industrial uses possess simple power-assisting functions only. The transfer of controlled objects is generally processed by another system. This paper proposes a transfer control method for a cart with motor by means of a smooth switching from the impedance control realizing the power-assist to the servo control for automatic transfer. To obtain the smooth switching, this paper utilizes a nonstationary impedance control method whose impedance parameters are time varying. A linear quadratic integral control method based on time-varying feedback gains is also introduced. By considering the setting of the time-varying parameters, the control characteristic is smoothly varied without control input saturation. This method increases the efficiency of control processes and realizes comfortable work for operators. The effectiveness of the method is verified by experiments and simulations

54.1.67    Wenbiao Han, Mohsen A. Jafari, "Coordination Control of Positioning and Deposition in Layered Manufacturing," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 651-659, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In fused-deposition (FD)-based layered manufacturing processes, the fabrication of functional part requires very high layer quality, which demands not only positioning precision but also deposition accuracy. Current FD techniques cannot realize an accurate deposition due to the lack of interaction between the positioning process and the deposition process. To achieve a high degree of deposition accuracy, a coordination controller is proposed, which tracks the variation of the X-Y table speed in real time and regulates the material flow rate accordingly. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach

54.1.68    Adam Mirecki, Xavier Roboam, Frdric Richardeau, "Architecture Complexity and Energy Efficiency of Small Wind Turbines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 660-670, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The power characteristics of wind turbines are nonlinear. It is particularly true for vertical-axis turbines whose provided power is very sensitive to the load. Thus, controlling the operating point is essential to optimize the energetic behavior. Several control strategies (maximum power point tracking) can be used for the energy conversion. If the wind-turbine characteristic Cp(lambda) is supposed to be a priori known, it can be used for optimal control of the torque, speed, or system output power. On the contrary, if this characteristic is unknown, an operational seeking algorithm such as fuzzy logic has to be implemented. Several structures with different associated complexity degrees can be used, in particular, the structure of the ac-dc conversion, which can be either a pulsewidth-modulation voltage-source rectifier or a simple diode bridge. A comparative study of the corresponding control strategies and architectures is proposed in this paper regarding the tradeoffs between structure complexity and energy efficiency. The analysis is based on simulations and experiments

54.1.69    Andon Venelinov Topalov, Giuseppe Leonardo Cascella, Vincenzo Giordano, Francesco Cupertino, Okyay Kaynak, "Sliding Mode Neuro-Adaptive Control of Electric Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 671-679, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An innovative variable-structure-systems-based approach for online training of neural network (NN) controllers as applied to the speed control of electric drives is presented. The proposed learning algorithm establishes an inner sliding motion in terms of the controller parameters, leading the command error towards zero. The outer sliding motion concerns the controlled electric drive, the state tracking error vector of which is simultaneously forced towards the origin of the phase space. The equivalence between the two sliding motions is demonstrated. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed control scheme and its practical feasibility in industrial settings, experimental tests have been carried out with electric motor drives. Crucial problems such as adaptability, computational costs, and robustness are discussed. Experimental results illustrate that the proposed NN-based speed controller possesses a remarkable learning capability to control electric drives, virtually without requiring a priori knowledge of the plant dynamics and laborious startup procedures


Letters to the Editor
54.1.70    Sergio Saponara, Luca Fanucci, Pierangelo Terreni, "Architectural-Level Power Optimization of Microcontroller Cores in Embedded Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 680-683, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Power saving is becoming one of the major design drivers in electronic systems embedding microcontroller cores. Known microcontrollers typically save power at the expense of reduced computational capability. With reference to an 8051 core, this paper presents a novel clustered clock gating to increase power efficiency at architectural level without performance loss and preserving the reusability of the macrocell. Different from known clustered-gating strategies where the number of clusters is fixed a priori, the optimal cluster organization is derived, considering both the macrocell complexity and switching activity. When implementing the 8051 core in CMOS technology, the proposed approach leads to a 37% power saving, which is higher than the 29% permitted by automatic-clock-gating insertion in commercial computer-aided design tools or the 10% of state-of-the-art clustered-gating strategies. To assess its full functionality, the power-optimized cell has been proved in silicon that is embedded in an automotive system for sensors interface/control

54.1.71    Adrian Ioinovici, Henry S. H. Chung, Marek S. Makowski, Chi K. Tse, "Comments on “Unified Analysis of Switched-Capacitor Resonant Converters”," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 684-685, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The realization of line and load regulation in switched-capacitor (SC)-based converters is discussed. A duty-cycle control is based on partial charging of the capacitors in the circuit. The influence on the efficiency is pointed out. The use of inductors in SC-based converters is discussed

54.1.72    Victor Perelmuter, "Comments on “Elimination of the Stator Resistance and Voltage Sensor Requirement Problems for DFO Control of an Induction Machine”," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 685-686, Feb 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: It is shown that in the paper by Rehman (2005) the proposed method for a stator flux estimation does not have an advantage over a current model

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

  IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 54,  Number 2, April 2007           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



                 Special Section Papers
54.2.1    "Table of Contents," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. C1-691, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

54.2.2    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics publication information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. C2-C2, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

54.2.3    H. Prendinger, M. Ishizuka, "Symmetric Multimodality Revisited: Unveiling Users' Physiological Activity," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 692-698, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, we describe our own stance on a research area called "Humatronics", which aims at establishing a (more) symmetric interaction relationship between humans and computer systems. In particular, we will advocate a novel approach to understanding humans that is based on largely involuntary and unconscious physiological information and gaze behavior rather than purposeful and conscious actions or behaviors. "Understanding humans" here refers to users' states related to emotion and affect, attention and interest, and possibly even to their intentions. A key feature of our approach is that it provides insight into a person's cognitive-motivational state without relying on cognitive judgements, such as answers to dedicated queries. Lifelike interface agents are endowed with synthetic bodies and faces and can be considered as prime candidates for outbalancing the asymmetric relationship in current human-computer interaction. As example applications, we will report on two recent studies that utilized lifelike agents as presenters or interaction partners of users. The resulting interactions can be conceived as implementing initial steps toward symmetric multimodality in user interfaces

54.2.4    T. Takeda, Y. Hirata, K. Kosuge, "Dance Step Estimation Method Based on HMM for Dance Partner Robot," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 699-706, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to realize an effective human-robot coordination with physical interaction. A dance partner robot has been proposed as a platform for it. To realize the effective human-robot coordination, recognizing human intention would be one of the key issues. This paper focuses on an estimation method for dance steps, which estimates a next dance step intended by a human. In estimating the dance step, time series data of force/moment applied by the human to the robot are used. The time series data of force/moment measured in dancing include uncertainty such as time lag and variations for repeated trials because the human could not always exactly apply the same force/moment to the robot. In order to treat the time series data including such uncertainty, hidden Markov models are utilized for designing the dance step estimation method. With the proposed method, the robot successfully estimates a next dance step based on human intention

54.2.5    Sanbao Zheng, D. Czarkowski, "Modeling and Digital Control of a Phase-Controlled Series–Parallel Resonant Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 707-715, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A nonlinear model for a phase-controlled series-parallel resonant converter is developed using the extended describing function method and d-q decomposition. The model is linearized and reduced using the balanced model reduction technique. Based on the reduced model and taking into account the zero-order hold delay and the computation delay in the sampled-data system, a digital controller for the converter is designed. The controller is implemented with a digital signal processor (DSP). The closed-loop converter with the DSP controller is built and tested experimentally. Recorded transient waveforms show that the closed-loop converter is capable of not only responding to the reference input change as required by the design specifications, but also stabilizing the output effectively under disturbances from both the output and the input

54.2.6    A.B. Proca, A. Keyhani, "Sliding-Mode Flux Observer With Online Rotor Parameter Estimation for Induction Motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 716-723, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Field orientation techniques without flux measurements depend on the parameters of the motor, particularly on the rotor resistance or rotor time constant (for rotor field orientation). Since these parameters change continuously as a function of temperature, it is important that the value of rotor resistance is continuously estimated online. A fourth-order sliding-mode flux observer is developed in this paper. Two sliding surfaces representing combinations of estimated flux and current errors are used to enforce the flux and current estimates to their real values. Switching functions are used to drive the sliding surfaces to zero. The equivalent values of the switching functions (low-frequency components) are proven to be the rotor resistance and the inverse of the rotor time constant. This property is used to simultaneously estimate the rotor resistance and the inverse of the time constant without prior knowledge of either the rotor resistance or the magnetizing inductance. Simulations and experimental results prove the validity of the proposed approach


Power Electronics
54.2.7    Jun-Young Lee, "Single-Stage AC/DC Converter With Input-Current Dead-Zone Control for Wide Input Voltage Ranges," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 724-732, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A single-phase single-stage ac/dc converter with input-current dead-zone control is proposed. It is based on flyback topology operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The current charging into the link capacitor is controlled according to line changes by adjusting the input-current blocking angle to alleviate an excessive increase of the link voltage. The reduced voltage stress can maintain an almost-constant voltage irrespective of load conditions by operating in dc/dc stage in DCM. Experimental results of a 60-W (5-V 12-A output) prototype converter show that the link voltage is limited within 384 V and that the measured power factor is more than 0.91 under universal voltage inputs and entire load conditions. In addition, the maximum efficiency is measured to be about 81% at the rated condition

54.2.8    P. Lezana, C.A. Silva, J. Rodriguez, M.A. Perez, "Zero-Steady-State-Error Input-Current Controller for Regenerative Multilevel Converters Based on Single-Phase Cells," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 733-740, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Multicell converters are one of the alternative topologies for medium-voltage industrial drives. For an application requiring regenerative capability, each power cell must be constructed with a three- or single-phase pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) rectifier as front end. The choice of single-phase PWM rectifiers for the input of the cells results in a reduced number of power switches and a simpler input transformer than the three-phase equivalent. However, its control is not as straightforward. This paper proposes the use of higher order resonant controllers in the classical control structure of the single-phase PWM rectifier. This ensures zero steady-state tracking error of the reference current at fundamental frequency. A detailed description of the design criteria for the position of the zeros and poles of the controller is given. Experimental results showing the good performance of the single-phase input cells and its proposed control are included

54.2.9    M. Borage, S. Tiwari, S. Kotaiah, "LCL-T Resonant Converter With Clamp Diodes: A Novel Constant-Current Power Supply With Inherent Constant-Voltage Limit," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 741-746, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The LCL-T resonant converter behaves as a constant-current (CC) source when operated at the resonant frequency. The output voltage of a CC power supply increases linearly with the load resistance. Therefore, a constant-voltage (CV) limit must be incorporated in the converter for its use in practical applications wherein the open-load condition is commonly experienced by a CC power supply, such as in an arc welding power supply. A novel LCL-T resonant converter with clamp diodes is proposed in this paper, which has built-in CC-CV characteristics. Since the CC-CV characteristics are inherent to the converter, and complex feedback control is not required, the proposed converter is rugged and reliable. The principle of operation of the converter is explained. Experimental results on a 500-W prototype are presented to demonstrate the inherent CC-CV behavior of the converter. Simple extensions of the topology featuring variable CV limits are described

54.2.10    Y.A.-R.I. Mohamed, E.F. El-Saadany, "An Improved Deadbeat Current Control Scheme With a Novel Adaptive Self-Tuning Load Model for a Three-Phase PWM Voltage-Source Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 747-759, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, an improved deadbeat current control scheme with a novel adaptive self-tuning load model for a three-phase pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) voltage-source inverter is proposed. First, to achieve high-bandwidth current control characteristics, an improved deadbeat current controller with delay compensation is adopted. The compensation method forces the delay elements, which are caused by voltage calculation, PWM, and synchronous frame rotation, to be equivalently placed outside the closed-loop control system. Hence, their effect on the closed-loop stability is eliminated, and the current controller can be designed with a higher bandwidth. Second, to relax the parameter sensitivity issue of the deadbeat controller and to realize a control scheme with reduced sensors, a novel adaptive self-tuning load model is emerged in the control structure. The adaptive model is designed with low computational demand to estimate in real time the load parameters (R,L) and the back-electromotive-force voltage simultaneously. A unified solution to the present nonlinear estimation problem is presented by adopting a parallel observer structure. Furthermore, the adaptive model has the necessary phase advance of the estimated quantities, which compensates for the total system's delay. Comparative evaluation results are presented to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed control scheme

54.2.11    Yu-Kang Lo, Jing-Yuan Lin, Sheng-Yuan Ou, "Switching-Frequency Control for Regulated Discontinuous-Conduction-Mode Boost Rectifiers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 760-768, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel switching-frequency control method for regulated one-switch boost rectifiers operating at the boundary of discontinuous and continuous conduction modes is presented in this paper. To obtain a source current with the least amount of low-order harmonics, the duty cycle within a switching period is proportional to the ratio of the instantaneous value of the source voltage to the output voltage. According to the voltage gain analysis, the output voltage can be regulated by adjusting the switching frequency. Small-signal modeling is performed to facilitate the design process. The proposed control scheme features advantages such as higher input power factor and higher regulated output voltage compared to the traditional discontinuous conduction control with a fixed switching frequency and a constant duty cycle. Any well-developed commercial pulsewidth-modulation control integrated circuit can be adopted with only a minor modification. Experimental results show good conformation with the theoretical analysis

54.2.12    Woo-Young Choi, Jung-Min Kwon, Eung-Ho Kim, Jong-Jae Lee, Bong-Hwan Kwon, "Bridgeless Boost Rectifier With Low Conduction Losses and Reduced Diode Reverse-Recovery Problems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 769-780, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A bridgeless boost rectifier with low conduction losses and reduced diode reverse-recovery problems is proposed for power-factor correction. The proposed boost rectifier can reduce the conduction losses and alleviate the diode reverse-recovery problems by using a coupled inductor and two additional diodes. Zero-current turn-off of the output diodes is achieved, and the reverse-recovery currents of the additional diodes are slowed down to reduce the diode reverse-recovery losses. All inductive components are realized on a single magnetic core by utilizing the leakage inductance of the coupled inductor. Furthermore, for the use of this topology in the practical design, the linear peak current mode control is employed for the proposed boost rectifier. A detailed analysis and a control strategy are presented. Experimental results for a 300-W prototype are also discussed to show the performance of the proposed boost rectifier

54.2.13    H. Takahashi, D. Ukishima, K. Kawamoto, K. Hirota, "A Study on Predicting Hazard Factors for Safe Driving," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 781-789, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes an algorithm for detecting objects representing potential hazards to drivers based on the combination of local information derived from optical flows and global information obtained from the host vehicle's status. The algorithm uses artificial neural networks to infer the degree of danger posed by moving objects in dynamic images taken with a vehicle-mounted camera. This approach allows more flexible adaptation of the algorithm to many drivers with dissimilar characteristics. Experiments were conducted with both miniature vehicles in a virtual environment and real vehicles in a real driving situation using video images of multiple moving objects. The results show that the algorithm can infer hazardous situations similar to the judgments made by human drivers. The proposed algorithm provides the foundation for constructing a practical driving assistance system

54.2.14    Y. Takama, S. Hattori, "Mining Association Rules for Adaptive Search Engine Based on RDF Technology," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 790-796, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A method for mining association rules that reflect the behaviors of past users is proposed for an adaptive search engine. The logs of the users' retrieving behaviors are described with the resource description framework model, from which association rules that reflect successful retrieving behaviors are extracted. The extracted rules are used to improve the performance of a metadata-based search engine. The document repository with adaptive hybrid search engine is also developed based on the proposed method. The repository consists of a document registration module, hybrid search engine, and reasoning base. The document registration module is designed to reduce the cost of adding metadata to documents, and the hybrid search engine combines full-text search with metadata-based search engine to improve the recall of retrieval result. The reasoning base is implemented based on the association rule mining method, which contributes to improve both precision and recall of the hybrid search engine. Experiments are performed with a virtual user model, of which results show that appropriate rules can be extracted with the proposed method. The proposed technologies will contribute to realize the concept of humatronics in terms of establishing symmetric relation between humans and systems, as well as sharing information, knowledge, and experiences via computer networks

54.2.15    Dong-Choon Lee, Young-Sin Kim, "Control of Single-Phase-to-Three-Phase AC/DC/AC PWM Converters for Induction Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 797-804, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel control scheme of single-phase-to-three-phase pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) converters for low-power three-phase induction motor drives, where a single-phase half-bridge PWM rectifier and a two-leg inverter are used. With this converter topology, the number of switching devices is reduced to six from ten in the case of full-bridge rectifier and three-leg inverter systems. In addition, the source voltage sensor is eliminated with a state observer, which controls the deviation between the model current and the system current to be zero. A simple scalar voltage modulation method is used for a two-leg inverter, and a new technique to eliminate the effect of the dc-link voltage ripple on the inverter output current is proposed. Although the converter topology itself is of lower cost than the conventional one, it retains the same functions such as sinusoidal input current, unity power factor, dc-link voltage control, bidirectional power flow, and variable-voltage and variable-frequency output voltage. The experimental results for the V/f control of 3-hp induction motor drives controlled by a digital signal processor TMS320C31 chip have verified the effectiveness of the proposed scheme

54.2.16    Dae-Jin Kim, Kwang-Hyun Park, Zeungnam Bien, "Hierarchical Longitudinal Controller for Rear-End Collision Avoidance," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 805-817, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Rear-end collision is a very serious problem in modern traffic situations, and there have been a great number of research reports on the longitudinal control method for road vehicles. In many cases, however, the control problem is formulated under platoon configuration and for some predictable noncollision situations. For predictable collision situations, regional and hierarchical approaches have been employed, but these approaches render difficulties due to ignorance for modeling error and logical error in a decision process. In this paper, the vehicle control for collision avoidance is studied with two control objectives, i.e., minimization of the safety distance error and regulation of the relative velocity between two vehicles. For this, a longitudinal controller using terminal sliding mode (TSM) with hierarchical structure is proposed for rear-end collision avoidance. The TSM is employed to achieve convergence in finite time, while the hierarchical approach is used for the system to accommodate the intelligence of the driver to handle various situations. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by software simulations


Drive Control
54.2.17    L. Harnefors, R. Ottersten, "Regenerating-Mode Stabilization of the “Statically Compensated Voltage Model”," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 818-824, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Reversal of rotation under load of sensorless induction motor drives is very challenging, as there is often an unstable region in the low-speed regenerating mode. In this paper, a variant of the classical "voltage model", i.e. the "statically compensated voltage model", is modified for stable regenerating-mode operation with accurate model motor parameters. The mechanisms behind two low-speed instability phenomena are thereafter explored, and methods for avoiding instability with inaccurate model parameters are developed. Experimental results verify the theory and show adequate performance

54.2.18    Ching-Tsai Pan, Yi-Hung Liao, "Modeling and Coordinate Control of Circulating Currents in Parallel Three-Phase Boost Rectifiers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 825-838, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, definition of the circulating currents of multiphase paralleled converters is first presented, and the circulating-current-generating mechanism is clearly explained. Thus, based on this definition, an averaged model of the circulating current is proposed. It is seen from this model that the circulating current consists of not only the zero-sequence but also the nonzero-sequence components. The governing differential equation also shows explicitly the relation between the circulating currents and the affecting factors such as different pulse width-modulation strategies. With this understanding, a simple coordinate control is then presented to reduce the circulating current. The phenomenon of the intrinsic circulating current is also explained. Furthermore, a prototype system is constructed, and the proposed control is implemented using TMS320F2812 DSP. Both simulation and experimental results verify the validity of the proposed theory and control

54.2.19    G. Escobar, P. Mattavelli, A.M. Stankovic, A.A. Valdez, J. Leyva-Ramos, "An Adaptive Control for UPS to Compensate Unbalance and Harmonic Distortion Using a Combined Capacitor/Load Current Sensing," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 839-847, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper investigates the control of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) using a combined measurement of capacitor and load currents in the same current sensor arrangement. The purpose of this combined measurement is, on one hand, to reach a similar performance as that obtained in the inductor current controller with load current feedforward and, on the other hand, to easily obtain an estimate of the inductor current for overcurrent protection capability. Based on this combined current measurement, a voltage controller based on resonant harmonic filters is investigated in order to compensate for unbalance and harmonic distortion on the load. Adaptation is included to cope with uncertainties in the system parameters. It is shown that after transformations the proposed controller gets a simple and practical form that includes a bank of resonant filters, which is in agreement with the internal model principle and corresponds to similar approaches proposed recently. The controller is based on a frequency-domain description of the periodic disturbances, which include both symmetric components, namely, the negative and positive sequence. Experimental results on the output stage of a three-phase three-wire UPS are presented to assess the performance of the proposed algorithm

54.2.20    E. Canuto, F. Musso, L. Massotti, "Automation and Control of Fabry–Pérot Interferometers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 848-857, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Fabry-Peacuterot interferometry (FPI), which was originally invented for spectroscopy, is now evolving as a basic technology for ultrafine dimensional stabilization and measurement. To this end, the light path length of an optical cavity and the wavelength of a laser source injected into the cavity have to be tuned to each other through a set of frequency and/or displacement actuators driven by a sharp and narrow signal-encoding total-cavity detuning. Digital control is essential in facilitating and automating FPI use in view of space applications and routine instrumentation. This paper shows how embedded model control (EMC) technology, which was developed by one of the authors, allows to systematically proceed from fine dynamics and requirements to the EM, which is the core of control design and algorithms. In this framework, all critical control issues have a coordinated solution: disturbance estimation and rejection, command constraints and multiplicity, hybrid dynamics, constraints due to unmodeled dynamics, and performance analysis. Several experimental results are illustrated and discussed in the light of the methodology

54.2.21    Koen De Gusseme, D.M. Van de Sype, A.P.M. Van den Bossche, J.A. Melkebeek, "Input-Current Distortion of CCM Boost PFC Converters Operated in DCM," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 858-865, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: When power-factor correction (PFC) converters designed for operation in continuous-conduction mode (CCM) at full power are operated at reduced load, operation in discontinuous-conduction mode (DCM) occurs in a zone that is close to the crossover of the line voltage. This zone will gradually expand with decreasing load to finally encompass the entire line cycle. Whereas, in CCM, the parasitic capacitances of the switches only cause switching losses, in DCM, they are a source of converter instability, resulting in significant input-current distortion. In this paper, this source of input-current distortion is analyzed, and a solution is proposed. Experimental results are obtained using a digitally controlled boost PFC converter, which is designed to operate in CCM for 1 kW

54.2.22    N. Kubota, K. Nishida, "Perceptual Control Based on Prediction for Natural Communication of a Partner Robot," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 866-877, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper discusses a perceptual system for natural communication between a partner robot and a human. The prediction is very important to reduce the computational cost and to extract the perceptual information for the natural communication with a human in the future. First, we propose a prediction-based perceptual control system based on spiking neurons. The proposed method is composed of four layers, namely: 1) input layer; 2) clustering layer; 3) prediction layer; and 4) perceptual module selection layer. Next, we propose an unsupervised learning method to perform the clustering of human behavior patterns. Furthermore, the robot selects perceptual modules used in the next perception according to the predicted perceptual mode. Furthermore, we show several experimental results of the communication between a partner robot and a human based on our proposed method

54.2.23    G. Ogawa, K. Kise, T. Torii, T. Nagao, "Onboard Evolutionary Risk Recognition System for Automobiles—Toward the Risk Map System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 878-886, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: To achieve a system that improves the safety and comfort of the vehicle driving, a recognition system equivalent to the human recognition ability should be developed. However, the vehicle environment is complicated and involves situations so diverse that a uniform recognition processing approach cannot function sufficiently. For a solution to this problem, we have been studying a comprehensive risk recognition system, which we call the risk map system, with learning capability. As part of this paper, a system has been developed that autonomously obtains the image recognition processing. This paper presents a system as an example that automatically learns through genetic programming to obtain the image processing of pedestrians and vehicles taken by an onboard camera system

54.2.24    K. Saeed, M.K. Nammous, "A Speech-and-Speaker Identification System: Feature Extraction, Description, and Classification of Speech-Signal Image," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 887-897, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper discusses a speech-and-speaker (SAS) identification system based on spoken Arabic digit recognition. The speech signals of the Arabic digits from zero to ten are processed graphically (the signal is treated as an object image for further processing). The identifying and classifying methods are performed with Burg's estimation model and the algorithm of Toeplitz matrix minimal eigenvalues as the main tools for signal-image description and feature extraction. At the stage of classification, both conventional and neural-network-based methods are used. The success rate of the speaker-identifying system obtained in the presented experiments for individually uttered words is excellent and has reached about 98.8% in some cases. The miss rate of about 1.2% was almost only because of false acceptance (13 miss cases in 1100 tested voices). These results have promisingly led to the design of a security system for SAS identification. The average overall success rate was then 97.45% in recognizing one uttered word and identifying its speaker, and 92.5% in recognizing a three-digit password (three individual words), which is really a high success rate because, for compound cases, we should successfully test all the three uttered words consecutively in addition to and after identifying their speaker; hence, the probability of making an error is basically higher. The authors' major contribution to this task involves building a system to recognize both the uttered words and their speaker through an innovative graphical algorithm for feature extraction from the voice signal. This Toeplitz-based algorithm reduces the amount of computations from operations on an ntimesn matrix that contains n2 different elements to a matrix (of Toeplitz form) that contains only n elements that are different from each other

54.2.25    S. Katsura, K. Ohnishi, K. Ohishi, "Transmission of Force Sensation by Environment Quarrier Based on Multilateral Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 898-906, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In recent years, realization of a haptic system has been strongly desired in the fields of medical treatment and expert's skill acquisition. The bandwidth of force sensing and friction compensation are very important problems for reproduction of vivid force sensation. In this paper, an environment quarrier is proposed for bilateral teleoperation instead of force sensors. The environment quarrier is a novel force-sensing method that consists of a twin robot system. Two of the same type of robot are required and they are controlled in the same position, velocity, and acceleration by bilateral acceleration control based on a disturbance observer. One robot is in contact motion and the other is unconstrained. The purity of external force is obtained by subtracting the disturbance torque in the unconstrained robot from the constrained one. The environment quarrier can observe the external force with high bandwidth and friction compensation. In this paper, the idea of multilateral control is introduced for attainment of simultaneity. Furthermore, this paper shows the controller design of the multilateral control in the modal space. The experimental results show the viability of the proposed method


Robotics and Vision
54.2.26    T. Shimono, S. Katsura, K. Ohnishi, "Abstraction and Reproduction of Force Sensation From Real Environment by Bilateral Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 907-918, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In recent years, the skill preservation of an expert has been a serious problem in various fields. If digital skill preservation like a haptic database is attained, it may become an innovative solution of this problem. This paper proposes abstraction and reproduction methods on bilateral control of force sensation from the real environment and reconstruction of the real environment as well. In the abstraction mode, which is based on bilateral control with disturbance observer, "the law of action and reaction" is attained. Later, the environmental dynamical information is estimated and obtained. In the reconstruction mode, an environmental model is reconstructed based on the obtained data from the real environment. Then, in the reproduction mode, the operator would feel the force sensation from the obtained environmental model as if from the real environment. As a result, the proposed system is able to store the bilateral force sensation to a force sensation recorder. In this paper, some environmental models for the reproduction of vivid force sensation are compared experimentally. Finally, the viability of the proposed methods is shown by the experimental results

54.2.27    Bin Lu, Xin Wu, H. Figueroa, A. Monti, "A Low-Cost Real-Time Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing Approach of Power Electronics Controls," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 919-931, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing is increasingly recognized as an effective approach in the design of power electronics controls. A high-performance real-time simulation environment is necessary to obtain high-fidelity results in HIL simulations. This paper presents the detailed implementation of a very-low-cost multisolver hard real-time simulation environment, namely the real-time extension of the virtual test bed (VTB-RT). VTB-RT is implemented completely from open-source software and off-the-shelf hardware. Using VTB-RT, this paper proposes an efficient real-time HIL testing approach for control designs in power electronics applications. VTB-RT enables the natural coupling between the simulation environment and the hardware under test and, thus, makes virtual power exchange in HIL simulation possible. For validation purposes, the proposed real-time HIL testing approach is applied in two well-known power electronics application examples, namely a boost converter and an H-bridge inverter with their respective control systems, representing a very-low-cost and a relatively advanced hardware setup, respectively. The consistency of the experimental results with the theoretical results proves the applicability of VTB-RT and the proposed testing approach. Finally, the most recent research progresses in VTB-RT are summarized

54.2.28    A. Muetze, A. Binder, "Calculation of Circulating Bearing Currents in Machines of Inverter-Based Drive Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 932-938, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The high-frequency circulating bearing current that may occur in machines of inverter-based drive systems can be described by an eddy-current model. The parameters of an equivalent circuit are derived from the model. The ratio between bearing current and common-mode current amplitudes for different machines is calculated. The theoretical maximum ratio is about 0.35. Copper loops applied for bearing current measurement may decrease the circulating bearing currents up to almost 40%

54.2.29    D. Casadei, J. Clare, Lee Empringham, G. Serra, A. Tani, A. Trentin, P. Wheeler, L. Zarri, "Large-Signal Model for the Stability Analysis of Matrix Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 939-950, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The interest in using the matrix converter (MC) for motor drive applications and energy conversion systems is steadily increasing due to its main advantage of performing a direct coupling between two three-phase alternating current sources without the need of an intermediate direct current bus. This characteristic, together with the presence of inductance-capacitance input filters and the feedforward compensation of the input voltage variations, might yield unstable operation in electrical drives. In this paper, a theoretical analysis of MCs based on a large-signal model is presented with the aim to show which parameters may affect the stability and to explain the reason of this phenomenon. The theoretical analysis is supported by several experimental tests carried out on an MC prototype

54.2.30    Ying Li, V. Venkataramanan, Guoxiao Guo, Youyi Wang, "Dynamic Nonlinear Control for Fast Seek-Settling Performance in Hard Disk Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 951-962, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a dynamic nonlinear control scheme to improve the seek-settling performance in hard disk drive servo system by a combination of a novel designed reference generator and a nonlinear feedback controller. The feedback controller consists of a linear one for short rise time and an associated nonlinear one for small overshoot. In order to improve the settling performance and system stability due to actuator saturation, reference trajectory is designed based on the performance of feedback loop so that the position error signal in the tracking stage is decreased greatly, which effectively avoids the actuator saturation with a high gain feedback control design. A parameterized second-order system is proposed to generate such desired reference trajectory. The stability of the proposed control scheme is proved through appropriate Lyapunov functions. The results in simulation and implementation show that the proposed control design performs better as compared with linear and optimal control laws for both short and long tracking lengths

54.2.31    C.B. Jacobina, Isaac Soares de Freitas, E.R.C. da Silva, "Reduced-Switch-Count Six-Leg Converters for Three-Phase-to-Three-Phase/Four-Wire Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 963-973, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Two reduced-switch-count ac/ac dc-link six-leg converters are investigated in this paper. The proposed topologies allow for three-phase-to-three-phase power conversion to supply a three-phase four-wire load without any capacitor dc-link-midpoint connection. The converters provide bidirectional power flow and power-factor control. Pulsewidth modulation techniques are derived by using the concept of local and general apportioning factors. The overall control strategy for providing dc-link voltage and power-factor control is presented. A control strategy to obtain the maximum utilization of the dc-link voltage is also proposed. In addition, several relevant characteristics of the converter are addressed, such as voltage analysis, distorted and unbalanced voltages operation, shared-leg currents, power rating, and total harmonic distortion. The proposed converters are compared to six-leg converters that use the capacitor dc-link-midpoint connection and also to the full-bridge seven-leg converter. Experimental and simulated results are presented

54.2.32    Hsiung Cheng Lin, "Fast Tracking of Time-Varying Power System Frequency and Harmonics Using Iterative-Loop Approaching Algorithm," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 974-983, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: With the increasing use of power electronic devices in the past decade, the produced harmonic pollution to the power supply is aggravating power supply quality. The monitoring of the health state of a power network is therefore becoming an essential issue. Although conventional techniques like discrete Fourier transform or fast Fourier transform are still widely applied in industry, some limitations arise particularly under supply frequency drift and transient circumstances. The proposed iterative-loop approaching algorithm can respond to the supply frequency variation, the fundamental amplitude/phase variation, as well as the harmonics frequency amplitude/phase variation instantly and accurately. Furthermore, an abrupt change of fundamental frequency and amplitude can also be traced properly and promptly. Numerical examples supporting the performance of the proposed algorithm are presented

54.2.33    R. Ghosh, G. Narayanan, "Generalized Feedforward Control of Single-Phase PWM Rectifiers Using Disturbance Observers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 984-993, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a generalized feedforward control scheme for a single-phase boost rectifier, operating with indirect current control, to improve the dynamic response of its output voltage against line and load disturbances, as well as for changes in the reference voltage. Digital implementation of the control method is discussed. A small-signal model of the converter system is presented. The stability of the current loop at light loads is studied. A method is presented to estimate the input voltage and the load current without having to actually measure these quantities for the purpose of feedforward control. Simulation and experimental results are presented

54.2.34    J.M. Guerrero, J. Matas, Luis Garcia de Vicuna, M. Castilla, J. Miret, "Decentralized Control for Parallel Operation of Distributed Generation Inverters Using Resistive Output Impedance," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 994-1004, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a novel wireless load-sharing controller for islanding parallel inverters in an ac-distributed system is proposed. This paper explores the resistive output impedance of the parallel-connected inverters in an island microgrid. The control loops are devised and analyzed, taking into account the special nature of a low-voltage microgrid, in which the line impedance is mainly resistive and the distance between the inverters makes the control intercommunication between them difficult. In contrast with the conventional droop-control method, the proposed controller uses resistive output impedance, and as a result, a different control law is obtained. The controller is implemented by using a digital signal processor board, which only uses local measurements of the unit, thus increasing the modularity, reliability, and flexibility of the distributed system. Experimental results are provided from two 6-kVA inverters connected in parallel, showing the features of the proposed wireless control

54.2.35    M. Karppanen, T. Suntio, M. Sippola, "Dynamical Characterization of Input-Voltage-Feedforward-Controlled Buck Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1005-1013, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The use of input-voltage-feedforward (IVFF) control has become a popular method to implement a low-cost bus converter in the telecommunications distributed power architectures because the IVFF control can provide adequate output-voltage accuracy in respect to the variations in the input voltage even at open loop, when applied to a buck converter. The method in itself is well known from the 1980s, but the dynamical features that the method would provide have not been fully investigated and reported. The results of the investigations made in this paper show that the IVFF control would provide input-noise attenuation comparable to the peak-current-mode control, voltage-loop gain largely independent of input voltage, and highly reduced input-filter interactions as compared to the voltage-mode control. The main disadvantage is the reduced output-voltage-load-transient response due to the input-voltage-dependent maximum duty ratio. The observations are supported with comprehensive experimental measurements

54.2.36    Tian Xia, Hao Zheng, "Timing Jitter Characterization for Mixed-Signal Production Test Using the Interpolation Algorithm," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1014-1023, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a jitter measurement circuit for mixed-signal production test based on the interpolation algorithm is presented. By utilizing the limited sampling points per cycle, the original signal under test is reconstructed with a high accuracy. From the reconstructed signal, most timing jitter features can be characterized. To validate the design effectiveness, comparative studies have been performed between this jitter measurement method and other standard jitter characterization instruments

54.2.37    Chang-Hua Lin, Ying Lu, Huang-Jen Chiu, Chung-Lun Ou, "Eliminating the Temperature Effect of Piezoelectric Transformer in Backlight Electronic Ballast by Applying the Digital Phase-Locked-Loop Technique," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1024-1031, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new controller for eliminating the temperature effect of a piezoelectric transformer (PT) in a backlight electronic ballast is proposed in this paper. First, a class-D backlight inverter is employed to simplify the circuit configuration and to raise system efficiency. Next, to reduce the dimensions of the backlight module for satisfying the thin-shaped design trend and to overcome the drawbacks of a conventional transformer, a PT is incorporated instead. Then, a digital phase-locked-loop (DPLL) controller is embedded into the backlight system as a feedback control mechanism to track the optimal operating frequency of the PT, so that the PT's temperature effect is removed; hence, system efficiency and stability is improved. The design considerations are detailed, and the experimental results confirm the validity of the proposed control strategy

54.2.38    Ming-Chih Chien, An-Chyau Huang, "Adaptive Control for Flexible-Joint Electrically Driven Robot With Time-Varying Uncertainties," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1032-1038, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Almost all present control strategies for electrically driven robots are under the rigid robot assumption. Few results can be found for the control of electrically driven robots with joint flexibility. This is because the presence of the joint flexibility greatly increases the complexity of the system dynamics. What is worse is when some system dynamics are not available and a good performance controller is required. In this paper, an adaptive design is proposed to this challenging problem. A backstepping-like procedure incorporating the model reference adaptive control is employed to circumvent the difficulty introduced by its cascade structure and various uncertainties. A Lyapunov-like analysis is used to justify the closed-loop stability and boundedness of internal signals. Computer simulation results are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed scheme


Signal Processing and Control
54.2.39    Guoyang Cheng, Kemao Peng, B.M. Chen, T.H. Lee, "Improving Transient Performance in Tracking General References Using Composite Nonlinear Feedback Control and Its Application to High-Speed XY-Table Positioning Mechanism," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1039-1051, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: We adopt in this paper the newly developed composite nonlinear feedback (CNF) control method to track general target references for systems with input saturation. The original formulation of the CNF control technique is only applicable to set-point tracking, in which the target reference is set to be a constant. In this paper, a reference generator, which is able to produce more general reference signals such as sinusoidal and other waves, will be proposed to supplement the CNF control technique to yield a good performance. The resulting control law comprises the reference generator and a modified CNF control law, which is proven to be capable of tracking a target reference with fast settling time and minimal overshoot. Simulation and experimental results on an XY-table show that the proposed technique gives a very satisfactory performance

54.2.40    R. Hoseinnezhad, A. Bab-Hadiashar, P. Harding, "Calibration of Resolver Sensors in Electromechanical Braking Systems: A Modified Recursive Weighted Least-Squares Approach," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1052-1060, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Resolver sensors are utilized as absolute position transducers to control the position and speed of actuators in many industrial applications. The accuracy and convergence of the position and speed measurements provided by resolvers in electromechanical braking system (EMB) designs directly contribute to the braking performance and vehicle safety. In practice, the dc drifts, amplitudes, and phase shift of the resolver signals vary with aging and temperature, and adaptive techniques are required for the calibration of these parameters of resolvers. Existing classical adaptive techniques such as recursive least squares are unable to track the parameters during resting (low-speed actuation or stationary) periods and also a transient period after them. This paper proposes a new approach for real-time tracking of resolver parameters specially developed for actuator-control applications with varying speed and long resting periods. We formulate the algebraic relationship between the resolver parameters and the parameters of resolver characteristic ellipse, which is the ellipse formed by plotting the resolver signals versus each other. Having known the characteristic ellipse parameters, the resolver parameters are calculated using the formulated algebraic relation. Then, a new recursive and adaptive estimator is proposed to track the parameters of characteristic ellipse. The low computational complexity of the proposed method makes it desirable for real-time applications like the EMBs, where limited computational power and memory are available. Experimental results show that the proposed technique is able to track the resolver parameters and the accurate actuator position with a small error in real-time, while other adaptive estimators are unable to track the resolver parameters during and after resting periods

54.2.41    Fuxin Liu, Xinbo Ruan, "ZVS Combined Three-Level Converter—A Topology Suitable for High Input Voltage With Wide Range Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1061-1072, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) combined three-level (TL) converter is proposed in this paper. It is essentially a hybrid combination of a half-bridge TL section and a full-bridge section. The main advantages of the proposed converter are given as follows: the voltage stress of all the switches is ensured to be only half of the input voltage; the secondary rectified voltage is very close to the output voltage, so the high-frequency content is very low, leading to a reduced output filter requirement; the voltage stress of the rectifier diodes is also reduced; and the switches can achieve ZVS with the use of the leakage inductances of the transformers and the intrinsic capacitors of the switches. This paper describes the operating principles and design procedures for the proposed converter. Experimental results from a 1080 W prototype converter operating at 100 kHz are presented to validate the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the performance of the proposed converter

54.2.42    P. Correa, M. Pacas, J. Rodriguez, "Predictive Torque Control for Inverter-Fed Induction Machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1073-1079, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a predictive control scheme that is suitable for the torque and flux control of multilevel inverter-fed induction machines. The control strategy combines the use of a proportional-integral controller to obtain good steady-state behavior and a predictive controller to achieve fast dynamic torque response. In this way, torque and stator flux references can be reached within one sample period. With the use of multilevel space phasor modulation, low torque and flux ripple are possible with fixed sample rate. Experimental and simulation results are presented in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy

54.2.43    T.M. O'Sullivan, C.M. Bingham, N. Schofield, "Observer-Based Tuning of Two-Inertia Servo-Drive Systems With Integrated SAW Torque Transducers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1080-1091, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes controller design and tuning methodologies that facilitate the rejection of periodic load-side disturbances applied to a torsional mechanical system while simultaneously compensating for the observer's inherent phase delay. This facilitates the use of lower-bandwidth practically realizable disturbance observers. The merits of implementing fulland reduced-order observers are investigated, with the latter being implemented with a new low-cost servo-machine-integrated high-bandwidth torque-sensing device based on surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology. Specifically, the authors' previous work based on proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and resonance ratio control (RRC) controllers (IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1226-1237, Aug. 2006) is augmented with observer disturbance feedback. It is shown that higher-bandwidth disturbance observers are required to maximize disturbance attenuation over the low-frequency band (as well as the desired rejection frequency), thereby attenuating a wide range of possible frequencies. In such cases, therefore, it is shown that the RRC controller is the preferred solution since it can employ significantly higher observer bandwidth, when compared to PID counterparts, by virtue of reduced noise sensitivity. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the prototype servo-machine-integrated 20-Nmiddotm SAW torque transducer is not unduly affected by machine-generated electromagnetic noise and exhibits similar dynamic behavior as a conventional instrument inline torque transducer

54.2.44    C. Rech, J.R. Pinheiro, "Hybrid Multilevel Converters: Unified Analysis and Design Considerations," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1092-1104, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The concept of hybrid multilevel converters has been generalized for different arrangements of direct-current voltage levels, modulation strategies, topologies of series-connected cells, and/or semiconductor technologies to optimize the power processing of the overall system. Therefore, a given number of levels can be synthesized by several multilevel configurations, significantly increasing flexibility and complexity in the design of hybrid multilevel converters. However, a generalized design methodology to define the main parameters of these topologies for distinct design criteria has not yet been presented. To overcome this lack, this paper presents a comparative analysis among various hybrid multilevel topologies, and it proposes some design considerations for distinct applications. Consequently, this paper constitutes a useful basis for defining an adequate hybrid arrangement for any application

54.2.45    E. Sato, T. Yamaguchi, F. Harashima, "Natural Interface Using Pointing Behavior for Human–Robot Gestural Interaction," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1105-1112, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, we focus on using pointing behavior for a natural interface. Recently, robots that fit into the human community have been needed. A gestural interface is important for use with these robots. Gestural recognition has already been studied for use in a human-machine interface. We investigated to find a system that recognizes users' intentions by using their gestural information in particular situations. Therefore, we constructed a system based on interpersonal communication that uses pointing gestures as information. Our aim is not to calculate accurately the point indicated by a user. The system recognizes objects or the pointing direction and decides its own action by automatically considering context. In addition, we report three experiments with this pointing behavior. In the first experiment, a user instructed the robot to follow a specified route. In the second, the user moved a robot or an object by using a virtual room interface. In the third, the user pointed out a specific parking space in which the system was to park a car

54.2.46    Y. Matsumoto, S. Katsura, K. Ohnishi, "Dexterous Manipulation in Constrained Bilateral Teleoperation Using Controlled Supporting Point," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1113-1121, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The use of robotic devices in surgical applications has been growing in recent years. Surgical robots are beginning to find applications in minimally invasive surgeries. The control issues pertaining to many of the applications of robotics to surgery are similar. In all cases, the ability to accommodate unique special-purpose mechanical designs is important, as is the ability to restrict the motions of the end-effector. Conventionally, motion constraint is attained by mechanical constraint equipments, such as bearing, linear guide, and so on. In this paper, robot motion control with a controlled supporting point (CSP) for operator aid is proposed. The method is to make the constraint without setting mechanical constraints. The merits of the proposed method are not only the simplification of mechanical equipments but also the deletion of friction at the constraint. It is easy to set the CSP at the position where the setting of mechanical supporting points is difficult. Furthermore, it is also possible to change the CSP online. This method is especially effective for the object whose position of surface is always changing. The proposed method is applied to six-degrees-of-freedom manipulators. The numerical and experimental results show the viability of the proposed method

54.2.47    M. Niitsuma, H. Hashimoto, Hideki Hashimoto, "Spatial Memory as an Aid System for Human Activity in Intelligent Space," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1122-1131, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the spatial memory that aids human activities in a working environment. The spatial memory enables humans to store computerized information into the real world by assigning a 3-D position as the memory address. By storing computerized information into the real world, users can manipulate the information in similar ways as physical objects. Consequently, we can retrieve stored knowledge by indicating the point using our own arms, which we name "human indicator." This paper shows a prototype of the spatial memory system, which has potential to enhance desk work. The implemented system is evaluated through two types of experiments by using human subjects. Experimental results verify the efficiency and the effectiveness of our spatial memory framework based on a statistical test

54.2.48    Guoyang Cheng, Kemao Peng, "Robust Composite Nonlinear Feedback Control With Application to a Servo Positioning System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1132-1140, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new robust composite nonlinear feedback (CNF) control method is proposed to achieve fast and accurate set-point tracking for linear systems subject to input saturation and disturbances. The basic idea is to incorporate disturbance estimation and compensation into the framework of the original CNF control so as to eliminate the steady-state bias due to disturbances and retain the fast transient performance of the original CNF control. There is no additional integration action introduced in the new method, which is in contrast with the previous work, i.e., the enhanced CNF control. The new method is applied to design a control law for a dc servomotor positioning system. Simulation and experimental results show that the new method can achieve better transient performance and steady-state accuracy in set-point tracking and is more robust to amplitude variations of disturbance/set point compared to integration-based control

54.2.49    P. Adduci, E. Botti, E. Dallago, G. Venchi, "PWM Power Audio Amplifier With Voltage/Current Mixed Feedback for High-Efficiency Speakers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1141-1149, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: High-efficiency speakers significantly improve electrical to sound power conversion efficiency by reducing the power dissipation over the speaker coil. However, they require some equalization of the input signal. In this paper, a new driving technique based on a pulsewidth-modulation switching amplifier is presented. This exploits a double voltage/current feedback to obtain automatic equalization. Furthermore, the double feedback allows the output resonant filter to be included in the feedback path, compensating for its nonlinearity. Finally, the mixed feedback acts as intrinsic current limiter. Both theoretical analysis and simulations demonstrate that this system is feasible. The results were also confirmed by measurements using a prototype

54.2.50    H. Koizumi, K. Kurokawa, "Analysis of the Class DE Inverter With Thinned-Out Driving Patterns," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1150-1160, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a numerical analysis for the Class DE inverter with eliminated driving pulses. The harmonics, low-frequency components, and power conversion efficiency are calculated and shown. The Class DE inverter is one of the high-frequency high-efficiency resonant power sources that has the hybrid features of Class D and Class E circuits. To regulate the output power while maintaining high efficiency, various methods have been proposed. Thinned-out method is one of them, which regulates the output power by eliminating the driving pulses. The principle is quite simple and is seen suitable for digital control. However, the harmonics, low-frequency components, and discontinuous regulation have been pointed out. An aim of this paper is to clarify the characteristic of the Class DE inverter with thinned-out driving patterns. Basic models with three different Q-factors of 5, 10, and 20 are designed, built, tested, and analyzed. In a series of 16 cycles of switching pulses, 1-15 cycles are eliminated. The calculated waveforms show good agreement with circuit experiments. Various waveforms, harmonics, total harmonic distortion, low-frequency components, their total, and harmonics of the lowest frequency component are calculated and discussed

54.2.51    R. Morales-Caporal, M. Pacas, "A Predictive Torque Control for the Synchronous Reluctance Machine Taking Into Account the Magnetic Cross Saturation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1161-1167, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A predictive torque and flux control algorithm for the synchronous reluctance machine is presented in this paper. The algorithm realizes a voltage space phasor preselection, followed by the computation of the switching instants for the optimum switching space phasor, with the advantages of inherently constant switching frequency and time equidistant implementation on a DSP-based system. The criteria on how to choose the appropriate voltage space phasor depend on the state of the machine and the deviations of torque and flux at the end of the cycle. In order to obtain an appropriate model of the machine, it has been developed on a d-q frame of coordinates attached to the rotor and takes into account the magnetic saturation in both d-q axes and the cross-saturation phenomenon between both axes. Therefore, high-performance torque control is achieved, and the torque ripple is reduced. Simulated and experimental results using a DSP/field-programmable-gate-array-based control and a commercially available machine show the validity of the proposed control scheme

54.2.52    N. Mutoh, Y. Hayano, H. Yahagi, K. Takita, "Electric Braking Control Methods for Electric Vehicles With Independently Driven Front and Rear Wheels," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1168-1176, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: For electric vehicles (EVs), the most important issue is safety when driving and braking operations are performed. EVs with a structure that can drive the front and rear wheels independently have been proposed by the authors, and they are being studied as the next ECO vehicles. The basic fail-safe function has already been verified through simulations and experiments to provide stable driving without any sudden stops even when the elements constituting the driving systems fail. Then, methods to control phenomena occurring at the time of braking, which are uncontrollable only by driver's pedal operations, i.e., wheel lock, slip, and aggravation of the riding comfort, are studied here based on a prototype EV with a function that can distribute the braking torque to the front and rear wheels according to driving conditions. As a result, electric braking control methods using the estimated vehicle speed, acceleration, and load movement are proposed that can prevent vehicles from experiencing wheel lock and slip phenomena and can improve the riding comfort regardless of a driver's braking pedal operations. Effectiveness of the proposed methods is verified through experiments using the prototype EV

54.2.53    J.G. Pinto, V. Carvalho, J.L. Monteiro, R.M. Vasconcelos, F.O. Soares, "Yarn-Mass Measurement With 1-mm-Length Samples," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1177-1183, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In textile production, measurement of yarn mass in the 1-mm range is of utmost importance to properly evaluate evenness, as several irregularities occur in 1-4-mm yarn length. Direct measurements in the 1-mm range are not available in commercial equipment. One of the most common, from Uster, is based on yarn samples of 8 mm. This paper presents a direct mass measurement in the 1-mm range system based on parallel capacitive sensors and signal-processing techniques for detection of periodical errors. Results point out that evaluation of yarn mass, with this approach, is feasible in the 1-mm range, allowing online measurement (1-mm yarn mass) in a spinning frame for real-time control. Despite low signal-to-noise ratio, it is possible to measure small variations of yarn mass (typical capacity variation of 2.08times10-17 F for 57 tex-0.057 g/m of yarn). As a spin-off of this project, a new low-cost control system is being prepared for detection of yarn break and bobbin end in knitting flat machines. Online quality classification is also feasible with the developed system

54.2.54    Y. Maeno, Y. Ohsawa, "Human–Computer Interactive Annealing for Discovering Invisible Dark Events," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1184-1192, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Experts of chance discovery have recognized a new class of problems where the previous methods fail to visualize a latent structure behind observation. There are invisible events that play an important role in the dynamics of visible events. An invisible leader in a communication network is a typical example. Such an event is named a dark event. A novel technique has been proposed to understand a dark event and to extend the process of chance discovery. This paper presents a new method named "human-computer interactive annealing" for revealing latent structures along with the algorithm for discovering dark events. Demonstration using test data generated from a scale-free network shows that the precision regarding the algorithm ranges from 80% to 90%. An experiment on discovering an invisible leader under an online collective decision-making circumstance is successful


Emerging Technology
54.2.55    K. Szabat, T. Orlowska-Kowalska, "Vibration Suppression in a Two-Mass Drive System Using PI Speed Controller and Additional Feedbacks—Comparative Study," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1193-1206, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, an analysis of control structures for the electrical drive system with elastic joint is carried out. The synthesis of the control structure with proportional-integral controller supported by different additional feedbacks is presented. The classical pole-placement method is applied. Analytical equations, which allow for calculating the control structure parameters, are given. The limitation of the design due to the number of degrees of freedom of the considered drive systems is shown. In order to damp the torsional vibration effectively, the application of the feedback from one selected state variable is necessary. In the literature, a large number of possible feedbacks have been reported. However, in this paper, it is shown that all systems with one additional feedback can be divided into three different groups, according to their dynamical characteristics. In addition, the system with two additional feedbacks is investigated. The comparison between considered structures is carried out. The simulation results are confirmed experimentally in the laboratory setup

54.2.56    J.M. Quero, C. Aracil, L.G. Franquelo, J. Ricart, P.R. Ortega, M. Dominguez, L.M. Castaner, R. Osuna, "Tracking Control System Using an Incident Radiation Angle Microsensor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1207-1216, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: For some industrial applications, an accurate estimation of a light source position is needed. That is the case for a heliostat, a device that projects sunlight onto a focus hundreds of meters away from its aiming point. In this paper, we present a novel sensor design for generating an alignment error signal. Included is a detailed study of its response, which shows that certain geometrical design parameters are necessary to achieve desired accuracy. This sensor has been implemented using microelectromechanical system techniques to achieve a robust structure at low cost and it has been successfully applied to sun-tracking systems. Experimental results obtained in field tests are included

54.2.57    M.G. Egan, D.L. O'Sullivan, J.G. Hayes, M.J. Willers, C.P. Henze, "Power-Factor-Corrected Single-Stage Inductive Charger for Electric Vehicle Batteries," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1217-1226, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel power-factor-corrected single-stage alternating current/direct current converter for inductive charging of electric vehicle batteries is introduced. The resonant converter uses the current-source characteristic of the series-parallel topology to provide power-factor correction over a wide output power range from zero to full load. Some design guidelines for this converter are outlined. An approximate small-signal model of the converter is also presented. Experimental results verify the operation of the new converter

54.2.58    Li Huijun, Song Aiguo, "Virtual-Environment Modeling and Correction for Force-Reflecting Teleoperation With Time Delay," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1227-1233, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Virtual environment (VE) is an effective method to deal with time delay in teleoperation, but it depends heavily on the accuracy of the virtual model. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to create and verify geometric and dynamic model of the remote physical environment. The geometric errors of the virtual model are corrected by overlaying the graphics over video images and also by fusing the position and force information from the remote. A sliding-average least-square algorithm is proposed to identify dynamic parameters of the remote environment, and the corresponding virtual-model parameters are updated online to keep equal to the real environment. The VE-based teleoperation system developed in our laboratory is described. Experimental results show that the relative errors of forces provided by the corrected VE are 2.82%, 2.22%, and 2.60%, respectively, with time delay of 5, 10, and 15 s. Results indicate that VE built by this method can provide the operator with appropriate predictive virtual forces with a certain time delay

54.2.59    F. Harashima, K. Tanie, T. Yamaguchi, "Guest Editorial [special section on humatronics]," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1234-1236, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The 12 papers in this special section are devoted to humatronics, which describes the electronics used to balance the asymmetry of the relationship between human and systems. Some of the topics covered include: the physical interaction between human and system/environment; the modalities used by a robot to recognize/understand humans; a method for sharing multiple persons' behaviors for intelligent support; vehicle control; and the interaction between human and computer from the viewpoint of chance discovery.


Letters to the Editor
54.2.60    G. Iwanski, W. Koczara, "Sensorless Direct Voltage Control of the Stand-Alone Slip-Ring Induction Generator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1237-1239, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this letter, a stand-alone power system with doubly fed induction generator is described. Direct voltage control based on the stator voltage vector, represented in rotating polar frame, does not need any feedback from the rotor speed or position. Using positive- and negative-sequence components, an unbalanced load can be supplied

54.2.61    J.T. Matysik, "The Current and Voltage Phase Shift Regulation in Resonant Converters With Integration Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1240-1242, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This letter presents an application of the phase controller which allows a regulation of current and voltage phase shift in resonant circuit with nonperiodic voltage waveform. The phase controller has been implemented using the voltage-controlled oscillator generator operating with double resonant frequency, creation of additional auxiliary voltage signal, and phase-locked loop. The results of computer simulations and laboratory experiments show that the proposed phase controller allows a simple and efficient phase shift regulation for all known systems of integration control with a continuous and discontinuous resonant current flow

54.2.62    L. Harnefors, "Globally Stable Speed-Adaptive Observers for Sensorless Induction Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1243-1245, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: All proofs of global stability attempted so far have failed. Hence, it is doubtful that such observers exist

54.2.63    K. Thramboulidis, "Comments on “A Methodology for the Development of Distributed Real-Time Control Applications With Focus on Task Allocation in Heterogeneous Systems”," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1245-1248, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In the paper by Prayati (IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1194-1207, Dec. 2004), the authors claim that a design methodology for the development of distributed control applications with focus on task allocation in heterogeneous systems has been defined and that an algorithm was developed for the allocation of the application's components to the system's devices. They also present a case study to highlight the presented approach. In this letter, it is argued that the number of errors, obscurenesses, and inconsistencies that exist in the described approach, i.e., the methodology and algorithm, raises many questions about the effectiveness of the methodology and the correctness of the algorithm as well as their application in the presented example

54.2.64    "IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. C3-C3, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

54.2.65    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics information for authors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. C4-C4, April 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

  IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 54,  Number 3, June 2007           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



                 Papers
54.3.1    "Table of Contents," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. C1-1251, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

54.3.2    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics publication information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. C2-C2, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

54.3.3    Nam-Ju Park, Dong-Yun Lee, Dong-Seok Hyun, "A Power-Control Scheme With Constant Switching Frequency in Class-D Inverter for Induction-Heating Jar Application," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1252-1260, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a simple power-control scheme for a constant-frequency class-D inverter with variable duty cycle at constant frequency is proposed. It is more suitable and acceptable for high-frequency induction-heating (IH) jar applications. The proposed control scheme has the advantages of not only wide power-regulation range but also ease of output-power control. In addition, it can achieve stable and efficient zero-voltage switching in the whole load range. The control principles of the proposed method are described in detail, and the validity is verified through the simulated and experimental results on the 42.8-kHz insulated gate bipolar transistor for an IH rated on 1.6 kW with constant-frequency variable power

54.3.4    S.A. Larrinaga, M.A.R. Vidal, E. Oyarbide, J.R.T. Apraiz, "Predictive Control Strategy for DC/AC Converters Based on Direct Power Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1261-1271, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes predictive direct power control (P-DPC), a new control approach where the well-known direct power control is combined with predictive selection of a voltage-vectors' sequence, obtaining both high transient dynamics and a constant-switching frequency. The developed P-DPC version is based on an optimal application of three voltage vectors in a symmetrical way, which is the so-called symmetrical 3 + 3 vectors' sequence. The simulation and experimental results of the P-DPC are compared to standard voltage-oriented control (VOC) strategies in a grid-connected three-phase voltage-source inverter under 400-V 15-kVA operation conditions. The P-DPC improves the transient response and keeps the steady-state harmonic spectrum at the same level as the VOC strategies. Due to its high transient capability and its constant-switching behavior, the P-DPC could become an interesting alternative to standard VOC techniques for grid-connected converters

54.3.5    E. Figueres, J.M. Benavent, G. Garcera, M. Pascual, "A Control Circuit With Load-Current Injection for Single-Phase Power-Factor-Correction Rectifiers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1272-1281, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A load-current-injection control technique for boost-derived power-factor-correction (PFC) rectifiers with average current-mode control is proposed in this paper. By adding a load-current loop to the conventional inductor current loop, the output voltage response to load steps is speeded up, almost eliminating the typical voltage overshoots of this kind of converters. Although the techniques based on the load-current injection are traditionally called "load feedforward," this paper shows that an additional feedback loop, which modifies the linear small-signal model of the converter, is also introduced. In order to validate the concept, a converter prototype working from a universal input line has been designed and tested, showing that a very fast dynamic response of PFC rectifiers may be achieved in a cost-effective way

54.3.6    Guo-Ping Liu, Yuanqing Xia, Jie Chen, D. Rees, W. Hu, "Networked Predictive Control of Systems With Random Network Delays in Both Forward and Feedback Channels," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1282-1297, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The design problem of networked control systems (NCS) with constant and random network delay in the forward and feedback channels, respectively, is considered in this paper. A novel networked predictive control (NPC) scheme is proposed to overcome the effects of network delay and data dropout. Stability criteria of closed-loop NPC systems are presented. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the stability of closed-loop NCS with constant time delay are given. Furthermore, it is shown that a closed-loop NPC system with bounded random network delay is stable if its corresponding switched system is stable. Both simulation study and practical experiments show the effectiveness of the control scheme

54.3.7    R.-E. Precup, S. Preitl, P. Korondi, "Fuzzy Controllers With Maximum Sensitivity for Servosystems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1298-1310, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, new Takagi-Sugeno proportional-integral-fuzzy controllers (PI-FCs) to control a class of servosystems are proposed. The controlled plants in these control systems (CSs) are of integral type. In the first phase, there are designed linear PI controllers tuned in terms of the extended symmetrical optimum method to ensure the imposed overshoot and settling time with respect to the set point and to three possible types of load disturbance inputs. The connections between the two design parameters of the linear controllers and the desired maximum sensitivity and complementary sensitivity considering one of the disturbance inputs are derived. Then, accepting the approximate equivalence between the fuzzy controllers and the linear ones in certain conditions and using the modal equivalence principle, an attractive design method for the PI-FCs is proposed. With this respect, the design method guarantees maximum imposed sensitivity and complementary sensitivity for the CSs and, therefore, good responses with respect to modifications of the set point and of the disturbance inputs, and robustness with respect to model uncertainties. An application in speed control of a nonlinear servosystem with variable load, accompanied by experimental results, is provided to validate the new results, the fuzzy controllers, and a design method

54.3.8    Yang Yu, Yu Xinjie, "Cooperative Coevolutionary Genetic Algorithm for Digital IIR Filter Design," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1311-1318, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel algorithm for digital infinite-impulse response (IIR) filter design is proposed in this paper. The suggested algorithm is a kind of cooperative coevolutionary genetic algorithm. It considers the magnitude response and the phase response simultaneously and also tries to find the lowest filter order. The structure and the coefficients of the digital IIR filter are coded separately, and they evolve coordinately as two different species, i.e., the control species and the coefficient species. The nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II is used for the control species to guide the algorithms toward three objectives simultaneously. The simulated annealing is used for the coefficient species to keep the diversity. These two strategies make the cooperative coevolutionary process work effectively. Comparisons with another genetic algorithm-based digital IIR filter design method by numerical experiments show that the suggested algorithm is effective and robust in digital IIR filter design

54.3.9    P. Das, G. Moschopoulos, "A Comparative Study of Zero-Current-Transition PWM Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1319-1328, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Zero-current-transition pulsewidth-modulation (ZCT-PWM) boost converters are conventional boost converters that use an active auxiliary circuit to turn off the main power switch with zero-current switching; the operation and properties of these converters are the focus of this paper. In this paper, the general operating principles behind all ZCT-PWM converters are reviewed, and the operation and properties of specific converters are discussed. The strengths and weaknesses of each converter are stated, and a new and improved ZCT-PWM boost converter is proposed and discussed. Experimental results obtained from an experimental ZCT-PWM boost converter prototype implemented with several of the auxiliary circuits discussed in this paper are presented, and the results confirm the superior performance of the proposed converter

54.3.10    M.Z. Youssef, P.K. Jain, "Series–Parallel Resonant Converter in Self-Sustained Oscillation Mode With the High-Frequency Transformer-Leakage-Inductance Effect: Analysis, Modeling, and Design," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1329-1341, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An accurate modeling of the series-parallel resonant converter operating in self-sustained oscillation mode including the overlap effects of the output rectifying stage due to the leakage inductance of the transformer is presented. This paper presents a systematic procedure to study the aforementioned effects on the converter dynamic and steady-state performance. Such information is critical in designing isolated high-frequency resonance-based voltage-regulator modules for powering future subvoltage very large scale integration circuits such as microprocessors. The extended describing function technique is used to extract the steady-state characteristics in order to get an optimum converter design. Averaging state-space techniques are employed to derive a small-signal model that can describe the converter dynamics accurately. Analytical and simulation results are given. Finally, a 1-kW experimental prototype is built to verify the validity of the proposed work

54.3.11    Fuchun Sun, Li Li, Han-Xiong Li, Huaping Liu, "Neuro-Fuzzy Dynamic-Inversion-Based Adaptive Control for Robotic Manipulators—Discrete Time Case," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1342-1351, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, we present a stable discrete-time adaptive tracking controller using a neuro-fuzzy (NF) dynamic-inversion for a robotic manipulator with its dynamics approximated by a dynamic T-S fuzzy model. The NF dynamic-inversion constructed by a dynamic NF (DNF) system is used to compensate for the robot inverse dynamics for a better tracking performance. By assigning the dynamics of the DNF system, the dynamic performance of a robot control system can be guaranteed at the initial control stage, which is very important for enhancing system stability and adaptive learning. The discrete-time adaptive control composed of the NF dynamic-inversion and NF variable structure control (NF-VSC) is developed to stabilize the closed-loop system and ensure the high-quality tracking. The NF-VSC enhances the stability of the controlled system and improves the system dynamic performance during the NF learning. The system stability and the convergence of tracking errors are guaranteed by the Lyapunov stability theory, and the learning algorithm for the DNF system is obtained thereby. An example is given to show the viability and effectiveness of the proposed control approach

54.3.12    T. Orlowska-Kowalska, K. Szabat, "Neural-Network Application for Mechanical Variables Estimation of a Two-Mass Drive System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1352-1364, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper deals with the application of neural networks (NNs) to the mechanical state estimation of the drive system with elastic joint. The torsional vibrations of the two-mass system are damped using the control structure with additional feedbacks from the torsional torque and the load-side speed. These feedbacks signals are obtained using NN estimators. The learning procedure of the NNs is described, and the influence of the input vector size to the accuracy of the state-variable estimation is investigated. The neural estimators of the torsional torque and the load machine speed are tested with open-loop and closed-loop control structures. The simulation results are confirmed by laboratory experiments

54.3.13    Weidong Xiao, W.G. Dunford, P.R. Palmer, A. Capel, "Regulation of Photovoltaic Voltage," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1365-1374, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Manufacturing systems changed towards higher degrees of automation in the 1980s. Today's manufacturing systems again face a fundamental change. One of the key matters of this change is going to be the modularity of tomorrow's manufacturing systems. This article analyzes the industrial and technological background of this change from the perspective of a large manufacturing company in the automotive, consumer goods and automation industry. A seminal definition of modularity for manufacturing systems is given. A new categorization of manufacturing systems based on the granularity of their modules is presented. Within this categorization manufacturing systems are divided into standard-machine-based production systems, cell-based production systems, workstation-based production systems, and unit-based production systems. Advantages and disadvantages of the different concepts are discussed with respect to future requirements. Finally, challenges and trends of the future manufacturing technology are outlined.

54.3.14    Chee Khiang Pang, F.L. Lewis, S.S. Ge, Guoxiao Guo, B.M. Chen, Tong Heng Lee, "Singular Perturbation Control for Vibration Rejection in HDDs Using the PZT Active Suspension as Fast Subsystem Observer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1375-1386, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Currently, position sensors other than the read/write head are not embedded into current hard disk drives (HDDs) due to signal-to-noise ratio and nanometer resolution issues. Moreover, a noncollocated sensor fusion creates nonminimum phase zero dynamics which degrades the tracking performance. In this paper, the singular perturbation theory is applied to decompose the voice coil motor's (VCM's) and induced PZT active suspension's dynamics into fast and slow subsystems, respectively. The control system is decomposed into fast and slow time scales for controller designs, and control effectiveness is increased to tackle more degrees-of-freedom via an inner loop vibration suppression with measured high-frequency VCM's and PZT active suspension's dynamics from the piezoelectric elements in the suspension. Experimental results on a commercial HDD with a laser doppler vibrometer show the effective suppression of the VCM and PZT active suspension's flexible resonant modes, as well as an improvement of 39.9% in 3sigma position error signal during track following when compared to conventional notch-based servos

54.3.15    M.-C. Pera, D. Candusso, D. Hissel, J.M. Kauffmann, "Enhanced Servo-Control Performance of Dual-Mass Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1387-1399, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This article gives an overview of the challenging issues addressing different technological fields in generating power using fuel cell. Continuous depletion of crude oil supply and the gradual increase in oil prices have emphasized the need for a suitable alternative to the century-old oil-based economy. Among the different technological alternatives, fuel cell (FC) power generation becomes a more promising solution for both automotive industry and stationary power plants. Among the five existing FC technologies, each type can be configured into a system focusing on the market segments that match its characteristics most favorably. Because of their quick startup potential, low-temperature is being considered for portable, residential power and transportation applications. Higher- temperature are often considered for stationary power generation. Nevertheless, due to their solid electrolyte, SOFCs are also considered for transportation applications by some car manufacturers and car suppliers. Diagnosis methods based on evolutionary parameter models, black-box models, or grey-box models must be developed to improve reliability and availability of FC systems. The equivalent circuit approach addresses electrical engineering concerns and suits the system integration issues.

54.3.16    Xiaoping Tu, L.-A. Dessaint, N. Fallati, Bruno De Kelper, "Modeling and Real-Time Simulation of Internal Faults in Synchronous Generators With Parallel-Connected Windings," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1400-1409, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In large synchronous generators, the stator windings are usually parallel-connected in order to increase the machine current capacity. In analysis and modeling, the parallel windings are usually lumped into one equivalent stator winding since equal currents flow in these windings. However, when an internal fault occurs in the windings, the symmetry between the parallel windings is broken and different currents will flow in the parallel windings since unsymmetrical magnetic linkage may exist between the stator windings. The aim of this paper is to present a simulation model to investigate the internal fault currents of large synchronous generators with parallel-connected windings. This model is based on a modified winding function theory that takes into account all space harmonics. Moreover, the calculation of the machine inductances is made easier by the use of the machine electrical parameters instead of the geometrical ones. The simulation results illustrate the existence of different currents in parallel windings in the case of internal faults. Results are given for an implementation of the internal fault model in a real-time simulator of large power networks

54.3.17    S. Rajagopalan, J.M. Aller, J.A. Restrepo, T.G. Habetler, R.G. Harley, "Analytic-Wavelet-Ridge-Based Detection of Dynamic Eccentricity in Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) Motors Functioning Under Dynamic Operating Conditions," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1410-1419, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new method using the analytic wavelet transform of the stator-current signal is proposed for detecting dynamic eccentricity in brushless direct current (BLDC) motors operating under rapidly varying speed and load conditions. As wavelets are inherently suited for nonstationary signal analysis, this method does not require the use of any windows, nor is it dependent on any assumption of local stationarity as in the case of the short-time Fourier transform. The proposed technique uses analytic wavelets, which are smooth wavelets that possess both magnitude and phase information. This makes them particularly suitable for motor-fault diagnostics. Experimental results are provided to show that the proposed method works over a wide speed range of motor operation and provides an effective and robust way of detecting rotor faults such as dynamic eccentricity in BLDC motors

54.3.18    Jianing Zhu, Y. Mae, M. Minami, "Finding and Quantitative Evaluation of Minute Flaws on Metal Surface Using Hairline," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1420-1429, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A method to detect minute flaws on metal parts is proposed to remove defective parts before assembling in a factory. The input grayscale images of metal parts are directly used to recognize flaws without any image conversion to shorten recognition time. The recognition problem to find flaws and detect their position on the metal parts is converted to another problem that searches for the maximum peak and the variables producing the peak. Then, the recognition problem can be treated as an optimization problem, and this conversion allows us to utilize high genetic algorithm performances in optimization. The effectiveness and problems of the proposed method are studied on the standing points of recognition speed and quantitative recognition ability. Based on the analysis, we furthermore improved our system to increase the flaw detection rate; the lighting direction was changed to find the best lighting condition that can emphasize the contrast between the metal surface and the flaw by using the reflection character of the hairline on the metal, which is resulted by a polishing process

54.3.19    A. Forrai, T. Ueda, T. Yumura, "Electromagnetic Actuator Control: A Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) Approach," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1430-1441, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper deals with system identification and control of a nonlinear electromagnetic actuator, which can be used in many practical applications: electromagnetic valve actuators of combustion engines, artificial heart actuators, magnetic levitation, electromagnetic brakes, etc. The considered practical control problem requires accurate control of the moving armature between two extreme positions. The main objective is to assure small contact velocity, which is known as "soft landing" of the moving armature, and, in this way, low-noise low-component-wear operation. First, due to open-loop instability, system-identification experiments are performed around different equilibrium positions under closed-loop control, and a linear parameter-varying (LPV) model and a bound of plant uncertainty are derived. Next, an LPV controller is designed in a robust control framework (robust gain-scheduled controller). Since the system evolves along quasi-equilibrium positions, quadratic and biquadratic analyses are performed using linear matrix inequalities. Finally, the experimental results show that the controller design problem can be handled successfully, considering an LPV approach. This paper reflects a pragmatic viewpoint: The control structure is simple and easy to implement, and offers good performance and robustness; therefore, it is suitable for industrial applications

54.3.20    Liang Gong, Cheng-Liang Liu, X.F. Zha, "Model-Based Real-Time Dynamic Power Factor Measurement in AC Resistance Spot Welding With an Embedded ANN," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1442-1448, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Today, real-time measurement of dynamic power factor in resistance spot welding (RSW) is of increasing importance. On the basis of the welding transformer circuit model, a new method is proposed to measure the peak angle of the welding current and then calculate the dynamic power factor in each half-wave. The tailored sensing and computing system ensures that the measuring method possesses a real-time computational capacity with satisfying accuracy. Since the power factor cannot be represented via an explicit function with respect to measurable parameters, the traditional method(s) has to approximate the power factor angle with a constant phase lag angle and fails to detect its dynamic characteristics. An offline-trained embedded artificial neural network (ANN) successfully realizes the real-time implicit function calculation or estimation. A digital-signal-processor-based RSW monitoring system is developed to perform ANN computation. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is applicable for measuring the dynamic power factor in single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier circuits

54.3.21    Faa-Jeng Lin, Po-Kai Huang, W.-D. Chou, "Recurrent-Fuzzy-Neural-Network-Controlled Linear Induction Motor Servo Drive Using Genetic Algorithms," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1449-1461, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A recurrent fuzzy neural network (RFNN) controller based on real-time genetic algorithms (GAs) is developed for a linear induction motor (LIM) servo drive in this paper. First, the dynamic model of an indirect field-oriented LIM servo drive is derived. Then, an online training RFNN with a backpropagation algorithm is introduced as the tracking controller. Moreover, to guarantee the global convergence of tracking error, a real-time GA is developed to search the optimal learning rates of the RFNN online. The GA-based RFNN control system is proposed to control the mover of the LIM for periodic motion. The theoretical analyses for the proposed GA-based RFNN controller are described in detail. Finally, simulated and experimental results show that the proposed controller provides high-performance dynamic characteristics and is robust with regard to plant parameter variations and external load disturbance

54.3.22    M. Mizuochi, T. Tsuji, K. Ohnishi, "Multirate Sampling Method for Acceleration Control System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1462-1471, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper focuses on the realization of high-performance motion control based on acceleration control. A disturbance observer is used to construct an acceleration control system. A high sampling frequency is known to be effective for improving the performance. Characteristics of acceleration control are investigated to discuss the relationship between the performance and a sampling frequency of the system. The needs for a high sampling frequency for an output are then described. Based on these considerations, a novel multirate sampling method for the acceleration control system is proposed. An output sampling period is set shorter than an input sampling period, and control calculation is executed at each output sampling period in the method. The disturbance observer is redesigned for application to the multirate system. Stability analysis is performed to verify the validity of the proposal. Feasibility of the proposed method and its influence on the performance are also verified by experimental results

54.3.23    J.A. Villarejo, J. Sebastian, F. Soto, Esther de Jodar, "Optimizing the Design of Single-Stage Power-Factor Correctors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1472-1482, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new analytical method for the generalized study of a cluster of single-stage power-factor correctors (S2PFCs). Due to this generalized approach, new topologies have been obtained, and the study of other known topologies has been simplified. The new analytical method simplifies the design of S2 PFCs by making it possible to compare a large number of different designs from the same viewpoint in order to identify the best topology. Finally, this research has enabled us to reduce the total size of the additional inductors that are used by a factor of two to three with respect to previous implementations

54.3.24    M. Vasak, M. Baotic, I. Petrovic, N. Peric, "Hybrid Theory-Based Time-Optimal Control of an Electronic Throttle," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1483-1494, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An electronic throttle is a dc-motor-driven valve that regulates air inflow into the combustion system of the engine. The throttle control system should ensure fast and accurate reference tracking of the valve plate angle while preventing excessive wear of the throttle components by constraining physical variables to their normal-operation domains. These high-quality control demands are hard to accomplish since the plant is burdened with strong nonlinear effects of friction and limp-home nonlinearity. In this paper, the controller synthesis is performed in discrete time by solving a constrained time-optimal control problem for the piecewise affine (PWA) model of the throttle. To that end, a procedure is proposed to model friction in a discrete-time PWA form that is suitable both for simulation and controller design purposes. The control action computation can, in general, be restated as a mixed-integer program. However, due to the small sampling time, solving such a program online (in a receding horizon fashion) would be very prohibitive. This issue is resolved by applying recent theoretical results that enable offline precomputation of the state-feedback optimal control law in the form of a lookup table. The technique employs invariant set computation and reachability analysis. The experimental results on a real electronic throttle are reported and compared with a tuned PID controller that comprises a feedforward compensation of the process nonlinearities. The designed time-optimal controller achieves considerably faster transient, while preserving other important performance measures, like the absence of overshoot and static accuracy within the measurement resolution

54.3.25    R. Grino, R. Cardoner, R. Costa-Castello, E. Fossas, "Digital Repetitive Control of a Three-Phase Four-Wire Shunt Active Filter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1495-1503, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Shunt active power filters have been proved as useful elements to correct distorted currents caused by nonlinear loads in power distribution systems. This paper presents an all-digital approach based on a particular repetitive control technique for their control. Specifically, a digital repetitive plug-in controller for odd-harmonic discrete-time periodic references and disturbances is used for the current control loops of the active filter. This approach does not introduce a high gain at those frequencies for which it is not needed and, thus, improves robustness of the controlled system. The active power balance of the whole system is assured by an outer control loop, which is designed from an energy-balancing perspective. The design is performed for a three-phase four-wire shunt active filter with a full-bridge boost topology. Several experimental results are also presented to show the good behavior of the closed-loop system

54.3.26    E. Levi, M. Jones, S.N. Vukosavic, A. Iqbal, H.A. Toliyat, "Modeling, Control, and Experimental Investigation of a Five-Phase Series-Connected Two-Motor Drive With Single Inverter Supply," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1504-1516, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper analyzes a recently introduced two-motor five-phase drive system with series connection of stator windings. It has been shown, using physical reasoning, that the introduction of an appropriate phase transposition in the series connection of two machines leads to a complete decoupling of the flux/torque-producing currents of one machine from the flux/torque-producing currents of the second machine. Consequently, independent vector control of the two machines becomes possible while using a single current-controlled five-phase voltage source inverter as the supply. The drive system modeling and control are first elaborated in this paper by taking both machines as induction motors. It is shown, using rigorous mathematical derivations, that the independent control of the two machines results due to the placement of machines in two different subspaces of the five-dimensional space. This is enabled by phase transposition in series connection. The models of the complete drive in the stationary common reference frame and in the rotor-flux-oriented reference frames of the two machines are developed. An associated vector control scheme for the two-motor drive is presented next. The second part of this paper describes an experimental setup used further on to evaluate the dynamic behavior of the two-motor drive. Performance is investigated by extensive experimentation for various transients (acceleration, deceleration, reversing, and disturbance rejection). Excellent decoupling of control of the two machines is achieved. Both the concept of the drive and the approach to modeling and control are thus fully verified experimentally. Finally, the advantages and shortcomings of the series-connected five-phase two-motor drive are discussed, and potential application areas are highlighted

54.3.27    Wen-Fang Xie, "Sliding-Mode-Observer-Based Adaptive Control for Servo Actuator With Friction," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1517-1527, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a novel sliding-mode-observer-based adaptive controller is developed for the servo actuators with friction. The LuGre dynamic friction model is adopted for adaptive friction compensation. A sliding-mode observer is proposed to estimate the internal friction state of LuGre model. Based on the estimated friction state, adaptation laws are designed to compensate the unknown friction and load torque. The stability of the adaptive controller with sliding-mode observer is analyzed. The position tracking performance has been verified through both simulation and experimental results

54.3.28    Kuo-Hsiang Cheng, C.-F. Hsu, Chih-Min Lin, Tsu-Tian Lee, C. Li, "Fuzzy–Neural Sliding-Mode Control for DC–DC Converters Using Asymmetric Gaussian Membership Functions," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1528-1536, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A fuzzy-neural sliding-mode (FNSM) control system is developed to control power electronic converters. The FNSM control system comprises a neural controller and a compensation controller. In the neural controller, an asymmetric fuzzy neural network is utilized to mimic an ideal controller. The compensation controller is designed to compensate for the approximation error between the neural controller and the ideal controller. An online training methodology is developed in the Lyapunov sense; thus, the stability of the control system can be guaranteed. Finally, to investigate the effectiveness of the FNSM control scheme, it is applied to control a pulsewidth-modulation-based forward dc-dc converter. Experimental results show that the proposed FNSM control system is found to achieve favorable regulation performances even under input-voltage and load-resistance variations

54.3.29    S. Katsura, K. Ohishi, "Modal System Design of Multirobot Systems by Interaction Mode Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1537-1546, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Motion control technology in an open environment will be more important. Future motion systems should interact with other systems or environments. To adapt to complicated environments and do tasks, a realization of multi-degree-of-freedom motion is necessary for human cooperating motion. This paper proposes a unified control approach for multirobot systems by interaction mode control. The proposed interaction mode control considers only interactions between systems. The interactions are abstracted by using mode quarry matrices. Since the transformed modes are independent of each other, it is possible to design a controller in decoupled modal space. This paper also proposes a novel control index named "hybrid ratio." Hybrid ratio is defined as the influence of external acceleration input on the acceleration response of a system. Since it is possible to realize the assigned hybrid ratio in each mode according to the task, the motion command with hybrid ratio is represented as task code. Thus, the interaction mode control is able to be treated as task kinematics. The proposed interaction mode control is applied for grasping motion by multirobot systems. The numerical and experimental results show the viability of the proposed method

54.3.30    S.R. Bowes, D. Holliday, "Optimal Regular-Sampled PWM Inverter Control Techniques," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1547-1559, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A survey of eight different advanced Regular-Sampled pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) strategies is presented and compared for three-phase inverters. The PWM strategies represent modifications of the basic Regular-Sampled technique and are designed to closely reproduce the "exact" switching angles and performance of the well-known Harmonic Elimination, Harmonic Minimization, Space Vector Modulation, High-Frequency, and Hysteresis Band PWM strategies. Each strategy is compared, and the advantages and disadvantages of each are emphasized in terms of complexity and implementation. Experimental and computer-aided design simulation results are presented to show the differences between the various strategies and to confirm the validity and accuracy of each of the techniques

54.3.31    R. Casanueva, F.J. Azcondo, C. Branas, "Output Current Sensitivity Analysis of the LCpCs Resonant Inverter: Current-Source Design Criteria," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1560-1568, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The sensitivity analysis of the output current of the parallel-series resonant inverter is presented with the objective of including the analysis of component tolerances in the design criteria of current-source resonant inverters. The effects of the tolerance of circuit elements in the parallel-series (LCpCs) resonant inverter are studied to optimize the design parameters that ensure the circuit performance with minimum deviation of the operating point, i.e., minimum control action or even no feedback, and also good repeatability. The analysis shows that the capacitor ratio affects the sensitivity values. Conclusions are confirmed with experimental results and a statistical study by the Monte Carlo method

54.3.32    A. Cataliotti, F. Genduso, A. Raciti, G.R. Galluzzo, "Generalized PWM–VSI Control Algorithm Based on a Universal Duty-Cycle Expression: Theoretical Analysis, Simulation Results, and Experimental Validations," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1569-1580, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new approach in realizing various carrier-based pulsewidth-modulation techniques by a generalized control algorithm, which is referred to as the universal control algorithm and is obtained via unequal sharing of null states. The flexibility of such an approach allows one to easily and quickly control two-level inverters. Furthermore, this approach may be also extended with few changes to the control of multilevel inverters. The algorithm that is presented here for two-level voltage-source inverters (VSIs) also obtains efficient detection and management of both the linear and overmodulation ranges. In the overmodulation range, which is treated by using the alpha-beta components of the reference-voltage space vector, the algorithm shows the advantage of lower calculation time, thus allowing one, if required, to increase the switching frequency. Several simulation runs have been performed, aiming to test the proposed procedure for both two-level and multilevel VSIs. Finally, the new algorithm was experimentally validated in the case of two-level inverters by using it in a VSI workbench that can carry out several experimental tests

54.3.33    Fengling Han, Xinghuo Yu, M. Al-Dabbagh, Yi Wang, "Locating Phase-to-Ground Short-Circuit Faults on Radial Distribution Lines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1581-1590, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a new single phase-to-ground short-circuit fault location algorithm for overhead three-phase radial distribution lines with single-ended measurements using the sinusoidal steady-state analysis method. By using this approach, two sinusoidal signals with different frequencies are first injected to the faulted line. By measuring the voltages and currents at the sending end and solving some nonlinear distributed-parameter equations, the distances and resistances of all possible fault candidates can be determined. A feature extraction method is derived to distinguish the actual fault from other pseudofault candidates. A fault locator based on the proposed approach is designed and implemented for a real-world problem. Physical model experiments and the field tests on radial distribution lines are presented to validate the proposed fault location approach

54.3.34    G. Willmann, D.F. Coutinho, L.F.A. Pereira, F.B. Libano, "Multiple-Loop H-Infinity Control Design for Uninterruptible Power Supplies," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1591-1602, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents an innovative tuning strategy for the design of multiple-loop lag-lead compensators for uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) based on the H-infinity robust control theory. Taking into account an average model of a UPS, the parameters of a double-loop controller are synthesized such that the upper bound on the two-norm of the input-to-output operator is minimized while guaranteeing local stability of the closed-loop system for all admissible load variations. The stabilization conditions are cast in terms of linear matrix inequalities that are solved via standard software packages. To improve regulation dynamics, a newer technique to compute the root-mean-square value of the output voltage is also proposed. Practical results considering a commercial UPS system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach as a tool for tuning multiloop controllers

54.3.35    W. Hu, Guoping Liu, D. Rees, "Event-Driven Networked Predictive Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1603-1613, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In networked control systems, random transmission delay significantly degrades the control performance and can cause system instability. To address this problem, the method of networked predictive control (NPC) has been proposed, which takes advantage of the feature of the network that a packet of data can be transferred simultaneously. At the controller side, future control sequences for every possible time delay are generated, which are then packed into a single packet and transmitted to the plant side. The plant side receives the packet and chooses the proper control signal based on the time delay measurement. However, this scheme needs an accurate plant mathematical model and the measurement of time delay. In this paper, a new event-driven NPC method is considered where the control signal is selected according to the plant output rather than the time delay measurement. The new method does not need any time delay measurement and can significantly improve the system performance in the presence of model uncertainty. The stability of the system when the method is used is analyzed. To illustrate the improved performance using the proposed method, the results from both simulations and real Internet-based networked experiments for a servo system are presented

54.3.36    A. Muetze, A. Binder, "Practical Rules for Assessment of Inverter-Induced Bearing Currents in Inverter-Fed AC Motors up to 500 kW," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1614-1622, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The influence of different parameters of a variable-speed drive system on the phenomena of inverter-induced bearing currents has been studied under exactly the same conditions on inverter-operated alternating current motors from 1 to 500 kW. Detailed modeling may not always be applicable with practical applications in the field, where many parameters might be unknown. Therefore, the most important correlations are summarized in the form of a flowchart that is based on the physical cause-and-effect chains. This flowchart can serve as a tool for engineers to estimate the endangerment of a drive system due to inverter-induced bearing currents and select an appropriate mitigation technique if necessary, where detailed knowledge of the different design parameters is not available

54.3.37    Jun-Young Lee, "An Improved Magnetic-Coupled AC-PDP Sustain Driver With Dual Recovery Paths," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1623-1631, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A cost-effective magnetic-coupled ac plasma-display-panel sustain driver with low switching loss is proposed. The transformer yields current-stress reduction of energy-recovery switches, which affects circuit cost and reliability, and its turns ratio can be used to adjust the sustain-pulse slopes affecting gas-discharge uniformity. Dividing the recovery paths, the switching loss of the recovery switches is reduced by preventing abrupt change of the switch output capacitance charge current. In addition, the proposed circuit has a simpler structure because it does not use the recovery-path diodes, which should afford a large recovery current. By reducing the current stress and device count of the energy-recovery circuit, the proposed driver may help bring the circuit cost down and improve circuit reliability

54.3.38    E. Ohashi, T. Aiko, T. Tsuji, H. Nishi, K. Ohnishi, "Collision Avoidance Method of Humanoid Robot With Arm Force," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1632-1641, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes a collision avoidance method for a biped robot with an upper body. We propose a method wherein the robot stops in front of an obstacle by generating arm force. When the robot detects the obstacle by the arm tip, it should stop short of the obstacle to avoid crash. Hence, we propose trajectory planning in consideration of the pushing force of the arm. The arm force is controlled to be generated as a function of the distance from the robot body to the obstacle. The closer the robot approaches the obstacle, the larger the arm force becomes. As a result, the robot can stop by utilizing the arm force. In case the obstacle is unmovable, the robot can stop by exerting arm force. If it is movable, the robot can continue walking by pushing it. In this paper, the linear inverted pendulum mode (LIPM) and the idea of orbital energy are introduced, and then, we extend LIPM and orbital energy in consideration of the dynamics of the arm force. The extended orbital energy is utilized to discriminate whether the robot can stop or not and to modify the trajectory of the robot to avoid collision

54.3.39    B.-R. Lin, Chao-Hsien Tseng, "Analysis of Parallel-Connected Asymmetrical Soft-Switching Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1642-1653, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new half-bridge converter with two current-doubler rectifiers is proposed. Two transformers are used in the proposed converter. The primary windings of two transformers are connected in series to reduce the voltage stress across the magnetizing inductor, since each magnetizing inductor voltage is equal to one half of the input voltage. Two current-doubler rectifiers at the secondary sides are connected in parallel to reduce the current stress of secondary winding since the secondary winding current is less than one half of the load current. The asymmetrical pulsewidth-modulation technique is used in the proposed converter to regulate the direct current output voltage. The transformer leakage inductance and the output capacitance of switching switches are resonant during the transition interval between two switches in order to achieve zero voltage switching. The operation principle and design considerations of the proposed converter are provided. Experimental results for a 100-W (5 V/20 A) prototype are presented to verify the theoretical analysis and circuit performance

54.3.40    Z. Petres, P. Baranyi, P. Korondi, H. Hashimoto, "Trajectory Tracking by TP Model Transformation: Case Study of a Benchmark Problem," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1654-1663, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to study the recently proposed tensor-product-distributed-compensation (TPDC)-based control design framework in the case of tracking control design of a benchmark problem. The TPDC is a combination of the tensor product model transformation and the parallel distributed compensation framework. In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of the TPDC design. We study how it can be uniformly and readily executed without analytical derivations. We show that the TPDC is straightforward and numerically tractable, and is capable of guaranteeing various different control performances via linear matrix inequality (LMI) conditions. All these features are studied via the state feedback trajectory control design of the translational oscillations with an eccentric rotational proof mass actuator system. The trajectory tracking capability for various tracking commands is optimized here by decay rate LMI conditions. Constraints on the output and control of the closed-loop system are also considered by LMI conditions. We present numerical simulations of the resulting closed-loop system to validate the control design

54.3.41    M. Rashed, P.F.A. MacConnell, A.F. Stronach, P. Acarnley, "Sensorless Indirect-Rotor-Field-Orientation Speed Control of a Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor With Stator-Resistance Estimation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1664-1675, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Efficient and precise sensorless speed control of a permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) requires accurate knowledge of rotor flux, position, and speed. In the literature, many sensorless schemes have been presented, in which the accurate estimation of rotor flux magnitude, position, and speed is guaranteed by detecting the back electromotive force (EMF). However, these schemes show great sensitivity to stator resistance mismatch and system noise, particularly, during low-speed operation. In this paper, an indirect-rotor-field-oriented-control scheme for sensorless speed control of a PMSM is proposed. The rotor-flux position is estimated by direct integration of the estimated rotor speed to reduce the effect of the system noise. The stator resistance and the rotor-flux speed and magnitude are estimated adaptively using stable model reference adaptive system estimators. Simple stability analysis and design of the estimators are performed using linear-control theory applied to an error model of the PMSM in a synchronous rotating reference frame. The convergence of rotor position- and speed-estimation errors to zero is guaranteed. Experimental results show excellent performance

54.3.42    Y. Yildiz, A. Sabanovic, K. Abidi, "Sliding-Mode Neuro-Controller for Uncertain Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1676-1685, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a method that allows for the merger of the good features of sliding-mode control and neural network (NN) design is presented. Design is performed by applying an NN to minimize the cost function that is selected to depend on the distance from the sliding-mode manifold, thus providing that the NN controller enforces sliding-mode motion in a closed-loop system. It has been proven that the selected cost function has no local minima in controller parameter space, so under certain conditions, selection of the NN weights guarantees that the global minimum is reached, and then the sliding-mode conditions are satisfied; thus, closed-loop motion is robust against parameter changes and disturbances. For controller design, the system states and the nominal value of the control input matrix are used. The design for both multiple-input-multiple-output and single-input-single-output systems is discussed. Due to the structure of the (M)ADALINE network used in control calculation, the proposed algorithm can also be interpreted as a sliding-mode-based control parameter adaptation scheme. The controller performance is verified by experimental results

54.3.43    Ming-Yang Cheng, Cheng-Chien Lee, "Motion Controller Design for Contour-Following Tasks Based on Real-Time Contour Error Estimation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1686-1695, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Reduction of contour error is an important issue in contour-following applications. One of the common approaches to this problem is to design a controller based on contour error information. However, for the free-form contour-following tasks, there is a lack of effective algorithms for calculating contour errors in real time. To deal with this problem, this paper proposes a real-time contour error estimation algorithm. In addition, a motion control scheme that combines a position loop controller (which utilizes a velocity command feedforward) with a tangential-contouring controller (TCC) is employed to improve the contour-following accuracy. When implementing the TCC, a coordinate transformation matrix is needed. Unfortunately, it is difficult to calculate the coordinate transformation matrix when performing the free-form contour-following task. To overcome this difficulty and facilitate the use of contour controllers, a systematic approach is employed to derive the coordinate transformation matrix for the free-form contour-following tasks. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed contour error estimation algorithm and the motion control scheme

54.3.44    Weidong Xiao, N. Ozog, W.G. Dunford, "Topology Study of Photovoltaic Interface for Maximum Power Point Tracking," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1696-1704, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper looks at the performance of photovoltaic modules in nonideal conditions and proposes topologies to minimize the degradation of performance caused by these conditions. It is found that the peak power point of a module is significantly decreased due to only the slightest shading of the module, and that this effect is propagated through other nonshaded modules connected in series with the shaded one. Based on this result, two topologies for parallel module connections have been outlined. In addition, dc/dc converter technologies, which are necessary to the design, are compared by way of their dynamic models, frequency characteristics, and component cost. Out of this comparison, a recommendation has been made

54.3.45    Ke Jin, Xinbo Ruan, "Zero-Voltage-Switching Multiresonant Three-Level Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1705-1715, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a family of zero-voltage-switching multiresonant three-level converters (ZVS-MR-TLCs), which are derived by adding a ZVS-MR multiresonant network to the TLCs. The arrangement of a multiresonant network results in the absorption of all the major parasitic components in the resonant circuit, including the switch output capacitor, diode junction capacitor, and transformer leakage inductor. Compared with the two-level multiresonant converters (MRCs), the proposed converters achieve ZVS in a wider load range and reduce the voltage stress on the switches and diodes, and the filter can be reduced significantly. The Buck ZVS-MR-TLC is taken as the example to illustrate the operation principle, characteristics, and advantages over the two-level Buck ZVS-MRC. An interleaved control strategy and a voltage control of the flying capacitor for the new converters are presented in detail. A 1-kW high-voltage-input railway charger prototype converter is built in our lab to verify the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the interleaved control strategy and flying capacitor voltage control method

54.3.46    Kay-Soon Low, Tze-Shyan Wong, "A Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm for Optimizing the Performance of Hard Disk Drive Motion Control System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1716-1725, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In developing a hard disk drive servo system, there are multiple design control objectives to be met simultaneously. While some of the objectives are constraint objectives, others are simply optimization objectives. In this paper, we investigate a new multiobjective genetic algorithm (GA) for tuning servo controller parameters such that the resultant performance can satisfy all the desired requirements. Unlike the conventional single-objective GA, this new approach is able to place higher priority on the constraint objectives than the optimization objectives. Experimental results that are based on a commercial hard disk drive are presented

54.3.47    M. Castilla, L.G. de Vicuna, J.M. Guerrero, J. Matas, J. Miret, "Designing VRM Hysteretic Controllers for Optimal Transient Response," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1726-1738, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a design methodology for voltage hysteretic regulators powering digital integrated circuits with low voltage, high current, and high slew rate current transients. The design approach optimizes the transient response during large consumption changes by imposing constant closed-loop output impedance. This paper also suggests a novel compensator network for the adaptive voltage positioning feedback loop, which leads to a robust transient response performance against load disturbances. The application of the design methodology to the proposed hysteretic controller provides the suitable control parameter values for optimal transient response. Simulation and experimental results validate the theoretical predictions for the proposed controller, particularly the constant output impedance operation and the robust transient response performance

54.3.48    Heng Deng, R. Oruganti, D. Srinivasan, "Analysis and Design of Iterative Learning Control Strategies for UPS Inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1739-1751, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, two iterative-learning-based control methods for uninterruptible power system (UPS) inverters, viz., direct iterative learning controller (direct ILC) and hybrid iterative learning controller (hybrid ILC), are proposed. In both methods, a zero-phase filter that is designed in the frequency domain is applied in order to provide compensation for the resonant peak in the system model to ensure error convergence. Furthermore, a "forgetting factor" is introduced in both control algorithms to increase the robustness of the scheme against measurement noise, initialization error, and/or variation of system dynamics due to any parameter drift. In the direct ILC method, ILC is combined with the feedforward of the reference to improve dynamic performance. This method is shown to be capable of achieving very high steady-state performance although its dynamic response was not very good. In the hybrid ILC method, ILC is combined with a proportional-derivative controller aside from the reference feedforward to improve the dynamic response further. Experimental results show that both proposed controllers can achieve very low total harmonic distortion and fast error convergence under different loads while using only one sensor. The proposed direct ILC is an effective solution for UPS products where high-quality steady-state output voltage is more important than fast dynamic response, while hybrid ILC can result in excellent steady-state performance with a more improved dynamic response than direct ILC

54.3.49    Faa-Jeng Lin, Li-Tao Teng, Po-Huang Shieh, "Intelligent Sliding-Mode Control Using RBFN for Magnetic Levitation System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1752-1762, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: An intelligent sliding-mode control system using a radial basis function network (SMCRBFN) is proposed to control the position of a levitated object of a magnetic levitation system to compensate the uncertainties including the friction force in this study. First, the dynamic model of the magnetic levitation system is derived. Then, a sliding-mode approach is proposed to compensate the uncertainties that occurred in the magnetic levitation system. Moreover, to relax the requirement of uncertainty bound in the design of a traditional sliding-mode control system and further increase the robustness of the magnetic levitation system, a radial basis function network estimator is proposed to estimate the uncertainties of the system dynamics online. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by some experimental results. With the proposed SMCRBFN system, the position of the levitated object of the magnetic levitation system possesses the advantages of good transient control performance and robustness to uncertainties for tracking periodic trajectories

54.3.50    J.O. Febg, "Neural Network Saturation Compensation for DC Motor Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1763-1767, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A neural network (NN) saturation compensation scheme for dc motor systems is presented. The scheme, which leads to stability, command following, and disturbance rejection, is rigorously proven. The online weight tuning law, overall closed-loop performance, and boundness of the NN weights are derived and guaranteed based on the Lyapunov approach. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed scheme effectively compensates for saturation nonlinearity in the presence of system uncertainty

54.3.51    S.-Y. Kim, Seung-Yub Park, "Compensation of Dead-Time Effects Based on Adaptive Harmonic Filtering in the Vector-Controlled AC Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1768-1777, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A new dead-time compensation method for vector-controlled ac motor drives is proposed. The method only compensates the fundamental and sixth harmonic component of the inverter-output distortions in synchronous reference frame. The fundamental component is compensated by feedforwardly adding a predetermined compensation signal to the voltage reference of ac motor drive. To compensate the harmonic distortions, the harmonic compensator with all-pass-based adaptive bandpass filter is proposed and builds up the feedback loop with current controllers in order to minimize the distortions due to dead-time effects. The method is software intensive and independent of the polarity of the phase currents and nonlinear-switching characteristics varied with operating conditions of the inverter. It is simulated and implemented on a 750-W laboratory ac motor drive, where its effectiveness is verified

54.3.52    J. Batelaan, "A Linear Motor Design Provides Close and Secure Vehicle Separation of Many Transit Vehicles on a Guideway," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1778-1782, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Automated urban transit systems have been proposed for some time with limited attention to propulsion and control of many vehicles on a guideway. This is a particular critical requirement for personal rapid transit systems and an urban maglev transit system proposed by MagneMotion, the M3. The linear synchronous motor (LSM), as proposed for M3, has severe limitations. A modification of LSM is described, called "individual pole excitation linear motor" (IPELM), to meet the requirements of M3. The armature of IPELM consists of individual coils, incorporated in the guideway, which are powered separately under central control. An outline of IPELM design is presented for consideration and further development. Safety issues are reviewed for this linear motor. The main advantage of IPELM over LSM is the ability to control many vehicles on the same guideway with a very short headway and space between vehicles. A further development of IPELM makes it possible to design a continuous nonstop transit system with a high schedule speed between many online stations

54.3.53    J.L. Russi, M.Ld.S. Martins, L. Schuch, J.R. Pinheiro, H.L. Hey, "Synthesis Methodology for Multipole ZVT Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1783-1795, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel synthesis methodology to generate integrated zero-voltage-transition (ZVT) topologies, as well as to systematize the topologies that are already known. An approach is presented to classify single-pole ZVT converters. This approach can be expanded to multipole systems, such as polyphase inverters and rectifiers, uninterruptible power supplies, and variable-speed drives. The connections among several presented topologies are easily seen by means of the general diagrams that are shown in this paper. Analysis and understanding of the advantages, disadvantages, merits, and limitations of each converter are made easier since these converters are obtained from a common approach that is presented in this paper


Letters to the Editor
54.3.54    D. Stojic, S. Vukosavic, "Sensorless Induction Motor Drive Based on Flux Acceleration Torque Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1796-1800, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A novel structure for sensorless induction motor drive is proposed based on flux vector acceleration torque control. The proposed structure combines direct torque control with speed estimation based on slip frequency evaluation. A stable drive operation is enabled in a wide range of operating speeds, including at standstill

54.3.55    K. Sridharan, T.K. Priya, "A Hardware Accelerator and FPGA Realization for Reduced Visibility Graph Construction Using Efficient Bit Representations," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1800-1804, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The reduced visibility graph (RVG) is an important structure for computation of shortest paths for mobile robots. An efficient bit representation is proposed to construct segments that are part of the RVG. Based on the bit representation, a hardware-efficient scheme is presented whose computational complexity is O(k2log(n/k)), where k is the number of objects and n is the total number of vertices. An architecture that accomplishes the construction of the RVG without division or explicit intersection point calculations is proposed. An efficient field-programmable gate array implementation using block random access memory on an XCV3200E device is presented

54.3.56    "IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. C3-C3, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

54.3.57    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics information for authors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. C4-C4, June 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

  IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 54,  Number 4, August 2007           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



                 Special Section Papers
54.4.1    "Table of Contents," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. C1-1806, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

54.4.2    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics publication information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. C2-C2, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

54.4.3    E. Monmasson, M. N. Cirstea, "Guest Editorial," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1807-1809, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The 12 papers in this special section focus on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) used in industrial control systems. The papers are summarized here.

54.4.4    J.J. Rodriguez-Andina, M.J. Moure, M.D. Valdes, "Features, Design Tools, and Application Domains of FPGAs," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1810-1823, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In the past two decades, advances in programmable device technologies, in both the hardware and software arenas, have been extraordinary. The original application of rapid prototyping has been complemented with a large number of new applications that take advantage of the excellent characteristics of the latest devices. High speed, very large number of components, large number of supported protocols, and the addition of ready- to-use intellectual property cores make programmable devices the preferred choice of implementation and even deployment in mass production quantities. This paper surveys the advanced features, design tools, and application domains for field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The main characteristics and structure of modern FPGAs are first described to show their versatility and abundance of available design resources. Software resources are also discussed, as they are the main enablers for the efficient exploitation of the design capabilities of these devices. Current application domains are described, such as configurable computing, dynamically reconfigurable systems, rapid system prototyping, communication processors and interfaces, and signal processing. This paper also presents the authors' prospective view of how FPGAs will evolve to enter new application domains in the future.

54.4.5    E. Monmasson, M.N. Cirstea, "FPGA Design Methodology for Industrial Control Systems—A Review," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1824-1842, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper reviews the state of the art of field- programmable gate array (FPGA) design methodologies with a focus on industrial control system applications. This paper starts with an overview of FPGA technology development, followed by a presentation of design methodologies, development tools and relevant CAD environments, including the use of portable hardware description languages and system level programming/design tools. They enable a holistic functional approach with the major advantage of setting up a unique modeling and evaluation environment for complete industrial electronics systems. Three main design rules are then presented. These are algorithm refinement, modularity, and systematic search for the best compromise between the control performance and the architectural constraints. An overview of contributions and limits of FPGAs is also given, followed by a short survey of FPGA-based intelligent controllers for modern industrial systems. Finally, two complete and timely case studies are presented to illustrate the benefits of an FPGA implementation when using the proposed system modeling and design methodology. These consist of the direct torque control for induction motor drives and the control of a diesel-driven synchronous stand-alone generator with the help of fuzzy logic.

54.4.6    J. Acero, D. Navarro, L.A. Barraga, I. Garde, J.I. Artigas, J.M. Burdio, "FPGA-Based Power Measuring for Induction Heating Appliances Using Sigma–Delta A/D Conversion," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1843-1852, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of a digital circuit that measures in real time the output power of medium-frequency (25-50 kHz) induction-heated cooking appliances. The voltage and current are sensed using first-order sigma-delta (SigmaDelta) analog-to-digital converters. The power-measuring algorithm is very simple while maintaining good accuracy. The algorithm is developed using a hardware description language (VHDL). The digital circuit, the power converter, the signal conditioning circuits, and the SigmaDelta modulators are simulated all together using a mixed-signal (analog + digital) simulation tool. The algorithm error is obtained in simulation computing the average power using VHDL-Analog and Mixed-Signal Extension Language (VHDL-AMS), and the influence of different parameters is analyzed. Finally, the digital circuit is implemented in the FPGA, and the simulations are experimentally verified.

54.4.7    M.N. Cirstea, A. Dinu, "A VHDL Holistic Modeling Approach and FPGA Implementation of a Digital Sensorless Induction Motor Control Scheme," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1853-1864, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a sensorless neural-network-based induction motor control scheme, developed by following a holistic approach to electronic system modeling and controller design. The method uses very-high-speed integrated circuits hardware description language (VHDL), allowing the engineering system's functional description to be combined with a detailed digital controller design, which is then implemented into a field- programmable gate array (FPGA). The VHDL description of the hardware-implemented neural networks is automatically generated by C++ programs, in an adaptable architecture, appropriate to low-dynamic systems such as fans and pumps. The complete system performance is investigated by simulation and validated experimentally. This approach provides advantages such as a unique modeling and evaluation environment for complete power electronic systems, the same environment is used for the digital controller design and compact FPGA rapid prototyping, fast design development, short time to market, a CAD platform independent model, and reusability of the model/design

54.4.8    A.-M. Lienhardt, G. Gateau, T.A. Meynard, "Digital Sliding-Mode Observer Implementation Using FPGA," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1865-1875, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper details the digital implementation of a new observation strategy of the flying capacitor voltages dedicated to stacked multicell converters (SMC). This particular topology relies on the use of flying capacitors so as to equally share the voltage constraint on several semiconductors and increase the number of output levels. However, the SMC appropriate operation is guaranteed by the stability of the flying capacitor voltage levels, and the current flow creates variations of those quantities. The idea is therefore to develop an accurate estimation technique that avoids the utilization of differential sensors and allows the active control of the intermediate voltages. The observation has to meet several criteria. It must particularly reproduce in a quasi-analog way the dynamic of those quantities to enable the proper operation of the active control algorithm. The actual research scope thus focuses on the sliding mode observation of the flying capacitor voltages by means of phase current measurements. This paper summarizes the observer design, its digitizing, and the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation. It also presents an interesting Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL)-Saber Cosimulation tool that allows validating the VHDL code before being downloaded in the FPGA of the physical system. The last section illustrates and emphasizes the performance and ruggedness of the implemented algorithm through promising experimental results.

54.4.9    E. Ishii, H. Nishi, K. Ohnishi, "Improvement of Performances in Bilateral Teleoperation by Using FPGA," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1876-1884, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Bilateral teleoperation has been needed in many areas, such as space activities, work on an atomic power plant, minimally invasive surgery, etc. In bilateral teleoperation, transfer of keen tactile sense, which is as if the operator directly touches the environment, is required. Sensing of wide-frequency-bandwidth force information is required in achieving the transferring of a keen tactile sensation. A bilateral controller based on acceleration control with disturbance observers is available to achieve transfer of a keen tactile sensation. In this bilateral controller, the frequency bandwidth of sensed force is determined by the cutoff frequency of a low-pass filter used in the disturbance observer. The cutoff frequency is in inverse proportion to a sampling period. Therefore, shortening of the sampling period improves performance of bilateral teleoperation. In this paper, a bilateral-teleoperation system using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is introduced. The FPGA is an large scale integration where a user can design its internal logic. When the motion controller is implemented on an FPGA, it operates faster than that implemented in a personal computer with a real-time operating system. The sampling period is shortened from 100 to 10 mus by using an FPGA. The implemented controller is evaluated by experiments.

54.4.10    Jie Qin, C.E. Stroud, F.F. Dai, "FPGA-Based Analog Functional Measurements for Adaptive Control in Mixed-Signal Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1885-1897, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA)-based built-in self-test (BIST) approach that is used for adaptive control in mixed-signal systems is presented. It provides the capability to perform accurate analog functional measurements of critical parameters such as the third-order intercept point, frequency amplitude and phase responses, and noise figure. The results of these measurements can then be used to adaptively control the analog circuitry for calibration and compensation. The BIST circuitry consists of a direct digital synthesizer-based test pattern generator and a multiplier/accumulator-based output response analyzer. The BIST approach has been implemented in an FPGA-based mixed-signal system and used for actual analog functional measurements. The BIST measurements agree quite well with the results obtained with the traditional analog test equipment. The proposed BIST circuitry provides a unique means for high-performance adaptive control in mixed-signal systems.

54.4.11    Yuen Fong Chan, M. Moallem, Wei Wang, "Design and Implementation of Modular FPGA-Based PID Controllers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1898-1906, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, modular design of embedded feedback controllers using field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology is studied. To this end, a novel distributed-arithmetic (DA)-based proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller algorithm is proposed and integrated into a digital feedback control system. The DA-based PID controller demonstrates 80% savings in hardware utilization and 40% savings in power consumption compared to the multiplier-based scheme. It also offers good closed-loop performance while using less resources, resulting in cost reduction, high speed, and low power consumption, which is desirable in embedded control applications. The complete digital control system is built using commercial FPGAs to demonstrate the efficiency. The design uses a modular approach, so that some modules can be reused in other applications. These reusable modules can be ported into Matlab/Simulink as Simulink blocks for hardware/software cosimulation or integrated into a larger design in the Matlab/Simulink environment to allow for rapid prototyping applications.

54.4.12    M-W. Naouar, E. Monmasson, A.A. Naassani, I. Slama-Belkhodja, N. Patin, "FPGA-Based Current Controllers for AC Machine Drives—A Review," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1907-1925, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present the interest of implementing digital controllers using field-programmable gate array (FPGA) components. To this purpose, a variety of current control techniques, which is applied to alternating current machine drives, is designed and implemented. They consist of on-off current controllers, proportional-integral current controller, and predictive current controller. The quality of the regulated current is significantly improved. It is mainly due to a very important reduction of the execution time delay. Indeed, in all described techniques, the execution time of the designed hardware architectures is only a few microseconds. This time reduction derives directly from the possibility offered by FPGAs to design very powerful dedicated architectures. Numerous experimental results are given in order to illustrate the efficiency of FPGA-based solutions to achieve high-performance control of electrical systems.

54.4.13    Y-A. Chapuis, Lingfei Zhou, Y. Fukuta, Y. Mita, H. Fujita, "FPGA-Based Decentralized Control of Arrayed MEMS for Microrobotic Application," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1926-1936, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the authors have developed and implemented a decentralized decision-making strategy using field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology as a prototype for an integrated controller of a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) array for air-flow planar micromanipulation. The MEMS array was proposed to be integrated in a hybrid multichip module containing the FPGA-based controller. Algorithms and architectures, used for the decentralized control implementation and the hardware resource optimization, are described. A charge-coupled device camera was used to make each MEMS like an autonomous system when the distributed MEMS chip was tested. Finally, under air-flow condition, the FPGA-based decentralized control system successfully performed an object manipulation.

54.4.14    S. Sanchez-Solano, A.J. Cabrera, I. Baturone, F.J. Moreno-Velo, M. Brox, "FPGA Implementation of Embedded Fuzzy Controllers for Robotic Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1937-1945, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Fuzzy-logic-based inference techniques provide efficient solutions for control problems in classical and emerging applications. However, the lack of specific design tools and systematic approaches for hardware implementation of complex fuzzy controllers limits the applicability of these techniques in modern microelectronics products. This paper discusses a design strategy that eases the implementation of embedded fuzzy controllers as systems on programmable chips. The development of the controllers is carried out by means of a reconfigurable platform based on field-programmable gate arrays. This platform combines specific hardware to implement fuzzy inference modules with a general-purpose processor, thus allowing the realization of hybrid hardware/software solutions. As happens to the components of the processing system, the specific fuzzy elements are conceived as configurable intellectual property modules in order to accelerate the controller design cycle. The design methodology and tool chain presented in this paper have been applied to the realization of a control system for solving the navigation tasks of an autonomous vehicle.

54.4.15    Xuefang Lin-Shi, F. Morel, A.M. Llor, B. Allard, J.-M. Retif, "Implementation of Hybrid Control for Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1946-1952, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the implementation of a hybrid-control strategy applied to a permanent-magnet synchronous-motor (PMSM) drive. Hybrid control is a general approach for control of a switching-based hybrid system (HS). This class of HS includes a continuous process controlled by a discrete controller with a finite number of states. In the case of ac motor drives, in contrast to conventional vector control like proportional-integral control or predictive control, where the inverter is not taken into account by the controller, hybrid control integrates the inverter model and considers the state of the inverter as a control variable. It allows to obtain faster torque dynamics than vector-control algorithms. The hybrid control algorithm requires both computing velocity for real-time implementation and code flexibility for management of low-performance functions and analog-digital interfaces. Codesign appears as a promising methodology for partitioning hybrid-control algorithm between software (flexible) and hardware (velocity) while taking care of overall time constrains. In this paper, the implementation of hybrid-control algorithm for a PMSM drive is performed through a codesign approach on an Excalibur board, embedding a CPU-core (Nios-2 by Altera) inside an APEX20KE200EFC484-2X field-programmable gate array. The partitioning of software and hardware parts is explained. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the implementation. Performances, advantages, and limitations are discussed.


Papers
54.4.16    C.B. Jacobina, I.S. de Freitas, A.M.N. Lima, "DC-Link Three-Phase-to-Three-Phase Four-Leg Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1953-1961, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper investigates two reduced-switch-count dc-link three-phase-to-three-phase four-leg converters. The converters provide bidirectional power flow and power-factor control. A control strategy is proposed to obtain the maximum voltage utilization of the converters for applications in which the load frequency is equal to the grid frequency. Several relevant characteristics of the converters, such as voltage ratings, total harmonic distortion, shared-leg and capacitor currents, harmonic voltage, and power ratings are addressed. Experimental and simulated results are presented.

54.4.17    R.. Babau, I.. Boldea, T.J.E. Miller, N.. Muntean, "Complete Parameter Identification of Large Induction Machines From No-Load Acceleration–Deceleration Tests," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1962-1972, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper introduces an offline deterministic method for identification of inertia moment, mechanical losses, and electrical parameters for large induction machines, based on direct-on-line starting and natural slowdown tests, performed under no-load conditions. The static characteristic of absorbed power is used for the validation of results. Complete experimental results for a 6-kV four-pole 7500-kW machine are presented. The method brings significant cost savings for testing large induction machines.

54.4.18    O. Wallmark, L. Harnefors, O. Carlson, "Control Algorithms for a Fault-Tolerant PMSM Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1973-1980, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes control algorithms for a fault-tolerant permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive. In order to improve the reliability of the drive, an algorithm for achieving a sensorless control that operates properly also in fault mode is proposed. Furthermore, it is shown how a closed-loop field-weakening controller needs to be modified in order to operate properly in fault mode. Automotive applications are in mind and the algorithms presented are verified with experimental results using an in-wheel PMSM. With the proposed modifications, the reliability of the drive can be improved.

54.4.19    Y.A.-R.I. Mohamed, "Design and Implementation of a Robust Current-Control Scheme for a PMSM Vector Drive With a Simple Adaptive Disturbance Observer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1981-1988, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper introduces a robust current-control scheme for a permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with a simple adaptive disturbance observer. The robust controller is realized by including an adaptive element in the reference-voltage-generation stage using the feedforward control. Due to the time-varying nature and the high-bandwidth property of the uncertainties in a practical PMSM drive system, the adaptive element is simply chosen as the estimated uncertainty function, which adaptively varies with different operating conditions. Subsequently, the frequency modes of the uncertainty function are embedded in the control effort, and a robust current-control performance is yielded. Furthermore, the inclusion of the estimated uncertainty function provides an efficient solution for torque-ripple minimization in PMSM drives. This is because the frequency modes of the disturbances to be eliminated, i.e., the flux harmonics, are included in the stable closed-loop system. To provide a high-bandwidth estimate of the uncertainty function, a simple adaptation law is derived using the nominal current dynamics and the steepest descent method. To guarantee the system's convergence and to properly tune the proposed observer, a stability analysis based on a discrete-time Lyapunov function has been used. Comparative evaluation experiments are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme under different operating conditions.

54.4.20    Ji-Liang Shi, Tian-Hua Liu, Yung-Chi Chang, "Position Control of an Interior Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Without Using a Shaft Position Sensor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1989-2000, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel sensorless position control system for an interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor. In this paper, a novel rotor position/velocity estimation technique is proposed. This estimation technique only relates to the slopes of the stator currents and does not relate to the parameters or operating conditions of the motor. Neither an extra circuit nor an external high-frequency exciting signal is required here as compared to other position estimation techniques. In addition, the proposed estimator works well in transient, steady-state, and standstill conditions. As a result, the proposed method is very robust and useful. To improve the performance of the position-control system, an optimal controller is proposed. By using this controller, a fast transient response, good load disturbance rejection capability, and satisfactory tracking ability can be achieved. A digital signal processor, TMS-320-LF-2407, is used to execute the rotor position/velocity estimation, the current-loop control, the velocity-loop control, and the position-loop control. As a result, a fully digital position-control system is achieved. Several experimental results validate the theoretical analysis.

54.4.21    S.. Kadowaki, K.. Ohishi, T.. Hata, N.. Iida, M.. Takagi, T.. Sano, S.. Yasukawa, "Antislip Readhesion Control Based on Speed-Sensorless Vector Control and Disturbance Observer for Electric Commuter Train—Series 205-5000 of the East Japan Railway Company," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2001-2008, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The improvement of adhesion characteristics is important in electric commuter train. The electric commuter train has both a slip phenomenon and a slide phenomenon. Slip-and-slide phenomena degrade the comfortable riding performance of electric commuter train. We have already proposed an antislip/ antislide readhesion control system based on disturbance observer and sensorless vector control. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been confirmed by the experiment and the numerical simulation using the tested bogie system of electric commuter train. Then, we apply the proposed method to the actual electric commuter train of series 205-5000 of the East Japan Railway Company. In the experimental results of series 205-5000, this paper demonstrates that the proposed antislip/slide readhesion control system has the desired driving wheel torque response. Moreover, this paper discusses the evaluation method of readhesion control test results.

54.4.22    M. Nemec, D. Nedeljkovic, V. Ambrozic, "Predictive Torque Control of Induction Machines Using Immediate Flux Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2009-2017, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a new concept for the control of voltage-source inverter (VSI)-fed induction machines. The method uses a predictive algorithm and can be split into two parts. The purpose of the first part, i.e., predictive torque control (PTC), is to predict the stator reference flux vector corresponding to the reference torque at the end of the sampling interval. The second part of the method provides accurate tracing of the stator reference flux by selecting either an active or a zero voltage vector. This approach is called immediate flux control (IFC), where two possible variants are suggested. In the first variant, a simple and fast algorithm obtains minimal stator flux error by impressing either an active or a zero voltage vector throughout the entire sampling interval. Consequently, the switching frequency becomes very low, but current and torque ripple are considerable. The second IFC variant generates the stator flux more accurately by applying an active voltage vector only throughout a calculated time slot within a sampling interval, whereas, during the remaining time of the sampling interval, a zero voltage vector is impressed. As a result, higher switching frequency arises, but it is still lower than that with space vector modulation. Both IFC variants, together with PTC, require minimal processing time and were efficiently implemented in a digital signal processor, which controlled a 3-kW induction machine drive. The obtained experimental results confirm the validity of the proposed approach.

54.4.23    Myoung-Ho Shin, Dong-Seok Hyun, "Online Identification of Stator Transient Inductance in Rotor-Flux-Oriented Induction Motor Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2018-2023, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In a rotor-flux-oriented induction motor drive, stator transient inductance is varied with the change of operating conditions. If the stator transient inductance is not tuned, the field orientation cannot be obtained. As a result, q-axis rotor flux does not become zero, and the performance is deteriorated. This paper shows the problems caused by the detuning of stator transient inductance and proposes a simple online tuning scheme of stator transient inductance for an indirect rotor flux-oriented induction motor drive. Stator transient inductance is estimated only by stator voltage and stator current. The proposed method is verified by simulation and experimental results.

54.4.24    S. Ye, K.T. Chau, "Chaoization of DC Motors for Industrial Mixing," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2024-2032, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Conventional industrial mixing is ineffective, which consumes a lot of energy. In this paper, an effective mixing approach is proposed and implemented by using an electrical chaoization. Namely, a permanent-magnet DC motor, which acts as the agitator, is electrically chaoized by time-delay feedback control. It is identified that there are three adjustable control parameters: the torque parameter which induces chaotic motion, the speed parameter which adjusts the motion boundary, and the time-delay parameter which tunes the refreshing rate. Both computer simulation and experimental results are given to verify the proposed chaoization. Finally, realistic mixing of an acid-base solution is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed chaotic mixing.

54.4.25    C.A. Michael, A.N. Safacas, "Dynamic and Vibration Analysis of a Multimotor DC Drive System With Elastic Shafts Driving a Tissue Paper Machine," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2033-2046, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, the influence of the stiffness and damping of real elastic shafts on the behavior of a multidrive system driving a tissue paper machine is investigated. The drive system consists of four DC motors, where two of them drive the Yankee drying cylinder and the other two drive the presses section. Six-pulse thyristor bridge power converters that are connected to the same power transformer supply the motors. The inertias of the motors and the driven machines, in conjunction with the shaft stiffness, form mechanical resonators. Thus, resonance phenomena may occur, which may lead to undesirable results. This particular case results to two three-mass and one five-mass systems. This paper presents an analysis of the resonance frequencies of two sections of the machine during startup and machine production, considering the shaft stiffness (shaft diameter, length, and thickness). The elastic shafts eliminate the ripple of the motor electromagnetic torque, which is transferred to the driven machine. The behavior of elastic shafts with different stiffness in the transmission system is studied. Moreover, the steady state and dynamic behavior of the system considering the influence of the elastic shafts and vibration analysis were investigated using simulation. A model algorithm for system simulation was developed using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Characteristic simulation results are presented and are expressed in terms of speed and torque response. Considering the resonance frequency analysis and simulation results, mechanical design guidelines can be given for the most significant drive components in order to avoid torsional oscillation resonance phenomena and minimize torsional oscillations of the drive system.

54.4.26    L. Serrano-Iribarnegaray, J. Martinez-Roman, "A Unified Approach to the Very Fast Torque Control Methods for DC and AC Machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2047-2056, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The general strategy to get a very fast torque control in a DC or AC machine is based on keeping the pulsational electromotive forces (EMFs) of all of its phases as small as possible during the transient states and achieving the torque changes by exclusively enhancing the rotational EMFs. All the resources available have to be oriented in this direction. This very simple but profound physical idea, when applied to DC or AC machines, allows the different control methods for these machines that have been developed to date and regarded as the best from a dynamic point of view to be deduced in a unified, systematic, and straightforward way.

54.4.27    Wenjie Chen, Xu Yang, Zhaoan Wang, "Analysis of Insertion Loss and Impedance Compatibility of Hybrid EMI Filter Based on Equivalent Circuit Model," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2057-2064, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The hybrid active electromagnetic interference filter (HAEF) is considered one of the best options for improving power quality for a number of considerations. A systematic classification and identification of HAEF configurations is given, including their insertion losses, impedance compatibilities, potential applications, and comparative features. It is aimed at providing a broad perspective on the status of HAEF technology to researchers and application engineers dealing with EMI issues. The basis of discussion is an equivalent circuit model that includes all possible combinations of active and passive elements and matches these to the desirable attributes. The evaluation indicates those topologies that are known and those topologies that are relatively new.

54.4.28    D. Panda, V. Ramanarayanan, "Reduced Acoustic Noise Variable DC-Bus-Voltage-Based Sensorless Switched Reluctance Motor Drive for HVAC Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2065-2078, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a control strategy for reduced acoustic noise and sensorless operation of a switched reluctance (SR) motor is proposed for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) application, where the magnitude of the dc-bus voltage is controlled as a function of speed and the motor is operated in a single-pulse mode for all speed range. The dc-bus voltage is controlled by incorporating a dc chopper between the three-phase line rectifier and a split dc-link capacitor-type four-switch power converter. Such controller reduces the acoustic noise, provides more accurate position estimation for sensorless operation, and improves the life expectancy of the motor. The algorithm is first simulated through MATLAB/SIMULINK and then tested on a four-phase 8/6-pole 4-kW SR motor. The test results of achieved acoustic noise and improved sensorless operation are presented. Through the proposed method, the acoustic noise is reduced by almost 15 dB compared to the conventional scheme at low-speed regime. The proposed method is intended to drive a fan type of load in HVAC applications, where the dynamic performance requirement is not a stringent criterion.

54.4.29    A. Arias, L. Empringham, G.M. Asher, P.W. Wheeler, M. Bland, M. Apap, M. Sumner, J.C. Clare, "Elimination of Waveform Distortions in Matrix Converters Using a New Dual Compensation Method," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2079-2087, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Matrix converters are becoming a real alternative to traditional topologies for many ac-ac power conversion applications. One of the less well-known advantages is the potential for reduced waveform distortion that arise from device characteristics and commutation delays. This paper describes the origin of distortion effects for a matrix converter with current sign-based commutation and gives a novel approach to the method that can, in principle, eliminate the distorting effects to give a power converter having excellent linear behavior. The effectiveness of compensation techniques are illustrated for both an open-loop matrix converter driving a passive load and a matrix converter as part of a vector-controlled drive.

54.4.30    S. Mandrek, P.J. Chrzan, "Quasi-Resonant DC-Link Inverter With a Reduced Number of Active Elements," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2088-2094, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a new scheme of a parallel quasi-resonant dc-link inverter (PQRDCLI) for electrical drive applications is described. Principles of the soft-switching inverter operation for bidirectional energy transmission are presented. A PQRDCLI analysis with the aid of simulations and experimental tests is carried out. The circuit features relatively simple topological structure and moderate overcurrent stress of components. A robust control strategy of the quasi-resonant circuit operation with an inverter output voltage dv/dt limitation has been achieved.

54.4.31    Gan Dong, O. Ojo, "Current Regulation in Four-Leg Voltage-Source Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2095-2105, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Three-phase four-leg voltage-source converters by virtue of the fourth leg connected to the neutral points of the wye-connected loads effectively handle the zero-sequence currents and voltages occasioned by connected load impedance imbalances and/or nonlinearity of loads. This paper develops a generalized carrier-based pulsewidth-modulation scheme for this converter which with a natural reference-frame control scheme that directly controls the actual load currents ensures current regulation irrespectively of the nature of the load. The proposed modulation and control schemes are effectively validated by computer simulation and experimental results for the converter operation in the linear and overmodulation regions.

54.4.32    P. Cancelliere, V.D. Colli, R. Di Stefano, F. Marignetti, "Modeling and Control of a Zero-Current-Switching DC/AC Current-Source Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2106-2119, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Choosing a dc/ac converter is mainly a compromise among three major issues, namely: 1) efficiency; 2) waveform quality; and 3) cost. This paper considers a zero-current-switching (ZCS) current-source inverter (CSI) as a viable choice for many applications. It features low conduction and switching losses, inherent output filtering, capability of withstanding short circuits, and the opportunity to use thyristors. Despite these promising characteristics, this inverter exhibits a nonlinear relationship between the modulation index and the output current. Moreover, the resonant modes that are generated by the load-filter interaction must be damped. Since the previous aspects require a proper control law, a model of the system is very useful for defining and tuning a control structure. Thus, after providing a functional overview of the ZCS dc/ac CSI, this paper formulates a large-signal model and then derives and simplifies the averaged one. Numerical data are used to validate the models that are obtained. An active damping control for a motor drive is defined and tuned by means of the simplified averaged model, and its effectiveness is numerically validated. Experimental results conclude this paper.

54.4.33    F. Botteron, H. Pinheiro, "A Three-Phase UPS That Complies With the Standard IEC 62040-3," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2120-2136, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a down-sampled discrete-time internal-model-based controller in the synchronous reference frame with a reduced number of poles. This controller is suitable for three-phase pulsewidth modulation inverters with output transformer for double-conversion uninterruptible power supply applications. It is demonstrated that the use of a down-sampled rate and fewer poles in the internal model results in a number of benefits, among which are the following: 1) improvement of the transient response; 2) increase of the stability margin of the closed-loop system; 3) a straightforward implementation in fixed-point digital signal processor (DSP) and microcontroller implementation as well as a reduction of the required memory space; and 4) a simple solution for the saturation of the output transformer. As a result, it is possible to obtain output voltages with reduced total harmonic distortion while ensuring good transient performance for both linear and nonlinear loads. To confirm the advantages claimed for the proposed synchronous reference dq frame internal-model-based controller and to demonstrate the steady-state and transient performance under the test conditions of the International electrotechnical commission standard 62040-3, the experimental results from a 10-kVA space-vector-modulated three-phase inverter, which is fully controlled by a DSP TMS320F241, are presented.

54.4.34    Feng-Chieh Lin, Sheng-Ming Yang, "An Approach to Producing Controlled Radial Force in a Switched Reluctance Motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2137-2146, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Unbalanced radial force acting on a rotor shaft is undesirable because it causes motor vibrations. However, motor vibrations can be reduced with intentionally produced shaft radial force which cancels the existing unbalanced radial forces due to a nonuniform air gap or external load. Due to its special structure, the shaft radial force and torque of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) can be separately controlled when all pole currents are controlled independently. However, control of SRM radial force is rarely discussed in the existing literature. This paper presents a scheme that produces a controlled radial force for a 12/8-pole SRM. In this scheme, mutual inductances between stator poles are included in the control model. The motor torque is controlled with the conventional method, i.e., all poles in the conduction phase are energized with the same current to produce the desired torque. Two extra poles from the descending-inductance phase are energized to produce the desired radial force. The cross-coupling torque produced by the force producing poles is compensated. The experimental results have verified that when controlled with the proposed scheme, the SRM was able to produce a controlled radial force when at standstill or running, and subjected to a load torque.

54.4.35    M. Ortuzar, J. Moreno, J. Dixon, "Ultracapacitor-Based Auxiliary Energy System for an Electric Vehicle: Implementation and Evaluation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2147-2156, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In the search for better efficiency, an auxiliary energy system (AES) for electric vehicles (EVs) was designed, implemented, and tested. The system, which is composed of an ultracapacitor bank and a buck-boost converter, was installed in an EV, which is powered by a lead-acid battery pack and a 54-kW brushless dc motor. Two control strategies where developed: one based on heuristics and the other based on an optimization model using neural networks. These strategies were translated to algorithms and implemented in a digital signal processor, and their performance was evaluated in urban driving. The results were incorporated to an economic evaluation of the system, which shows that the reduction in costs would only justify the inclusion of this type of system in a lead-acid battery-powered vehicle if the battery life is extended by 50% or more, which is unlikely. The same results were extrapolated to a case in which the lead-acid batteries are replaced by a fuel cell. In this case, the costs of different power support systems were evaluated, such as ultracapacitors and high-specific-power lithium-based batteries. The results showed a significant cost reduction when AES configurations are included in contrast to a system powered by fuel cells only. Also, the cost reduction was higher when using ultracapacitors for this purpose.

54.4.36    D. de Almeida Souza, W.C.P. de Aragao Filho, G.C.D. Sousa, "Adaptive Fuzzy Controller for Efficiency Optimization of Induction Motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2157-2164, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper introduces a new technique for efficiency optimization of adjustable-speed drives, with an emphasis on vector-controlled induction motor drives. The technique combines two distinct control methods, namely, online search of the optimal operating point and a model-based efficiency control. For a given operating condition, which is characterized by a given speed and load torque, a search controller (SC); based on the "Rosenbrock" method) determines the flux level that results in the minimum input power. Once this optimal flux level has been found, this information is utilized to update the rule base of a fuzzy controller that plays the role of an implicit mathematical model of the system. Initially, for any load condition, the rule base yields the rated flux value. As the optimum points associated with the usual operating conditions (given by the required speeds and load torques) are identified by the SC, the rule base is progressively updated such that the fuzzy controller learns to model the optimal operating conditions for the entire torque-speed plane. As the machine parameters are subject to change during operation, the SC is kept active to track possible minor deviation of the optimum point, thus ensuring true optimal efficiency operation.

54.4.37    C.S. Edrington, B. Fahimi, M. Krishnamurthy, "An Autocalibrating Inductance Model for Switched Reluctance Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2165-2173, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Development of a precise dynamic model is a critical step in design and analysis of optimal control strategies for switched-reluctance machines (SRM). This paper is focused on important issues concerning the development of such models and their subsequent use in designing control strategies for SRM drives. The main goal in modeling is to provide a good accuracy over the entire speed and torque range. To achieve this objective, the following requirements need to be met: 1) a good accuracy in matching the inductance of each stator phase; 2) inclusion of mutual effects when significant overlap among phases exists; 3) inclusion of short flux-path operation in each electrical cycle when significant overlap among adjacent phases exists; and 4) capability for autocalibration to cope with parameter variations incurred by manufacturing imperfections and operational conditions. In this paper, in addition to an in-depth discussion of the above factors, a practical modeling approach along with an autocalibration strategy is presented. A simple test collects the necessary data in developing the proposed model. Inherent separation among mechanical, electrical, and control time constants has been used to develop the autocalibration process. Experimental results are presented to validate the proposed method.

54.4.38    A.D. Cheok, Yan Qiu, Ke Xu, K.G. Kumar, "Combined Wireless Hardware and Real-Time Computer Vision Interface for Tangible Mixed Reality," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2174-2189, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Recent advances in technology enable portable, even wearable, computers to be equipped with wireless interfaces, which allows data transactions even while mobile. Combined with mixed reality (MR), mobile computing exploits a promising field for wearable computers. Natural and nonobtrusive means of interaction call for new devices, which should be simple to use, and provide effective tracking methods in unprepared environments for MR. In this paper, a new interaction hardware tilt pad designed using accelerometers and wireless devices is introduced. This is combined with two new natural feature-tracking algorithms based on geometrical image constraints. The first is based on epipolar geometry and provides a general description of the constraints on image flow between two static scenes. The second is based on the calculation of a homography relationship between the current frame and a stored representation of the scene. We assessed these algorithms compared with the current optical flow calculation algorithm across a number of criteria including robustness, speed, and accuracy. Finally, we demonstrated an MR computer game application combining the new tracking method and the hardware tilt pad. Videos of the tilt pad and application of tilt pad Pacman game can be found at the web site: http://www.mixedrealitylab.org.

54.4.39    Jae-Sung Yu, Sang-Hoon Kim, Byoung-Kuk Lee, Chung-Yuen Won, Jin Hur, "Fuzzy-Logic-Based Vector Control Scheme for Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors in Elevator Drive Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2190-2200, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In elevator drive systems, the gains of a conventional proportional-integral (PI) speed controller cannot usually be set large enough because of its mechanical resonance. Consequently, the speed control performance deteriorates. In our work described in this paper, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) was adopted for use in elevator drive systems in order to improve the speed control performance. The proposed FLC was compared with a conventional PI controller with respect to speed dynamic responses and load torque. Simulation and experimental results demonstrated that the proposed FLC was superior over the conventional PI. This FLC can be a good solution for high-performance elevator drive systems.

54.4.40    Sewan Choi, Minsoo Febg, "Analysis and Control of a Single-Phase-Inverter–Zigzag-Transformer Hybrid Neutral-Current Suppressor in Three-Phase Four-Wire Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2201-2208, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents analysis and control of a hybrid filter that can suppress neutral harmonic currents in three-phase four-wire systems not only with harmonic voltage-source loads but also with harmonic current-source loads. The filter voltampere rating is significantly reduced compared to the conventional neutral-current-suppressing methods. The rectifier part of the neutral harmonic suppressor has been removed by controlling the dc capacitor voltage. The experimental results on a 50-kVA prototype validate the proposed control approach.

54.4.41    Hong Sun Lim, R. Krishnan, "Ropeless Elevator With Linear Switched Reluctance Motor Drive Actuation Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2209-2218, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) drives are investigated and proved in this study as an alternative actuator for vertical linear transportation applications such as a linear elevator. A one-tenth-scaled prototype elevator that is focused on a home elevator with LSRMs is designed, and extensive experimental correlation is presented for the first time in this paper. The proposed LSRM has twin stators and a set of translator poles without yoke placed between the two stators. The features of the LSRM and the prototype elevator are described. Furthermore, a control strategy for the prototype elevator is introduced consisting of four control loops, viz., (1) current, (2) force, (3) velocity, and (4) position feedback control loops. Force control of the experimental prototype elevator employs the proposed force distribution function. A trapezoidal velocity profile is introduced to control vertical travel position smoothly during ascent, descent, and stop of the elevator. Conventional proportional-integral controller is used for the current and velocity control loops and their designs are described. The proposed control strategy is dynamically simulated and experimentally correlated. The analytical and experimental results of this paper prove that LSRMs are one of the strong candidates for linear elevator propulsion drives.

54.4.42    Seok-Beom Roh, W. Pedrycz, Sung-Kwun Oh, "Genetic Optimization of Fuzzy Polynomial Neural Networks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2219-2238, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, we introduce a new topology of fuzzy-neural networks-fuzzy-set-based polynomial neural networks (FSPNNs). The two underlying design mechanisms of such networks involve genetic optimization and information granulation (IG). The resulting constructs come in the form of fuzzy polynomial neural networks with fuzzy-set-based polynomial neurons, regarded as their generic processing elements. First, we introduce a comprehensive design methodology using which we determine the optimal structure of the FSPNNs. This methodology hinges on the extended group method of data handling and fuzzy-set-based rules. It concerns the optimization of the FSPNN-related parameters such as the number of input variables, the order of the polynomial, the number of membership functions, and a collection of a specific subset of input variables realized through the mechanism of genetic optimization. Second, the fuzzy rules used in the networks exploit a notion of information granules defined over a system's variables and formed through the process of IG. This granulation is realized with the aid of the hard C-means clustering algorithm. The performance of the network is quantified through experimentation in which we use a number of modeling benchmarks already experimented with in the realm of fuzzy or neurofuzzy modeling.

54.4.43    L. Harnefors, "Modeling of Three-Phase Dynamic Systems Using Complex Transfer Functions and Transfer Matrices," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2239-2248, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A compilation of methods for modeling and analysis of three-phase dynamic systems-such as AC machines, resistance-inductance-capacitance components, and power electronic converters including their control algorithms-using complex transfer functions and transfer matrices is presented. Restrictions of the two modeling methods and relations between them are given. Various frequency-domain results, including closed-loop stability theory, are presented. The theory is illustrated by several examples showing areas of application.

54.4.44    Yun Wei Li, D. Mahinda Vilathgamuwa, F. Blaabjerg, Poh Chiang Loh, "A Robust Control Scheme for Medium-Voltage-Level DVR Implementation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2249-2261, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a robust control scheme with an outer Hinfin voltage control loop and an inner current control loop is designed and implemented on a medium-voltage (MV)-level dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) system. Through a simple selection of weighting functions, the synthesized Hinfin controller would exhibit significant gains in the vicinity of positive- and negative-sequence fundamental frequencies, and therefore, it would be able to regulate both positive- and negative-sequence components effectively, with explicit robustness in the face of system parameter variations. A detailed discussion of Hinfin controller weighting function selection, inner current loop tuning, and system disturbance rejection capability is presented. Finally, the designed control scheme is extensively tested on a laboratory 10-kV MV-level DVR system with varying voltage sag (balanced and unbalanced) and loading (linear/nonlinear load and induction motor load) conditions. It is shown that the proposed control scheme is effective in both balanced and unbalanced sag compensation and load disturbance rejection, as its robustness is explicitly specified.

54.4.45    J.A. Martin-Ramos, J. Diaz, A.M. Pernia, J.M. Lopera, F. Nuno, "Dynamic and Steady-State Models for the PRC-LCC Resonant Topology With a Capacitor as Output Filter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2262-2275, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In high-voltage DC power supplies (hundreds of kilovolts), avoiding the inductance in the output filter is an important asset. Thus, a capacitor as a unique component of that filter is preferable. On the other hand, a high-voltage step-up transformer shows a high capacitance in its secondary, which can be included in a resonant stage. Both capacitances, i.e., one from the filter and the other from the transformer, are separated by the output rectifier. When this rectifier is on, they are in parallel; when it is off, they are disconnected. A resonant stage where a very large capacitor appears and disappears several times in one period is not linear and has not been dynamically modeled before. This paper shows two simple models for the parallel-series (LCC-type parallel resonant converter) resonant topology with a capacitor as output filter. Its dynamics and steady state are studied and constitute an important help for any designer.

54.4.46    Yongtao Han, W. Eberle, Yan-Fei Liu, "A Practical Copper Loss Measurement Method for the Planar Transformer in High-Frequency Switching Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2276-2287, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a new and practical measurement method is proposed to characterize the planar transformer copper loss operating in a high-frequency switching mode power supply (SMPS). The scheme is easy to set up, and it provides an equivalent winding alternating current resistance, which is the result of all the field effects on the transformer windings to achieve more accurate copper loss characterization. A detailed error analysis for the proposed copper loss measurement method is conducted. The analysis results can provide useful guidelines on the SMPS transformer copper loss measurement scheme design. Measurement results on the copper loss of a planar transformer in a high-frequency dc/dc converter are presented. In order to verify the measurement results, a time-domain finite-element analysis transient solver is adopted to analyze the transformer copper loss. Good matching between the simulation and measurement results is achieved.

54.4.47    J. Pou, J. Zaragoza, P. Rodriguez, S. Ceballos, V.M. Sala, R.P. Burgos, D. Boroyevich, "Fast-Processing Modulation Strategy for the Neutral-Point-Clamped Converter With Total Elimination of Low-Frequency Voltage Oscillations in the Neutral Point," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2288-2294, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a novel modulation strategy for a neutral-point-clamped converter. This strategy overcomes one of the main problems of this converter, which is the low-frequency voltage oscillation that appears in the neutral point under some operating conditions. The proposed modulation strategy can completely remove this oscillation for all the operating points and for any kind of loads, even unbalanced and nonlinear loads. The algorithm is based on a carrier-based pulsewidth modulation. Nevertheless, it can generate the maximum output-voltage amplitudes that are attainable under linear modulation, such as space-vector modulation. Furthermore, this technique can be implemented with a very simple algorithm and, hence, can be processed very quickly. The only drawback of this strategy is that the switching frequencies of the devices are one third higher than those of standard sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation. A control loop for balancing the voltages on the dc-link capacitors is also proposed. This balancing strategy is designed, so that it does not further increase the switching frequencies of the devices when it is applied to the converter. The proposed modulation technique is verified by simulation and experiment.

54.4.48    A.C. Oliveira, C.B. Jacobina, A.M.N. Lima, "Improved Dead-Time Compensation for Sinusoidal PWM Inverters Operating at High Switching Frequencies," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2295-2304, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes a technique to compensate the effects of dead time in sinusoidal pulsewidth-modulated voltage-source inverters. The compensation is implemented by adjusting the switching frequency to avoid unfeasible pulsewidths of the gating signals, as well as to minimize the total harmonic distortion of the inverter output voltage. The technique can be used at any switching frequency, but the best results are obtained in the high-frequency range. The experimental results of the proposed technique that is applied in a three-phase induction motor drive system are presented.

54.4.49    S.H. Kia, H. Henao, G.-A. Capolino, "A High-Resolution Frequency Estimation Method for Three-Phase Induction Machine Fault Detection," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2305-2314, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Fault detection in alternating-current electrical machines that is based on frequency analysis of stator current has been the interest of many researchers. Several frequency estimation techniques have been developed and are used to help the induction machine fault detection and diagnosis. This paper presents a technique to improve the fault detection technique by using the classical multiple signal classification (MUSIC) method. This method is a powerful tool that extracts meaningful frequencies from the signal, and it has been widely used in different areas, which include electrical machines. In the proposed application, the fault sensitive frequencies have to be found in the stator current signature. They are numerous in a given frequency range, and they are affected by the signal-to-noise ratio. Then, the MUSIC method takes a long computation time to find many frequencies by increasing the dimension of the autocorrelation matrix. To solve this problem, an algorithm that is based on zooming in a specific frequency range is proposed with MUSIC in order to improve the performances of frequency extraction. Moreover, the method is integrated as a part of MUSIC to estimate the frequency signal dimension order based on classification of autocorrelation matrix eigenvalues. The proposed algorithm has been applied to detect a rotor broken bar fault in a three-phase squirrel-cage induction machine under different loads and in steady-state condition.

54.4.50    P.G. Kini, R.C. Bansal, R.S. Aithal, "A Novel Approach Toward Interpretation and Application of Voltage Unbalance Factor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2315-2322, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Voltage unbalance has been interpreted in a number of ways based on the conditions and complexities that are involved. This paper takes the widely used expression of voltage unbalance factor (VUF) and puts forward the various ambiguities that arise due to voltage variation and unbalance when applied to a test case. If the results are not properly interpreted, they affect decision making with regard to motor derating and protective system settings. It is also shown that various voltage combinations are possible for a particular VUF. By fixing an upper limit so as to signify the upper limit, a simple solution by way of conceptual interpretation is suggested to overcome the same. The discussion that is put forward is supported by a test case.

54.4.51    Yu-Kang Lo, Tsu-Shou Kao, Jing-Yuan Lin, "Analysis and Design of an Interleaved Active-Clamping Forward Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2323-2332, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents a new interleaved active- clamping zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) forward converter, which is mainly composed of two active-clamping forward converters. Only two switches are required, and each one is the auxiliary switch for the other. The circuit complexity and cost are thus reduced. The leakage inductance of the transformer or an additional resonant inductance is employed to achieve ZVS during the dead times. The duty cycles are not limited to be equal and within 50%. The complementary switchings and the resulted interleaved output inductor currents diminish the current ripple in output capacitors. Accordingly, the smaller output chokes and capacitors lower the converter volume and increase the power density. Detailed analysis and design of this new interleaved active-clamping forward converter are described. Experimental results are recorded for a prototype converter with an ac input voltage of 85-135 Vrms, an output voltage of 12 V, and an output current of 16 A, which operates at a switching frequency of 150 kHz.

54.4.52    S. Kaboli, J. Mahdavi, A. Agah, "Application of Random PWM Technique for Reducing the Conducted Electromagnetic Emissions in Active Filters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2333-2343, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A pulsewidth modulation (PWM)-controlled active filter generates harmonics at the switching frequency and its multiples in the RF range, and the concentrated power spectrum may produce electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems. In this paper, the random PWM (RPWM) technique is applied in order to spread the noise spectrum over a wide range, thus, considerably reducing the amplitudes of these harmonics and the consequent EMI problems. To study the operation of active filters, the case of an ac/dc converter along with a power-factor corrector is considered as a nonlinear load and a series active filter, respectively. A line impedance stabilization network is used to study the RF noise emanating from the converter. A noise model to study the EMI emission is presented and used in this paper. Theoretical analysis of the RF noise power spectrum is carried out in order to demonstrate the advantages of the RPWM technique over conventional PWM. Experimental results confirm the validity of the theoretical calculations and simulation results, and demonstrate the effectiveness of applying the RPWM technique in reducing the RF noise level.

54.4.53    G. Mondal, K.. Gopakumar, P.N. Tekwani, E.. Levi, "A Reduced-Switch-Count Five-Level Inverter With Common-Mode Voltage Elimination for an Open-End Winding Induction Motor Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2344-2351, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The paper presents a five-level inverter scheme with reduced power circuit complexity for an induction motor drive. The scheme is realized by cascading conventional two-level and three-level neutral point clamped inverters in conjunction with an open-end winding three-phase induction motor drive. An inverter control scheme with common-mode voltage (CMV) elimination, along with a simple DC link voltage control, is developed by using only switching states with zero CMV for the entire modulation range. Theoretical considerations are experimentally verified for a variety of operating conditions.

54.4.54    C.J. Gajanayake, D.M. Vilathgamuwa, Poh Chiang Loh, "Development of a Comprehensive Model and a Multiloop Controller for Z-Source Inverter DG Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2352-2359, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper presents the modeling and design of a closed-loop controller for a Z-source inverter. The Z-source inverter is a recently proposed single-stage power converter, and it is capable of operating in both buck and boost modes. Hence, this inverter gives an economical solution for power conversion in distributed generation (DG) applications, particularly by eliminating the need for a two-stage conversion. Moreover, applications such as DG demand quality output waveforms, and additionally, when the system is subjected to input- and load-side disturbances, their effects need to be minimized. This can be achieved with closed-loop controlling. Toward this end, the system is modeled first with large- and small-signal modeling techniques, and relevant transfer functions are derived. The dc-side of the Z-source inverter shows a non-minimum-phase characteristic, and the output voltage of a Z-source impedance network shows a significant overshoot and undershoot, following a step change in the input due to energy resettling. These effects could be transferred to the ac-side, giving rise to the undershoot and overshoot in the ac output as well. Hence, the proposed controllers should be able to minimize such effects. The ac- and dc-sides are considered separately when designing the controllers. An indirect controller is employed in the dc-side, whereas the ac-side controller is designed in the synchronous reference frame. The modulation index, shoot-through time, and saturation levels are appropriately selected so that the dc-side effects are prevented from propagating into the ac-side. The simulation results are obtained using a state-space-averaged inverter model, and an experimental prototype is built in a laboratory to prove the efficacy of the proposed algorithm. Simulation and experimental results show good reference-tracking and disturbance-rejection properties, validating the desired functionality of the proposed controller.

54.4.55    "Explore IEL IEEE's most comprehensive resource," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2360-2360, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

54.4.56    "IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. C3-C3, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

54.4.57    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics information for authors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. C4-C4, August 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

  IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 54,  Number 5, Oct 2007           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page



                 Special Section Papers
54.5.1    "Table of Contents," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. C1-2362, Oct 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

54.5.2    "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics publication information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. C2-C2, Oct 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Not Available

54.5.3    B. Fahimi, I. Boldea, "Guest Editorial [Electric Machinery and Adjustable-Speed Motor Drives, Part I]," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2363-2364, Oct 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The seventeen papers in this special section are devoted to electric machinery and the use and implementation of adjustable and variable speed motor drives.

54.5.4    F. Rodriguez, A. Emadi, "A Novel Digital Control Technique for Brushless DC Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2365-2373, Oct 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: Brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives are continually gaining popularity in motion control applications. Therefore, it is necessary to have a low cost, but effective BLDC motor speed/torque regulator. This paper introduces a novel concept for digital control of trapezoidal BLDC motors. The digital controller was implemented via two different methods, namely conduction-angle control and current-mode control. Motor operation is allowed only at two operating points or states. Alternating between the two operating points results in an average operating point that produces an average operating speed. The controller design equations are derived from Newton's second law. The novel controller is verified via computer simulations and an experimental demonstration is carried out with the rapid prototyping and real-time interface system dSPACE.

54.5.5    Jian-Long Kuo, Zen-Shan Chang, Tzu-Shuang Fang, "Design of Multisectional Driver and Field-Oriented Modeling of the Axial-Flux Linear Brushless Motor for Railway Transportations," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2374-2388, Oct 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A multisectional power driver design for the two-phase linear brushless motor is proposed in this paper. The field-oriented modeling of the axial-flux linear brushless motor (AFLBM) is also developed by using stationary and cosecant similarity transformation and singular value decomposition. Stationary and cosecant coordinate models were derived based on the proposed approach. Decoupled relation and constant torque property were obtained from the proposed models. Switching logic table for the linear motor operation is provided to drive the AFLBM properly. The switching-mode analysis for the power driver is also analyzed in detail. In order to increase the efficiency and the effectiveness of the electric motor applications, a multisectional driver circuit, which features the power driver with the so-called N + 2 structure, is investigated and compared. Experimental results show that the proposed circuit design can achieve better performance with the higher efficiency. It is believed that the proposed driver circuit technique and system modeling can be very helpful to the control of railway transportations.

54.5.6    P.B. Beccue, S.D. Pekarek, "A Coupled Piezoelectric/Single-Hall-Sensor Position Observer for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2389-2397, Oct 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In recent years, several control methods have been proposed to reduce the torque ripple produced by permanent magnet synchronous machines [sinusoidal and trapezoidal back electromotive force (EMF)]. In these approaches, a drive system is used to control current harmonics based upon measured machine parameters or measured torque ripple. In general, the methods presented have utilized high-precision position encoders and thus a common perception is that such encoders are required for successful mitigation. In this paper, a position observer is developed that is shown to be suitable for control-based torque ripple mitigation. Additional advantages of the observer are that it achieves excellent start-up performance, requires no knowledge of the machine parameters, and is applicable to machines with an arbitrary back EMF waveform and stator slot configuration.

54.5.7    Zhuang Xu, M.F. Rahman, "An Adaptive Sliding Stator Flux Observer for a Direct-Torque-Controlled IPM Synchronous Motor Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2398-2406, Oct 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper focuses on performance improvements of the stator flux estimation for a direct-torque-controlled interior permanent magnet synchronous motor drive. In this paper, an adaptive sliding observer is presented to estimate the stator flux linkage based on the motor current model. The experimental results show that the proposed observer has been able to deliver more accurate estimation than an open-loop estimator both in the steady state and during transients. The observer has better dynamic behavior, disturbance resistance, and high-accuracy estimation ability. With the integrated flux observer, the drive system can operate at very low speed down to 10 r/min (0.33 Hz) with half full load.

54.5.8    S. Kaboli, M.R. Zolghadri, E. Vahdati-Khajeh, "A Fast Flux Search Controller for DTC-Based Induction Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2407-2416, Oct 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In this paper, a flux search controller is proposed to increase the efficiency of a direct torque-controlled induction motor in full load range. The value of the flux reference is determined through a minimization algorithm. The amplitude of stator current is used as the objective function since it is shown that samples of the stator current have better statistical properties than input power. In addition, the stator current has more sensitivity to the flux variation than input power. These two properties allow implementing an adaptive algorithm to determine the proper flux step without waste of time. The minimum allowable value of the flux step has been determined based on this process to prevent the divergence problem. This adaptive algorithm set a large flux step for transient state to speed up the convergence process and a small flux step for steady state to minimize the flux ripple. Simulation and experimental results presented in this paper confirm the fast dynamic of the proposed method.

54.5.9    Tai-Sik Hwang, Jul-Ki Seok, "Observer-Based Ripple Force Compensation for Linear Hybrid Stepping Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2417-2424, Oct 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper describes our research on a force ripple compensation and closed-loop position control scheme using linear hybrid stepping motors (LHSMs) with significant thrust vibrations. In order to estimate unobservable force ripple components, we propose the Jacobian linearization observer that guarantees the convergence of state estimates into true states. For the precise control of velocity and position, an input-output feedback linearization controller is derived from a nonlinear position-dependent model of the LHSM based on elaborate reluctance network analysis. In addition, we discuss the separation principle used to separate the observer design from the controller design. Common problems associated with the force ripple, such as the positioning error, mechanical stress, and acoustic noise, are efficiently handled using the proposed active damping control scheme. Experimental results show that the positioning accuracy is significantly improved through a closed-loop control while restraining the thrust ripple.

54.5.10    Shi Wei Zhao, N.C. Cheung, Wai-Chuen Gan, Jin Ming Yang, Jian Fei Pan, "A Self-Tuning Regulator for the High-Precision Position Control of a Linear Switched Reluctance Motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2425-2434, Oct 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In the high-technology mass manufacturing industry, high-speed and high-precision motion is an indispensable element in the automated production machines. In recent years, there has been a growing tendency to employ direct drive permanent magnet linear synchronous motors in demanding motion applications. Although the overall performance is good, its implementation cost remains high. This is mostly due to the cost of the Neodymium-Boron magnets, the manufacturing of the magnetic rails, and the precision of the overall mechanics. In this paper, a much cheaper alternative is proposed-to use a low-cost linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) and an adaptive control strategy to overcome the tolerances and difficult control characteristics inherent in the motor. The LSRM has simple and robust structure, and it does not contain any magnets. However, its force is solely drawn from the reluctance change between the coil and the steel plates. Variations on the behavior of these two elements due to different operating conditions will change the motion behavior of the motor. Also, to keep the overall cost low, the LSRM sets a marginal mechanical tolerance during its mass production. This leads to characteristic variations in the final product. Finally, since the LSRM is a direct drive motor, any variations on the motor characteristics will directly reflect on the control system and the motion output. In this paper, a self-tuning regulator (STR) is proposed to combat the difficulties and uncertain control behaviors of the LSRM. This paper first introduces the motor winding excitation scheme, the model of the LSRM, and the current control method. The LSRM system is modeled as a single-input single-output discrete model with its parameters estimated by the recursive least square (RLS) algorithm. Then, an STR based on the pole placement algorithm is applied to the LSRM for high- performance position tracking. Both the simulation investigation and the experimental verification were - conducted. In both cases, the results verified that the proposed RLS algorithm can estimate the parameters with fast convergence. The STR can provide quick response and high precision which is robust to the change of system parameters. Combined with STR control, the LSRM is a low-cost solution to fast, accurate, and reliable position tracking for many demanding motion control applications.

54.5.11    S. Mukherjee, G. Poddar, "Fast Control of Filter for Sensorless Vector Control SQIM Drive With Sinusoidal Motor Voltage," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2435-2442, Oct 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) voltage applied to a squirrel-cage induction motor (SQIM) can cause high bearing currents, heating of rotor shaft, voltage spike across the motor terminals, etc. Filtering of this PWM voltage to obtain a sinusoidal output voltage can be a solution to this problem. However, a passive L-C filter makes the dynamic performance of the drive poor for high-performance control application. In this paper, a feed-forward control strategy for the L-C filter is proposed to have a good bandwidth for the filter output voltage. This filter control strategy is introduced along with a sensorless vector control strategy for the SQIM drive. This complete strategy retains the high dynamic performance of the drive even with the L-C filter. In this paper, a three-level converter is used as a voltage source inverter for the drive to have a less filter-size requirement. The control strategy is verified on a 7.5-hp SQIM drive with a three-level insulated-gate bipolar-transistor inverter and L-C filter. Experimental results validate the high dynamic performance of the drive with filter.

54.5.12    S. Shinnaka, T. Sagawa, "New Optimal Current Control Methods for Energy-Efficient and Wide Speed-Range Operation of Hybrid-Field Synchronous Motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2443-2450, Oct 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper proposes new practical optimal current control methods for a newly emerging class of synchronous motors with hybrid rotor fields by both permanent magnet and winding. In a practical situation with limited voltage, the extensively used permanent-magnet synchronous motor hardly achieves an ideal performance in an energy-efficient manner due to its constant magnet field, which simultaneously allows both low-speed high-torque and wide speed-range operations. The hybrid-field synchronous motors (HFSMs) are potential candidates that can achieve the ideal performance as practical motors with controllable hybrid rotor field. HFSMs can dynamically control the rotor flux according to the operation requirements by the low-speed, high-torque, and wide speed-range operations, etc. For the HFSMs, the same torque can be produced by a variety of stator and rotor currents due to the nonlinearity between the torque and the currents. Produced losses and required voltages depend upon the associated currents. Consequently, in the situation that current control systems are well constructed, appropriate determination of a set of stator and rotor current commands plays a key role to achieve the ideal performance in an energy-efficient manner. The proposed methods determine the current commands corresponding to a given torque command such that the total winding copper losses due to the stator and rotor currents can be minimized if the exact currents associated with the torque command exist; the best approximate torque can be produced if no exact associated currents exist, which is, of course, under the circumstance of a voltage limitation. The determined current commands are optimal in the sense of energy efficiency or degree of approximation under voltage limitation. New recursive algorithms searching the optimal current solution in real-time are also given as parts of the methods. The proposed methods are analytical but practical, whose usefulness is verified through experiment- s.

54.5.13    D. Casadei, G. Serra, A. Stefani, A. Tani, L. Zarri, "DTC Drives for Wide Speed Range Applications Using a Robust Flux-Weakening Algorithm," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2451-2461, Oct 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: A control scheme for robust flux-weakening operation of direct-torque-control induction motor drive is proposed. The basic idea is to adjust the flux reference on the basis of the torque error, thus determining a spontaneous flux weakening. To exploit the maximum torque capability, it is necessary to estimate the maximum torque that the induction machine is able to generate at any speed. Initially, a basic version of the algorithm, requiring a simple off-line parameter tuning, is presented. Then, the algorithm is improved and completed with the online estimation of the maximum torque, hence avoiding the initial tuning process. The main features of the proposed methods are a little dependence on machine parameters and a smooth transition into and out of the flux-weakening operation mode. Experimental tests demonstrate the effectiveness of the control schemes.

54.5.14    Cheng-Hu Chen, Ming-Yang Cheng, "Implementation of a Highly Reliable Hybrid Electric Scooter Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2462-2473, Oct 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: In contrast to hybrid electric cars (HECs), the issues concerning cost, volume, and reliability are even more rigorous when developing hybrid electric scooters (HESs). Therefore, the drive topology and control strategy used in HEC cannot be applied to HES directly. This paper presents a single-stage bidirectional dc/ac converter based on a general full-bridge inverter. The converter is designed for a low-voltage brushless dc motor/alternator (BLDCM/A) used in HESs, in which the additional bulky inductor and power switches are eliminated in the proposed design. In order to increase the reliability of the commutation process, a cost-effective sensorless control scheme for the motor and alternator commutation is developed. The commutation signals are extracted directly from the average terminal voltages, in which the motor neutral voltage, multistage analog Alters, analog-to-digital converters, and the complex digital phase-shift (delay) circuits are eliminated. In addition, instead of using the complex flux- weakening control technique, the winding-changeover technique is exploited to extend the range of the operating speed. With attractive features, such as low cost and ease of implementation, the proposed approach is particularly suitable for electric bikes, electric scooters, HESs, etc. Theoretical analysis and several experiments are conducted to justify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

54.5.15    Qiang Gao, G. Asher, M. Sumner, "Sensorless Position and Speed Control of Induction Motors Using High-Frequency Injection and Without Offline Precommissioning," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2474-2481, Oct 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: This paper addresses the sensorless speed and position control of induction motors using high-frequency injection at zero and low frequencies. A novel algorithm is presented which allows the rejection of saturation and nonlinear inverter effects without the need for an offline precommissioning process. The method is based on a set of synchronous filters to identify the disturbance waveforms and a memory algorithm that refines the quality of the disturbance waveforms as the motor's operational history is increased. The algorithm is entirely sensorless. Experimental results show sensorless low-frequency operation with and without the memory algorithm.

54.5.16    F. Bonnet, P.-E. Vidal, M. Pietrzak-David, "Dual Direct Torque Control of Doubly Fed Induction Machine," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2482-2490, Oct 2007.   Abstract Link    Full Text

Abstract: The main idea developed in this paper is a novel biconverter structure to supply a doubly fed induction machine (DFIM). Two voltage source inverters (VSIs) feed the stator and rotor windings. The outputs of the two VSIs are combined electromechanically in the machine, and as a result, novel features can be obtained. For example, for high power drive applications, this configuration uses two inverters dimensioned for a half of the DFIM power. A new dual direct torque control is developed with flux model of DFIM. Two switching tables linked to VSI are defined for stator and rotor flux vector control. The satisfactory experimental and simulation results are shown, and they confirm good dynamic behavior in four quadrants of the speed-torque plane. Moreover, experimental results show the correct flux vector control behavior and speed tracking performances.